Download or read book Auditory Spatial Adaptation written by I-Fan Lin and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Listeners can rapidly adjust how they localize auditory stimuli when consistently trained with spatially discrepant visual feedback. However, relatively little is known about what auditory processing stages are altered by adaptation or the mechanisms that cause the observed perceptual and behavioral changes. Experiments were conducted to test how spatial adaptation generalizes to novel frequencies and the degree to which perceptual recalibration and cognitive adjustment contribute to spatial adaptation. A neural network model was developed to help explain and predict behavioral results. Adaptation was found to generalize across frequency when both training and reference stimuli were dominated by interaural time differences (ITDs), but not when the training stimuli were dominated by interaural level difference (ILDs) and the reference stimuli were dominated by ITDs. These results suggest that spatial adaptation occurs after ITDs are integrated across frequency, but before ITDs and ILDs are integrated. Both perceptual and cognitive changes were found to contribute to short-term auditory adaptation. However, their relative contributions to adaptation depended on the form of the rearrangement of auditory space. For both a magnification and a rotation of auditory space, at least some of the adaptation comes from perceptual recalibration. However, for a magnification of auditory space, cognitive adjustment contributed less to the observed adaptation than for a rotation of auditory space. A hierarchical, supervised-learning model of short-term spatial perceptual, recalibration was developed. Discrepancies between the perceived and correct locations drive learning by adjusting how auditory inputs map to exocentric locations to reduce error. Learning affects locations near the input location through a spatial kernel with limited extent. Model results fit the observed evolution of localization errors and account for individual differences by adjusting only three model parameters: the internal sensory noise, the width of the spatial learning kernel, and the threshold for detecting an error. Results demonstrate how training helps listeners calibrate spatial auditory perception. This work can help inform the design of hearing aids and hearing-protection devices to ensure that listeners receive sufficient information to localize sounds accurately, despite distortions of auditory cues caused by these devices.
Download or read book Auditory Neuroscience written by Jan Schnupp and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2012-08-17 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An integrated overview of hearing and the interplay of physical, biological, and psychological processes underlying it. Every time we listen—to speech, to music, to footsteps approaching or retreating—our auditory perception is the result of a long chain of diverse and intricate processes that unfold within the source of the sound itself, in the air, in our ears, and, most of all, in our brains. Hearing is an "everyday miracle" that, despite its staggering complexity, seems effortless. This book offers an integrated account of hearing in terms of the neural processes that take place in different parts of the auditory system. Because hearing results from the interplay of so many physical, biological, and psychological processes, the book pulls together the different aspects of hearing—including acoustics, the mathematics of signal processing, the physiology of the ear and central auditory pathways, psychoacoustics, speech, and music—into a coherent whole.
Download or read book How and Why Does Spatial Hearing Ability Differ among Listeners What Is the Role of Learning and Multisensory Interactions written by Guillaume Andéol and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-08-29 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spatial-hearing ability has been found to vary widely across listeners. A survey of the existing auditory-space perception literature suggests that three main types of factors may account for this variability: - physical factors, e.g., acoustical characteristics related to sound-localization cues, - perceptual factors, e.g., sensory/cognitive processing, perceptual learning, multisensory interactions, - and methodological factors, e.g., differences in stimulus presentation methods across studies. However, the extent to which these–and perhaps other, still unidentified—factors actually contribute to the observed variability in spatial hearing across individuals with normal hearing or within special populations (e.g., hearing-impaired listeners) remains largely unknown. Likewise, the role of perceptual learning and multisensory interactions in the emergence of a multimodal but unified representation of “auditory space,” is still an active topic of research. A better characterization and understanding of the determinants of inter-individual variability in spatial hearing, and of its relationship with perceptual learning and multisensory interactions, would have numerous benefits. In particular, it would enhance the design of rehabilitative devices and of human-machine interfaces involving auditory, or multimodal space perception, such as virtual auditory/multimodal displays in aeronautics, or navigational aids for the visually impaired. For this Research Topic, we have considered manuscripts that: - present new methods, or review existing methods, for the study of inter-individual differences; - present new data (or review existing) data, concerning acoustical features relevant for explaining inter-individual differences in sound-localization performance; - present new (or review existing) psychophysical or neurophysiological findings concerning spatial hearing and/or auditory perceptual learning, and/or multisensory interactions in humans (normal or impaired, young or older listeners) or other species; - discuss the influence of inter-individual differences on the design and use of assistive listening devices (rehabilitation) or human-machine interfaces involving spatial hearing or multimodal perception of space (ergonomy).
