Download or read book OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals Section 2 Test No 205 Avian Dietary Toxicity Test written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 1984-04-04 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this Test Guideline is to determine the effects of a substance administered with food to birds. Birds are fed a diet containing the test substance at a range of concentrations for a period of five days. Two control groups and one ...
Download or read book Ecological Effects Test Guidelines written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Development of an Avian Dietary LC50 Toxicity Test for Potential Use Under the Toxic Substances Control Act written by LW. Turner and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Toxic Substances Control Act (PL 94-469) directs the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to produce standards for the development of adequate data regarding the effect of chemical substances and mixtures on health and the environment. The agency is developing test standards to satisfy this charge. This paper describes part of the process by which a test standard is developed, using the avian dietary median lethal concentration (LC50) toxicity test as an example. The history of avian dietary toxicity test methods is briefly described, along with the kinds of modifications in methods made by various users. The rationale for the selection of specific test conditions and procedures is discussed with respect to the use of the test results by a regulatory agency. Selection criteria for several controversial test parameters are presented as examples.
Download or read book OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals OECD Series on Testing and Assessment Report of the SETAC OECD Workshop on Avian Toxicity Testing written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2002-05-10 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As part of the OECD's Pesticide Programme, a Workshop on Avian Toxicity Testing was held in Pensacola, Florida, on 4-7 December 1994. It was jointly organised by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) and the OECD.
Download or read book OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals written by and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Standard Practice for Conducting Subacute Dietary Toxicity Tests with Avian Species written by and published by . This book was released on with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Avian and Mammalian Wildlife Toxicology written by Donald Wayne Lamb and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1981 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Critique of the Avian 5 day Dietary Test lc50 as the Basis of Avian Risk Assessment written by Pierre Mineau and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction: Avian dietary toxicity tests determine the median lethal concentration (LC50) of a chemical defined as the quantity of toxicant in the diet calculated to kill fifty percent of the test population. The U.S. EPA (1985) protocol is considered the 'industry standard.' The test consists of feeding young birds with a contaminated diet for 5 days followed by a 3-day recovery period during which birds are fed a clean diet. The test product is mixed with the food in various concentrations (minimum is 4) and is given to groups of ten birds per concentration. Concurrent control and vehicle control groups are required for each LC50 test. Typically, up to 5 control groups are included in the test with ten birds in each. Individual body weights are measured at the beginning and the end of the study and presented as pen means. Food consumption is recorded at the beginning and the end of the treatment period and at the end of the 3-day recovery period. Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) of 5-10 days of age and bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) of 10-14 days are the species and ages specified by the EPA. Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) have also been tested and are currently being proposed as surrogates for bobwhites (Romijn et al. undated). The LC50 test currently provides the endpoints which drive the risk assessment process in a number of countries including the U.S. (Urban and Cook 1986). This is because the test is thought to be most representative of exposure conditions in the wild. The concentration of a contaminant which causes mortality when given in the feed can be compared directly to the level of the same contaminant present on treated crops, vegetation, sprayed insects, etc. We intend to argue that our reliance on the LC50 test as a meaningful endpoint in the risk assessment process is misguided and that the test does not offer useful information, at least for several large classes of insecticides most likely to result in wildlife poisoning incidents. Our first line of argument is that the test is inherently unreliable in that the exact conditions of the test have an inordinate impact on the test endpoints. Secondly, we intend to demonstrate that the LC50 values which are obtained are not meaningful per se and appear to be at odds with the available field evidence. Finally, we explore whether the LC50 test offers any insight which would make the test worthwhile.
Download or read book Avian and Mammalian Wildlife Toxicology written by E. E. Kenaga and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1979 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Critique of the Avain 5 day Dietary Test LC 5 0 as the Basis of Avian Risk Assessment written by Alain Baril and published by Hull, Québec : Canadian Wildlife Service. This book was released on 1994 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States Environmental Protection Agency LC50 test currently provides the endpoints that drive the risk assessment process in a number of countries, including the U.S., because the test is thought to be most representative of exposure conditions in the wild. This paper argues that reliance on the LC50 test as a meaningful endpoint in the risk assessment process is misguided and that the test does not offer useful information, at least for several large classes of insecticides most likely to result in wildlife poisoning incidents. It also considers the test inherently unreliable in that the exact conditions have an inordinate impact on the test endpoints; that the LC50 values obtained are not meaningful per se and appear to be at odds with the available field evidence; and that the test offers little or no insight that would make it worthwhile. Data from tests conducted with mallards and bobwhites using organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides was used as well as the work of Hill and Camardese (1986) on Coturnix.
