Download or read book B Cells in Inflammatory and Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Central Nervous System written by Francesca Gilli and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-11-15 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Immune and Inflammatory Responses in the Nervous System written by Nancy Rothwell and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new edition covers recent advances in understanding immunological and inflammatory responses in the nervous system, research driven by the potential to use knowledge of the molecules and mechanisms involved to intervene in, and arrest, neurodegenerative disease processes.Immune and Inflammatory Responses in the Nervous System covers developmental aspects of immune/inflammatory responses in the CNS, basic aspects of glial function, as well as inflammatory mediators, their mechanisms of action, clinical importance and sites of infection. There is also coverage of themajor diseases of the CNS, including stroke, brain injury, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Throughout, the focus is on the underlying basic neuroscience, clinical relevance and the potential for therapeutic interventions.This will be an invaluable aid to understanding and improving the diagnosis of neuroimmune diseases and determining therapeutic measures.The contributors are all leading experts in the field and the content will be of interest to neuroscientists, neurologists, neuropathologists, neurosurgeons and immunologists.
Download or read book Targeting Neuroinflammation in Central Nervous System Disorders Uncovering Mechanisms Pharmacological Targets and Neuropharmaceutical Developments written by Mariela Fernanda Perez and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-01-20 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Blood Brain Barrier and Inflammation written by Ruth Lyck and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-03-29 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This PIR volume presents a comprehensive collection of reviews that focus on the role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) during steady-state and inflamed conditions. Within the central nervous system (CNS) the constantly changing bloodstream is strictly separated from the CNS parenchyma by the BBB. However, viruses, bacteria, parasites and auto-aggressive immune cells can penetrate the barrier and significantly contribute to CNS inflammation. The BBB can actively contribute to neuroinflammation by presentation of chemokines, expression of cell adhesion molecules and alterations of barrier properties. As such, understanding the role of the BBB under healthy and pathological conditions is essential to the development of new drugs to efficiently combat inflammatory diseases of the CNS.
Download or read book The Molecular Immunology of Neurological Diseases written by Sunil Kumar and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-02-16 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Molecular Immunology of Neurological Diseases provides a comprehensive review of current updates in molecular immunogenetics of different neurological diseases. Readers will learn about the role of immune cells and their modulation strategies to help in the development of therapeutic approaches for both acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. There is no other book available on the topic. It has long been thought that the brain is an immune-privilege organ with very limited immune response. However recent studies have made clear that both systemic 'brain' and peripheral 'blood' immune cell responses play key roles in determining brain pathology in neurodegenerative disorders. This book summarizes the role of immune cell activation in the central nervous system microenvironment in acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, it discusses the key role of immune cells and their modulation strategies for the development of current therapeutic approaches. Discusses the molecular immunogenetics of different neurological diseases Covers strategies for the development of therapeutic approaches Encompasses both acute and chronic neurogenerative disorders Describes the molecular pathogenesis of viral genes in various diseases Features chapters on migraine, muscular dystrophy and cancer
Download or read book Clinical Immunology written by Robert R. Rich and published by Mosby Incorporated. This book was released on 2008 with total page 1578 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offers answers to challenges in clinical immunology. This book contains immunology knowledge and includes a companion web site to give you two ways to find the answers you need.
Download or read book Neuroinflammation and Cognition written by Ashok Kumar and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-03-22 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aging is one of the major risk factors for the onset and progression of various neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroinflammation is a common feature of virtually every central nervous system disease, and is acknowledged as a likely mediator of cognitive impairments. Systemic inflammation levels are augmented with advanced age and neurodegeneration. The influence of age on neuroinflammatory responses including glial activation, increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, and aberrant neuronal signaling could magnify the deterioration of the central nervous system microenvironment in disease, and may contribute to enhanced cognitive impairment. This eBook is a collection of highly informative original research articles, providing comprehensive aspect of neuroinflammation and possible therapeutic interventions in rescuing cognitive impairments.
