Download or read book AutoCAD 2019 3D Modeling written by Munir Hamad and published by Stylus Publishing, LLC. This book was released on 2018-04-25 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides new and seasoned users with step-by-step procedures on creating and modifying 3D models, working with cameras and lights, assigning materials to objects, rendering, and printing. Unlike many AutoCAD competitors, it uses both metric and imperial units to illustrate the myriad tools for this popular application. Use the companion CD to set up drawing exercises and projects and see all of the book’s figures including color. AutoCAD 2019 3DModeling includes 50 “mini-workshops,” that complete small projects from concept through actual plotting. Solving all of the workshops will simulate the creation of full projects (architectural and mechanical) from beginning to end, without overlooking any of the basic commands and functions in AutoCAD 2019. Features: • Covers 3D solid modeling, 3D surface modeling, working with cameras/lighting, rendering and imaging, dimensioning and drafting, and model interchange • Includes 50 “mini-workshops,” that complete small projects from concept through actual plotting. Solving all of the workshops will simulate the creation of full projects (architectural and mechanical) • Provides new and seasoned users with step-by-step procedures on creating and modifying 3D models in both metric and imperial units • Companion disc can be used to set up in-text drawing exercises and projects and to see the book’s figures in color • Written by an AutoDesk® Approved Instructor and Certified AutoDesk AutoCAD Master The companion files include (files are also available for downloading from the publisher): --Drawing Exercises and Projects --Solutions to Exercises and Projects --All Images from the Text eBook Customers: Companion files are available for downloading with order number/proof of purchase by writing to the publisher at [email protected].
Download or read book AutoCAD 2020 Tutorial Second Level 3D Modeling written by Randy Shih and published by SDC Publications. This book was released on 2019-07 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary goal of AutoCAD 2020 Tutorial Second Level 3D Modeling is to introduce the aspects of computer based three dimensional modeling. This text is intended to be used as a training guide for both students and professionals. The chapters in this book cover AutoCAD 2020 and proceed in a pedagogical fashion to guide you from constructing 3D wire frame models, 3D surface models, and 3D solid models to making multiview drawings and rendering images. The text takes a hands-on, exercise-intensive approach to all the important 3D modeling techniques and concepts. This book contains a series of twelve tutorial style chapters designed to introduce CAD users to 3D modeling with AutoCAD 2020. Users upgrading from a previous release of the AutoCAD software will also find this text helpful. The basic premise of this book is that the more 3D designs you create using AutoCAD 2020 the better you learn the software. With this in mind each tutorial introduces a new set of commands and concepts, building on previous chapters. By going through this book you will establish a good basis for exploring and growing in the exciting field of Computer Aided Engineering.
Download or read book Mastering AutoCAD 2019 and AutoCAD LT 2019 written by George Omura and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-05-30 with total page 1759 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world’s favorite guide to everything AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT—updated for 2019! Mastering AutoCAD 2019 and AutoCAD LT 2019 is the world’s all-time best-selling guide to the world’s most popular drafting software. Packed with tips, tricks, techniques, and tutorials, this guide covers every inch of AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT—including certification. This new edition has been fully updated to align with the software’s 2019 update, featuring the same expert instruction augmented by videos of crucial techniques. Step-by-step walk-throughs, concise explanations, specific examples and plenty of hands-on projects help you learn essential AutoCAD skills by working directly with the necessary tools—giving you a skill set that translates directly to on-the-job use. AutoCAD is the dominant design and drafting software for 2D and 3D technical drawings, while AutoCAD LT is the more affordable version often used by students and hobbyists. Professional designers need complete command of the software’s tools and functions, but a deeper exploration of more complex capabilities can help even hobbyists produce work at a higher level of technical proficiency. This book is your ultimate guide to AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT, whether you’re seeking certification or just looking to draw. Get acquainted with the workspace and basic drafting tools Gain greater control of your drawings with hatches, fields, fills, dynamic blocks, and curves Explore the 3D modeling and imaging tools that bring your drawing to life Customize AutoCAD to the way you work, integrate it with other software, and more As certification preparation material, this book is Autodesk-endorsed; as a self-study guide to AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT mastery, this book is the gold-standard, having led over a half million people on the journey to better design. If you’re ready to learn quickly so you can get down to work, Mastering AutoCAD 2019 and AutoCAD LT 2019 is your ideal resource.