Download or read book Adaptation to Distortion of Auditory Space written by William Joseph Keith and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Plasticity and Integration of Auditory Spatial Cues written by Peter Keating and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although there is extensive evidence that auditory spatial processing can adapt to changes in auditory spatial cues both in infancy and adulthood, the mechanisms underlying adaptation appear to differ across species. Whereas barn owls compensate for unilateral hearing loss throughout development by learning abnormal mappings between cue values and spatial position, adult mammals seem to adapt by ignoring the acoustical input available to the affected ear and learning to rely more on unaltered spatial cues. To investigate these differences further, ferrets were raised with a unilateral earplug and their ability to localize sounds was assessed. Although these animals did not fully compensate for the effects of an earplug, they performed considerably better than animals that experienced an earplug for the first time, indicating that adaptation had taken place. We subsequently found that juvenile-plugged (JP) ferrets learned to adjust both cue mappings and weights in response to changes in acoustical input, with the nature of these changes reflecting the expected reliability of different cues. Thus, the auditory system may be able to rapidly update the way in which individual cues are processed, as well as the way in which different cues are integrated, thereby enabling spatial cues to be processed in a context- specific way. In attempting to understand the mechanisms that guide plasticity of spatial hearing, previous studies have raised the possibility that changes in auditory spatial processing may be driven by mechanisms intrinsic to the auditory system. To address this possibility directly, we measured the sensitivity of human subjects to ITDs and ILDs following transient misalignment of these cues. We found that this induces a short-term recalibration that acts to compensate for the effects of cue misalignment. These changes occurred in the absence of error feedback, suggesting that mutual recalibration can occur between auditory spatial cues. The nature of these changes, however, was consistent with models of cue integration, suggesting that plasticity and integration may be inextricably linked. Throughout the course of this work, it became clear that future investigations would benefit from the application of closed-field techniques to the ferret. For this reason, we developed and validated methods that enable stimuli to be presented to ferrets over earphones, and used these methods to assess ITD and ILD sensitivity in ferrets using a variety of different stimuli. We found that the Duplex theory is able to account for binaural spatial sensitivity in these animals, and that sensitivity is comparable with that found in humans, thereby confirming the ferret as an excellent model for understanding binaural spatial hearing.
Download or read book Adaptation to Simultaneous Displacements of the Visual and Auditory Fields written by Lance Kirkpatrick Canon and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Auditory System and Human Sound Localization Behavior written by John van Opstal and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-03-29 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Auditory System and Human Sound-Localization Behavior provides a comprehensive account of the full action-perception cycle underlying spatial hearing. It highlights the interesting properties of the auditory system, such as its organization in azimuth and elevation coordinates. Readers will appreciate that sound localization is inherently a neuro-computational process (it needs to process on implicit and independent acoustic cues). The localization problem of which sound location gave rise to a particular sensory acoustic input cannot be uniquely solved, and therefore requires some clever strategies to cope with everyday situations. The reader is guided through the full interdisciplinary repertoire of the natural sciences: not only neurobiology, but also physics and mathematics, and current theories on sensorimotor integration (e.g. Bayesian approaches to deal with uncertain information) and neural encoding. Quantitative, model-driven approaches to the full action-perception cycle of sound-localization behavior and eye-head gaze control Comprehensive introduction to acoustics, systems analysis, computational models, and neurophysiology of the auditory system Full account of gaze-control paradigms that probe the acoustic action-perception cycle, including multisensory integration, auditory plasticity, and hearing impaired
Download or read book Cross modal Neuroplasticity written by Isabel Tissières and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thèse. Biologie. Médecine. 2018
Download or read book Virtual Auditory Space Generation and Applications written by Simon Carlile and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An illusion of auditory space can be generated by the appropriate filtering of sounds presented over headphones: the so-called virtual auditory space (VAS). This book provides a bridge between many of the different disciplines that are involved in developing and exploiting this technology. The first part is fairly introductory in nature, while the second examines a number of issues relating to the generation of high fidelity virtual auditory space. The last two chapters review current research applications of VAS.