Download or read book B Cells Promote Inflammatory T Cell Responses During the Initiation of Central Nervous System Autoimmune Disease written by Emily R. Pierson and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) mediated by autoreactive T cells specific for myelin proteins. A recent development in MS treatment is the discovery that B cell depletion with Rituximab reduced the numbers of lesions and new relapses in MS patients. The role of B cells has been studied in the animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), but results from these studies have been variable and contradictory, and the contribution of B cells to CNS autoimmune disease is still unclear. We examined the role of B cells in C3H mice and found that both C3HeB/Fej and C3H.SW [omega]MT mice had a reduced incidence of EAE, suggesting an important role for B cells in the initiation of disease. B cells were the predominant MHC class II+ cells in the healthy CNS and were able to secrete cytokines, indicating that they could be influencing T cell responses before inflammation is initiated. Myelin-specific T cells were able to migrate to the CNS in the absence of B cells, but were unable to initiate immune responses. The ability of the early infiltrating T cells to secrete cytokines and initiate the recruitment of additional T cells to the CNS from the periphery before onset of EAE was defective in B cell deficient mice. Recruitment of T cells from the periphery constituted the majority of the increase in T cell number in the CNS of wildtype mice prior to onset. In vitro, B cells preferentially reactivated effector Th1 cells and not Th17 cells in the absence of IL-1[beta]. Induction of EAE with Th1- or Th17-skewed cells led to reduced numbers of IFN-[gamma]- and IL-17-producing cells in the brains of B cell deficient mice after onset of EAE. However, there was a greater effect on the numbers of IFN-[gamma]-producing cells, and in B cell deficient recipients of Th1-skewed cells, the localization of inflammation changed to permit inflammation in the brain. These studies indicate that B cells are important for T cell responses in the initiation of CNS autoimmunity, and can influence the localization of inflammation in EAE.
Download or read book Opportunities and Challenges of the Therapies Targeting CNS Regeneration written by H.D. Perez and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-01-19 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The therapeutic options for the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and other neurodegenerative and traumatic diseases such as spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease, etc. have experienced enormous progress over recent years. Despite these encouraging developments, available therapies are only partially effective, and the ultimate goal is still far from being attained. Improved understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration and demyelination has led to a variety of new therapeutic targets and approaches. In addition to modulation of the inflammatory process (MS) and classical neuroprotection (stroke, AD), therapeutic approaches focusing on active remyelinization and neuronal regeneration have become increasingly important. Based on current concepts, this book summarizes new therapeutic approaches.
Download or read book Neuroimmune Interface in Health and Diseases written by Ihssane Zouikr and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-12-06 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is now well appreciated that the immune system, in addition to its traditional role in defending the organism against pathogens, communicate in a well-organized fashion with the brain to maintain homeostasis and regulate a set of neural functions. Perturbation in this brain-immune interactions due to inflammatory responses may lead to psychiatric and neurological disorders. Microglia are one of the essential cells involved in the brain-immune interactions. Microglial cells are now not simply regarded as resident tissue macrophages in the brain. These cells are derived from myeloid progenitor cells in the yolk sac in early gestation, travel to the brain parenchyma and interact actively with neurons during the critical period of neurogenesis. Microglia provide a trophic support to developing neurons and take part in the neural wiring through the activity-dependent synapse elimination via direct neuron-microglia interactions. Altered microglial functions including changes in the gene expression due to early life inflammatory events or psychological and environmental stressors can be causally related to neurodevelopmental diseases and mental health disorders. This type of alterations in the neural functions can occur in the absence of infiltration of inflammatory cells in the brain parenchyma or leptomeninges. In this sense, the pathogenetic state underlying a significant part of psychiatric and neurological diseases may be similar to “para-inflammation”, an intermediate state between homeostatic and classical inflammatory states as defined by Ruslan Medzhitov (Nature 454:428-35, 2008). Therefore, it is important to study how systemic inflammation affects brain health and how local peripheral inflammation induces changes in the brain microenvironment. Chronic pain is also induced by disturbance in otherwise well-organized multisystem interplay comprising of reciprocal neural, endocrine and immune interactions. Especially, early-life insults including exposure to immune challenges can alter the neuroanatomical components of nociception, which induces altered pain response later in life. Recently the discrete roles of microglia and blood monocyte-derived macrophages are being defined. The distinction may be further highlighted by disorders in which the brain parenchymal tissue is damaged. Therefore, studies investigating the dynamics of immune cells in traumatic brain injury and neurotropic viral infections including human immunodeficiency virus, etc. as well as neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are promising to clarify the interplay between the central nervous and immune systems. The understanding of the histological architecture providing the infrastructure of such neuro-immune interplay is also essential. This Frontiers research topic brings together fourteen articles and aims to create a platform for researchers in the field of psychoneuroimmunology to share the recent theories, hypotheses and future perspectives regarding open questions on the mechanisms of