Download or read book AutoCAD 2020 3D Modeling written by Munir Hamad and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides new and seasoned users with step-by-step procedures on creating and modifying 3D models, working with cameras and lights, assigning materials to objects, rendering, and printing. Unlike many AutoCAD competitors, it uses both metric and imperial units to illustrate the myriad tools for this popular application. Use the companion disc to set up drawing exercises and projects and see all of the book's figures in color (files are also available for downloading from the publisher by writing to [email protected]). AutoCAD 2020 3D Modeling includes 50 "mini-workshops," that complete small projects from concept through actual plotting. Solving all of the workshops will simulate the creation of full projects (architectural and mechanical) from beginning to end, without overlooking any of the basic commands and functions in AutoCAD 2020. Features: - Covers 3D solid modeling, 3D surface modeling, working with cameras/lighting, rendering and imaging, dimensioning and drafting, and model interchange - Includes 50 "mini-workshops," that complete small projects from concept through actual plotting. Solving all of the workshops will simulate the creation of full projects (architectural and mechanical) - Provides new and seasoned users with step-by-step procedures on creating and modifying 3D models in both metric and imperial units - Companion disc can be used to set up in-text drawing exercises and projects and to see the book's figures in color (files are also available for downloading from the publisher by writing to [email protected]) - Written by an AutoDesk(R) Approved Instructor and Certified AutoDesk AutoCAD Master.
Download or read book AutoCAD 2019 Tutorial Second Level 3D Modeling written by Randy Shih and published by SDC Publications. This book was released on 2018 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary goal of AutoCAD 2019 Tutorial Second Level 3D Modeling is to introduce the aspects of computer based three dimensional modeling. This text is intended to be used as a training guide for both students and professionals. The chapters in this book cover AutoCAD 2019 and proceed in a pedagogical fashion to guide you from constructing 3D wire frame models, 3D surface models, and 3D solid models to making multiview drawings and rendering images. The text takes a hands-on, exercise-intensive approach to all the important 3D modeling techniques and concepts. This book contains a series of twelve tutorial style chapters designed to introduce CAD users to 3D modeling with AutoCAD 2019. Users upgrading from a previous release of the AutoCAD software will also find this text helpful. The basic premise of this book is that the more 3D designs you create using AutoCAD 2019 the better you learn the software. With this in mind each tutorial introduces a new set of commands and concepts, building on previous chapters. By going through this book you will establish a good basis for exploring and growing in the exciting field of Computer Aided Engineering.
Download or read book Tutorial Guide to AutoCAD 2019 written by Shawna Lockhart and published by SDC Publications. This book was released on 2018-05-04 with total page 694 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tutorial Guide to AutoCAD 2019 provides a step-by-step introduction to AutoCAD with commands presented in the context of each tutorial. In fifteen clear and comprehensive chapters, author Shawna Lockhart guides you through all the important commands and techniques in AutoCAD 2019, from 2D drawing to solid modeling and finally finishing with rendering. In each lesson, the author provides step-by-step instructions with frequent illustrations showing exactly what appears on the AutoCAD screen. Later, individual steps are no longer provided, and you are asked to apply what you've learned by completing sequences on your own. A carefully developed pedagogy reinforces this cumulative-learning approach and supports you in becoming a skilled AutoCAD user. Tutorial Guide to AutoCAD 2019 begins with three Getting Started chapters that include information to get readers of all levels prepared for the tutorials. The author includes tips that offer suggestions and warnings as you progress through the tutorials. Key Terms and Key Commands are listed at the end of each chapter to recap important topics and commands learned in each tutorial. Also, a glossary of terms and Commands Summary list the key commands used in the tutorials. Each chapter concludes with end of chapter problems providing challenges to a range of abilities in mechanical, electrical, and civil engineering as well as architectural problems.