Download or read book Test No 223 Avian Acute Oral Toxicity Test written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2010-07-23 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Test Guideline describes procedures designed to estimate the acute oral toxicity of substances to birds, and it provides three testing options: (1) limit dose test, (2) LD50-slope test, and (3) LD50-only test. The LD50-slope and LD50-only ...
Download or read book CRITIQUE OF THE AVIAN 5 DAY DIETARY TEST LC50 AS THE BASIS OF AVIAN RISK ASSESSMENT written by Pierre Mineau and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Short Term Dietary Toxicity Test on Small Mammals written by N. Cook and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires that the results of certain toxicity tests on wildlife and aquatic organisms be submitted to the agency for evaluation before a new pesticide can be federally registered. The results of these toxicity tests are used to address the potential acute hazards of a pesticide's use to wildlife and aquatic organisms. At the present time an acceptable short-term feeding method for small mammals is not available. The EPA has been using the results of data submitted to support human safety requirements [primarily the rat single-dose oral median lethal dosage (LD50) data] to assess the hazards of pesticide residues in and on food to mammalian wildlife. We believe that these data may not properly represent the toxicity of a pesticide residue to mammalian wildlife. The objectives of the present study were three-fold: (1) to develop an acceptable short-term dietary LC50 test for small mammals, (2) to evaluate the test method by testing a number of chemical pesticides, and (3) to determine the relationship between the rat LD50 and median lethal concentration (LC50) values. The proposed 5-day LC50 test uses laboratory rats (Wistar strain) and is similar to a published avian dietary LC50 study. It consists of a 5-day acclimation period, a 5-day exposure to treated food, and a posttreatment observation period lasting for at least 9 days. The initial studies involved the exposure of five male and five female rat groups to each of five concentrations of treated food and one untreated group for control. The mortality, body weights, and food consumption were recorded. The mortality data were used to calculate LC50 values, which are presented for 17 pesticides. The experimentally determined LC50 values for rats were compared with derived ones calculated from published rat LD50 values. The derived values were not toxicologically equivalent to the LC50 values determined from our tests. Data are presented that indicate to us that rat LC50 values are a better measure of the toxicity of pesticide residues to mammalian wildlife than are rat LD50 values. Incorrect decisions on acute hazards of pesticide residues can result from the use of rat LC50 values calculated from rat LD50 values.
Download or read book Avian and Mammalian Wildlife Toxicology Volume 693 written by EE Kenaga (Ed) and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A forum for discussion of recent advance in avian and mammalian wildlife toxicology was held at the October 17, 1978 New Orleans meeting of the ASTM pesticide subcommittee. The need for this type of forum and publication of papers has been apparent since other scientific groups have not sponsored such work on a regular basis. Wildlife toxicology papers have often been included in human toxicology sumposia or conferences, but in such few numbers and with so little emphasis that they have gone virtually unnoticed. Wildlife toxicity work representing effects on the many species that exist in nature is difficult to simulate in the laboratory and difficult to interpret in the field. Thus, much thought must be put into indicative test methods representative of real-world environmental conditions, applications, and effects. Papers include EPA's Regulatory Requirements for Wildlife Toxicity Testing; Environmental Contaminant Studies by the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center; Dietary Toxicity Tests With Mallards, Simulating Residue Decline of Chlorpyrifos and Avoidance of Treated Food; Simulated Field Studies-Acute Hazard Assessment; Physiological Techniques for Assessing the Impact of Oil on Seabirds; Endrin Versus 12-Ketoendrin in Brids and Rodents; Efficacy and Safety of Diphacinone as a Predacide; Acute Toxicant Identification in Whole Bodies and Baits Without Chemical Analysis.
Download or read book Ecological Risk Assessment for Chlorpyrifos in Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems in the United States written by John P. Giesy and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-04-10 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology attempts to provide concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of xenobiotics, in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicological implications.
Download or read book Environmental Protection Agency s Regulatory Requirements for Wildlife Toxicity Testing written by JW. Akerman and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has broad and flexible authority under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). Under FIFRA, EPA determines the pesticides that may be registered and for what uses. Scientific data and knowledge serve as the basis for determinations of unreasonable adverse effects. Three elements are contained in the environmental hazard assessment: determination of toxicity, determination of fate and exposure, and the integration of the two into a determination of hazard. Basic wildlife testing requirements include an avian dietary LC50 on two species, an avian single-dose oral LD50, and a rat single-dose oral LD50. Additional testing requirements for avian and mammalian wildlife include reproduction, pen field, and full-field studies. The EPA requirements are arranged in a tier or sequential fashion. The simple short-term laboratory studies are required at the first level for all manufacturing-use products and all formulated products intended for outdoor application.
Download or read book Avian Effects Assessment written by Andy Hart and published by Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry. This book was released on 2001 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