cell-cell interactions with chemical mediators among the nervous, immune and endocrine systems. We hope that this platform would reveal the relevance of the studies on multisystem interactions to enhance the understanding of the mechanisms underlying a wide variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Download or read book Neuroinflammation and its Resolution From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Perspectives written by Morena Zusso and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-07-14 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Trends in Neuroimmunology cross talk between brain resident and peripheral immune cells in both health and disease written by Estela Maris Muñoz and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-06-26 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The functional anatomy of organisms is maintained by the coordination of different systems, that often rely on particular interactions between specialized cells and between macromolecules. The immune system works with the circulatory and the lymphatic systems to protect most of the organs. However, some organs are considered immune privileged due to the presence of highly selective and regulated barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB) within the brain. The BBB controls periphery-brain molecule exchange and prevents immune effector cells from entering the homeostatic brain. BBB-associated elements, such as endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, and microglia, potentially can function as antigen-presenting cells (APC). Pathological scenarios that induce dysfunction of the BBB and its associated cells may lead to the infiltration of lymphocytes crossing over from the blood to brain. Similarly, traumas can also enable B and T lymphocytes to pass bidirectionally between the CNS and the periphery, via the meningeal lymphatic vessels which drain into the cervical lymph nodes. Research in animals and in humans has revealed that B and T cells are involved in the progression of neurological diseases. It has been showed that under particular conditions, T cells establish themselves and become resident in the brain (T RM cells), from where they can either exert beneficial or detrimental effects on brain function. Amazing efforts have been made to further comprehend interactions between brain-specific cells and peripheral immune cells, and especially their roles and impact on the onset, progression, and eventual resolution of diverse brain pathologies.
Download or read book Cytokines and the Brain written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2008-06-18 with total page 609 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book opens a new page of neuro-immunobiology providing substantive experimental and clinical data to support current understanding in the field, and potential applications of this knowledge in the treatment of disease. The volume is a collection of complex, new data drawn from multiple areas of investigation in the field. The contents summarize current understanding on the presence and function of CNS cytokines and their receptors in a variety of CNS cells during health and disease. The chapters are a collection of complex, new data demonstrating the presence and synthesis of cytokines in brain cells, as well as their receptors on cell membranes in health and disease. The strength of the volume are the descriptions of the authors own investigations, together with those of others in the field pertaining to a large number of cytokines in brain function, as well as mechanisms involved in the development of CNS disorders, including multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Also included are novel approaches to the treatment of CNS disorders based on new experimental data. The contributors to this volume are internationally known scientists and clinical researchers in their respective fields of investigation and treatment.*Opens a new page of neuro-immunobiology and provides substantive evidence for the promise of this field in the treatment of disease*Summarizes current understanding on the presence and function of central nervous system (CNS) cytokines and their receptors in a variety of CNS cells during health and disease*Includes novel approaches to the treatment of CNS disorders based on new experimental data*Offers new insight into triggers for the development of autoimmune diseases in the brain and the possibilities for treatment
Download or read book Peripheral Immune System and Neurodegenerative Disease written by Ke Zhang and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-09-15 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Brain immune interactions in health and disease written by Adam Denes and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2015-06-12 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brain-immune interactions are essential to maintain health and their dysfunction contributes to diverse human diseases. Recent data show that haematopoietic processes and immune organs are under central autonomic control. Deficient regulation of inflammatory events contributes to brain diseases, whereas acute or chronic brain injury is linked with the development of systemic inflammatory conditions or immunosuppression. At present, common disorders with high socio-economic burden such as cancer, cardiovascular-, neuroinflammatory- and neurodegenerative diseases, asthma, allergies, autism, psychiatric conditions and sepsis are believed to be influenced, at least in part, by the dysfunction of brain-immune communication. Since the median age of the world's population is increasing rapidly, it is expected that the burden of common non-communicable diseases will further increase, which represents a huge challenge to the health care systems worldwide. Thus, there is an increasing demand to understand and treat complex diseases, many of which are age-related, and this is not possible unless the fine-tuned communication between large systems -such as the nervous and the immune system- is comprehensively understood. Although it is impossible to cover all areas of relevant research in this field, papers in this eBook give some insight to a few important aspects of brain-immune interactions and their contribution to disease. We hope that this collection could stimulate further relevant research and facilitate discussions to support the understanding of the highly complex interactions between the immune system and the brain in health and disease.