Download or read book AutoCAD 2019 Tutorial First Level 2D Fundamentals written by Randy Shih and published by SDC Publications. This book was released on 2018-05-31 with total page 447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary goal of AutoCAD 2019 Tutorial First Level 2D Fundamentals is to introduce the aspects of Computer Aided Design and Drafting (CADD). This text is intended to be used as a training guide for students and professionals. This text covers AutoCAD 2019 and the lessons proceed in a pedagogical fashion to guide you from constructing basic shapes to making multiview drawings. This textbook contains a series of eleven tutorial style lessons designed to introduce beginning CAD users to AutoCAD 2019. It takes a hands-on, exercise-intensive approach to all the important 2D CAD techniques and concepts. This text is also helpful to AutoCAD users upgrading from a previous release of the software. The new improvements and key enhancements of the software are incorporated into the lessons. The 2D-CAD techniques and concepts discussed in this text are also designed to serve as the foundation to the more advanced parametric feature-based CAD packages such as Autodesk Inventor. The basic premise of this book is that the more designs you create using AutoCAD 2019, the better you learn the software. With this in mind, each lesson introduces a new set of commands and concepts, building on previous lessons. This book is intended to help readers establish a good basis for exploring and growing in the exciting field of Computer Aided Engineering. Video Training Included with every new copy of AutoCAD 2019 Tutorial First Level 2D Fundamentals is access to extensive video training. The video training parallels the exercises found in the text and are designed to be watched first before following the instructions in the book. However, the videos do more than just provide you with click by click instructions. Author Luke Jumper also includes a brief discussion of each tool, as well as rich insight into why and how the tools are used. Luke isn’t just telling you what to do, he’s showing and explaining to you how to go through the exercises while providing clear descriptions of the entire process. It’s like having him there guiding you through the book. These videos will provide you with a wealth of information and brings the text to life. They are also an invaluable resource for people who learn best through a visual experience. These videos deliver a comprehensive overview of the 2D tools found in AutoCAD and perfectly complement and reinforce the exercises in the book. AutoCAD 2019 Certified User Examination The content of AutoCAD 2019 Tutorial First Level 2D Fundamentals covers the performance tasks that have been identified by Autodesk as being included on the AutoCAD 2019 Certified User Examination. Special reference guides show you where the performance tasks are covered in the book. If you are teaching an introductory level AutoCAD course and you want to prepare your students for the AutoCAD 2019 Certified User Examination this is the only book that you need. If your students are not interested in the AutoCAD 2019 Certified User Examination they will still be studying the most important tools and techniques of AutoCAD as identified by Autodesk.
Download or read book Parametric Modeling with Autodesk Inventor 2019 written by Randy Shih and published by SDC Publications. This book was released on 2018 with total page 620 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Parametric Modeling with Autodesk Inventor 2019 contains a series of seventeen tutorial style lessons designed to introduce Autodesk Inventor, solid modeling, and parametric modeling. It uses a hands-on, exercise-intensive approach to all the important parametric modeling techniques and concepts. The lessons guide the user from constructing basic shapes to building intelligent mechanical designs, to creating multi-view drawings and assembly models. Other featured topics include sheet metal design, motion analysis, 2D design reuse, collision and contact, stress analysis, 3D printing and the Autodesk Inventor 2019 Certified User Examination. Autodesk Inventor 2019 Certified User Examination The content of Parametric Modeling with Autodesk Inventor 2019 covers the performance tasks that have been identified by Autodesk as being included on the Autodesk Inventor 2019 Certified User examination. Special reference guides show students where the performance tasks are covered in the book. If you are teaching an introductory level Autodesk Inventor course and you want to prepare your students for the Autodesk Inventor 2019 Certified User Examination this is the only book that you need. If your students are not interested in the Autodesk Inventor 2019 Certified User Exam they will still be studying the most important tools and techniques of Autodesk Inventor as identified by Autodesk.
Download or read book Residential Design Using AutoCAD 2019 written by Daniel John Stine and published by SDC Publications. This book was released on 2018 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Residential Design Using AutoCAD 2019 is an introductory level tutorial which uses residential design exercises as the means to teach you AutoCAD 2019. Each book comes with access to extensive video instruction in which the author explains the most common tools and techniques used when designing residential buildings using AutoCAD 2019. After completing this book you will have a well-rounded knowledge of Computer Aided Drafting that can be used in the industry and the satisfaction of having completed a set of residential drawings. This textbook starts with a basic introduction to AutoCAD 2019. The first three chapters are intended to get you familiar with the user interface and the most common menus and tools. Throughout the rest of the book you will design a residence through to its completion. Using step-by-step tutorial lessons, the residential project is followed through to create elevations, sections, details, etc. Throughout the project, new AutoCAD commands are covered at the appropriate time. Focus is placed on the most essential parts of a command rather than an exhaustive review of every sub-feature of a particular command. The Appendix contains a bonus section covering the fundamental principles of engineering graphics that relate to architecture. This book also comes with extensive video instruction as well as bonus chapters that cover must know commands, sketching exercises, a roof study workbook and much more.
Download or read book 3D Max 2019 Training Guide written by Linkan Sagar and published by BPB Publications. This book was released on 2019-09-18 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Let Your Creativity travel without moving your feet... DESCRIPTION Book is short, lively and based on practical platforms. Everything has been given step by step by using real-world and imagined examples. It takes the reader through the content design process explaining everything along the way. Ê Welcome to the world of Autodesk 3ds Max, a 3D modeling, animation, and rendering software package developed by Autodesk Inc. It is widely used by architects, game developers, design visualization specialists, and visual effects artists. A wide range of modeling and texturing tools make it an ideal platform for 3D modelers and animators. The intuitive user interface and workflow tools of Autodesk 3ds Max have made the job of design visualization specialists easier. Ê Autodesk 3ds Max 2019 Training guide is a tutorial-based textbook that introduces the readers to the basic features of 3ds Max 2019 created on real world model through tutorials. The textbook caters to the needs of both the novice and the advanced users of the software. Ê This textbook will help you unleash your creativity and help you create simple and complete 3D models and animations. The textbook will help the learners transform their imagination into reality with ease. KEY FEATURES Step by step explanation. Tutorial book using real world example. Easy to Learn and simple to understand. WHAT WILL YOU LEARN 3Ds max, its graphical user interface. Standard, extended primitives. Spline, Nurb curves, object space modifiers. Basic and Advance modelling tools. WHO THIS BOOK IS FOR 3D designer, 3D modular and Interior designer Table of Contents 1. Ê Ê Introduction & Overview 2. Ê Ê Create-Geometry 3. Ê Ê Create-Shape and Basic Tool 4. Ê Ê Modify-Object Space Modifiers 5. Ê Ê Basic Tools 6. Ê Ê Advance Modeling Tools
Download or read book A Beginner s Guide to 3D Modeling written by Cameron Coward and published by No Starch Press. This book was released on 2019-06-11 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Beginner’s Guide to 3D Modeling is a project-based, straightforward introduction to computer-aided design (CAD). You’ll learn how to use Autodesk Fusion 360, the world’s most powerful free CAD software, to model gadgets, 3D print your designs, and create realistic images just like an engineering professional—with no experience required! Hands-on modeling projects and step-by-step instructions throughout the book introduce fundamental 3D modeling concepts. As you work through the projects, you’ll master the basics of parametric modeling and learn how to create your own models, from simple shapes to multipart assemblies. Once you’ve mastered the basics, you’ll learn more advanced modeling concepts like sweeps, lofts, surfaces, and rendering, before pulling it all together to create a robotic arm. You’ll learn how to: • Design a moving robotic arm, a door hinge, a teapot, and a 20-sided die • Create professional technical drawings for manufacturing and patent applications • Model springs and other complex curves to create realistic designs • Use basic Fusion 360 tools like Extrude, Revolve, and Hole • Master advanced tools like Coil and Thread Whether you’re a maker, hobbyist, or artist, A Beginner’s Guide to 3D Modeling is certain to show you how to turn your ideas into professional models. Go ahead—dust off that 3D printer and feed it your amazing designs.