Download or read book Mechanisms of Neuroinflammation and Inflammatory Neurodegeneration in Acute Brain Injury written by Arthur Liesz and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2015-11-13 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mechanisms of brain-immune interactions became a cutting-edge topic in systemic neurosciences over the past years. Acute lesions of the brain parenchyma, particularly, induce a profound and highly complex neuroinflammatory reaction with similar mechanistic properties between differing disease paradigms like ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Resident microglial cells sense tissue damage and initiate inflammation, activation of the endothelial brain-immune interface promotes recruitment of systemic immune cells to the brain and systemic humoral immune mediators (e.g. complements and cytokines) enter the brain through the damaged blood-brain barrier. These cellular and humoral constituents of the neuroinflammatory reaction to brain injury contribute substantially to secondary brain damage and neurodegeneration. Diverse inflammatory cascades such as pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion of invading leukocytes and direct cell-cell-contact cytotoxicity between lymphocytes and neurons have been demonstrated to mediate the inflammatory ‘collateral damage’ in models of acute brain injury. Besides mediating neuronal cell loss and degeneration, secondary inflammatory mechanisms also contribute to functional modulation of neurons and the impact of post-lesional neuroinflammation can even be detected on the behavioral level. The contribution of several specific immune cell subpopulations to the complex orchestration of secondary neuroinflammation has been revealed just recently. However, the differential vulnerability of specific neuronal cell types and the molecular mechanisms of inflammatory neurodegeneration are still elusive. Furthermore, we are only on the verge of characterizing the control of long-term recovery and neuronal plasticity after brain damage by inflammatory pathways. Yet, a more detailed but also comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted interaction of these two supersystems is of direct translational relevance. Immunotherapeutic strategies currently shift to the center of translational research in acute CNS lesion since all clinical trials investigating direct neuroprotective therapies failed. To advance our knowledge on brain-immune communications after brain damage an interdisciplinary approach covered by cellular neuroscience as well as neuroimmunology, brain imaging and behavioral sciences is crucial to thoroughly depict the intricate mechanisms.
Download or read book Neuroinflammation written by Samuel David and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-05-26 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neuroinflammation has long been studied for its connection to the development and progression of Multiple Sclerosis. In recent years, the field has expanded to look at the role of inflammatory processes in a wide range of neurological conditions and cognitive disorders including stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and autism. Researchers have also started to note the beneficial impacts of neuroinflammation in certain diseases. Neuroinflammation: New Insights into Beneficial and Detrimental Functions provides a comprehensive view of both the detriments and benefits of neuroinflammation in human health. Neuroinflammation: New Insights into Beneficial and Detrimental Functions opens with two chapters that look at some fundamental aspects of neuroinflammation in humans and rodents. The remainder of the book is divided into two sections which examine both the detrimental and beneficial aspects of inflammation on the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves, on various disease states, and in normal aging. These sections provide a broad picture of the role neuroinflammation plays in the physiology and pathology of various neurological disorders. Providing cross-disciplinary coverage, Neuroinflammation: New Insights into Beneficial and Detrimental Functions will be an essential volume for neuroimmunologists, neurobiologists, neurologists, and others interested in the field.