Download or read book AutoCAD 2021 3D Modelling written by Munir Hamad and published by Mercury Learning and Information. This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides new and seasoned users with step-by-step procedures on creating and modifying 3D models, working with cameras and lights, assigning materials to objects, rendering, and printing. Unlike many AutoCAD competitors, it uses both metric and imperial units to illustrate the myriad tools for this popular application. Use the companion CD to set up drawing exercises and projects and see all of the book's figures including color. AutoCAD 2021 3D Modelingincludes 50 "mini-workshops," that complete small projects from concept through actual plotting. Solving all of the workshops will simulate the creation of full projects (architectural and mechanical) from beginning to end, without overlooking any of the basic commands and functions in AutoCAD 2021. FEATURES * Provides new and seasoned users with step-by-step procedures on creating and modifying 3D models in both metric and imperial units * CD can be used to set up in-text drawing exercises and projects and to see the book's figures in color
Download or read book AutoCAD 2019 for Beginners written by CADFolks and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-05-19 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: AutoCAD 2019 For Beginners makes it easy to learn drafting in AutoCAD. Using easy, real-world examples, you will master the basics of this leading CAD software by following step by step instructions. Each topic starts with a brief explanation, and then launches into the example that gives you a direct experience and a good start. You'll learn the basics of drawing, editing, dimensioning, printing, and 3D modeling as you create the examples given in this book. Whether you are a beginner or trying to upgrade your skills, this step-by-step guide provides a solid base in design and drafting. - Create basic drawings with drawing tools - Create and edit complex drawings with the modify tools - Add dimensions and annotations to drawings - Prepare your drawing for printing - Create and edit 3D models - Learn to create Architectural floor plan If you want to learn AutoCAD quickly and easily, AutoCAD 2019 For Beginners gets you started today. Download the resource files from: https: //autocadforbeginners.weebly.com/ If you are an educator, you can request an evaluation copy by sending us an email to [email protected]
Download or read book Mastering AutoCAD 2019 and AutoCAD LT 2019 written by George Omura and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-05-30 with total page 1088 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world’s favorite guide to everything AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT—updated for 2019! Mastering AutoCAD 2019 and AutoCAD LT 2019 is the world’s all-time best-selling guide to the world’s most popular drafting software. Packed with tips, tricks, techniques, and tutorials, this guide covers every inch of AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT—including certification. This new edition has been fully updated to align with the software’s 2019 update, featuring the same expert instruction augmented by videos of crucial techniques. Step-by-step walk-throughs, concise explanations, specific examples and plenty of hands-on projects help you learn essential AutoCAD skills by working directly with the necessary tools—giving you a skill set that translates directly to on-the-job use. AutoCAD is the dominant design and drafting software for 2D and 3D technical drawings, while AutoCAD LT is the more affordable version often used by students and hobbyists. Professional designers need complete command of the software’s tools and functions, but a deeper exploration of more complex capabilities can help even hobbyists produce work at a higher level of technical proficiency. This book is your ultimate guide to AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT, whether you’re seeking certification or just looking to draw. Get acquainted with the workspace and basic drafting tools Gain greater control of your drawings with hatches, fields, fills, dynamic blocks, and curves Explore the 3D modeling and imaging tools that bring your drawing to life Customize AutoCAD to the way you work, integrate it with other software, and more As certification preparation material, this book is Autodesk-endorsed; as a self-study guide to AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT mastery, this book is the gold-standard, having led over a half million people on the journey to better design. If you’re ready to learn quickly so you can get down to work, Mastering AutoCAD 2019 and AutoCAD LT 2019 is your ideal resource.
Download or read book Tools for Design Using AutoCAD 2019 and Autodesk Inventor 2019 written by Randy Shih and published by SDC Publications. This book was released on 2018 with total page 638 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tools for Design is intended to provide the user with an overview of computer aided design using two popular CAD software packages from Autodesk: AutoCAD and Autodesk Inventor. This book explores the strengths of each package and shows how they can be used in design, both separately and in combination with each other. What you'll learn How to create and dimension 2D multiview drawings using AutoCADHow to freehand sketch using axonometric, oblique and perspective projection techniquesHow to create 3D parametric models and 2D multiview drawings using Autodesk InventorHow to reuse design information between AutoCAD and Autodesk InventorHow to combine parts into assemblies including assembly modeling with a LEGO® MINDSTORMS® Education Base Set, with a TETRIX® kit and a VEX Robot KitHow to perform basic finite element stress analysis using Inventor Stress Analysis ModuleWho this book is for This book is designed for high school and college age students wanting to learn the fundamentals of computer aided design with AutoCAD and Inventor and how the two can be used together. No prior CAD experience is required.
Download or read book AutoCAD 2019 Training Guide written by Linkan Sagar and published by BPB Publications. This book was released on 2019-09-20 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Complete training guide of AUTOCAD 2019 DESCRIPTION This book is short, lively and based on real platform. Using real-world and imagined examples, it takes the reader through content designing process explaining everything along the way. Projects have been explained in a step-by-step manner with the commands along with a lot of new features. KEY FEATURES Building accurate, scalable 3D models for design reference Using parametric tools to make ÒsmartÓ drawing Discover How to create and shape your world Modeling surfaces with 3D mesh to create faces and new textures Drawing curves with polyline and spline, and applying solid fills WHAT WILL YOU LEARN AutoCAD, drawing Tools-ellipse, polygon, hatch. Parametric constraints, geometric, dimensional constraints. Usage of AutoCAD,3DÊ modeling,3D surface & Mesh. Coordinate System with Line command. Various Annotations Text, angular, Arc length, quick dimension. WHO THIS BOOK IS FOR Students of Polytechnic Diploma Classes- Computer Science/ Information Technology Graduate Students- B.Arch,B.tech. Master Class StudentsÑMsc (CS/IT)/ MCA/ M.Phil, M.Tech, M.S. Industry Professionals- Preparing for Certifications. Table of Contents 1.Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Introduction to AutoCAD 2019 2.Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Overview 3.Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Draw tools 4.Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Modify Tools 5.Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Annotation 6.Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Inquiry 7.Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Parametric 8.Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Setting & Option 9.Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê 3D Modeling & View 10.Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê 3D Modify Tools 11.Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê 3D Surface & Mesh 12.Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê New Features Introduced In AutoCAD 2019 13.Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê 2D Practice Drawings
Download or read book Autodesk AutoCAD 2019 Fundamentals written by Elise Moss and published by SDC Publications. This book was released on 2018 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Autodesk AutoCAD 2019 Fundamentals is designed to be used during instructor led training in an eight week course. It is an introductory level textbook intended for new AutoCAD 2019 users. This book covers all the fundamental skills necessary for effectively using AutoCAD and will provide a strong foundation for advancement. This textbook applies the use of AutoCAD as it pertains to mechanical drafting. Knowing how to draw a line in AutoCAD is not the same as understanding which line type is required when creating technical drawings. This text not only provides the necessary information to operate AutoCAD 2019 but also provides the skills to use AutoCAD as a tool to work proficiently as a drafter or designer.