Download or read book Binaural and Spatial Hearing in Real and Virtual Environments written by Robert Gilkey and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2014-02-25 with total page 1109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current popular and scientific interest in virtual environments has provided a new impetus for investigating binaural and spatial hearing. However, the many intriguing phenomena of spatial hearing have long made it an exciting area of scientific inquiry. Psychophysical and physiological investigations of spatial hearing seem to be converging on common explanations of underlying mechanisms. These understandings have in turn been incorporated into sophisticated yet mathematically tractable models of binaural interaction. Thus, binaural and spatial hearing is one of the few areas in which professionals are soon likely to find adequate physiological explanations of complex psychological phenomena that can be reasonably and usefully approximated by mathematical and physical models. This volume grew out of the Conference on Binaural and Spatial Hearing, a four-day event held at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in response to rapid developments in binaural and spatial hearing research and technology. Meant to be more than just a proceedings, it presents chapters that are longer than typical proceedings papers and contain considerably more review material, including extensive bibliographies in many cases. Arranged into topical sections, the chapters represent major thrusts in the recent literature. The authors of the first chapter in each section have been encouraged to take a broad perspective and review the current state of literature. Subsequent chapters in each section tend to be somewhat more narrowly focused, and often emphasize the authors' own work. Thus, each section provides overview, background, and current research on a particular topic. This book is significant in that it reviews the important work during the past 10 to 15 years, and provides greater breadth and depth than most of the previous works.
Download or read book Principles and Applications of Spatial Hearing written by Yôiti Suzuki and published by World Scientific Publishing Company Incorporated. This book was released on 2011 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Section 3. Capturing and controlling the spatial sound field. A study on 3D sound image control by two loudspeakers located in the transverse plane / K. Iida, T. Ishii, and Y. Ishii. Selective listening point audio based on blind signal separation and 3D audio effect / T. Nishino [und weitere]. Selective listening point audio based on blind signal separation and 3D audio effect / T. Nishino. Sweet spot size in virtual sound reproduction : A temporal analysis / Y. Lacouture Parodi and P. Rubak. Psychoacoustic evaluation of different methods for creating individualized, headphone-presented virtual auditory space from B-format room impulse responses / A. Kan, C. Jin, and A. van Schaik. Effects of microphone arrangements on the accuracy of a spherical microphone array (SENZI) in acquiring high-definition 3D sound space information / J. Kodama [und weitere]. Perception-based reproduction of spatial sound with directional audio coding / V. Pulkki [und weitere]. Capturing and recreating auditory virtual reality / R. Duraiswami [und weitere]. Reconstructing sound source directivity in virtual acoustic environments / M. Noisternig, F. Zotter, and B.F.G. Katz. Implementation of real-time room auralization using a surrounding loudspeaker array / T. Okamoto [und weitere]. Spatialisation in audio augmented reality using finger snaps / H. Gamper and T. Lokki. Generation of sound ball : Its theory and implementation / Y.-H. Kim [und weitere]. Estimation of high-resolution sound properties for realizing an editable sound-space system / T. Okamoto, Y. Iwaya, and Y. Suzuki -- Section 4. Applying virtual sound techniques in the real world. Binaural hearing assistance system based on frequency domain binaural model / T. Usagawa and Y. Chisaki. A spatial auditory display for telematic music performances / J. Braasch [und weitere]. Auditory orientation training system developed for blind people using PC-based wide-range 3-D sound technology / Y. Seki [und weitere]. Mapping musical scales onto virtual 3D spaces / J. Villegas and M. Cohen. Sonifying head-related transfer unctions / D. Cabrera and W.L. Martens. Effects of spatial cues on detectability of alarm signals in noisy environments / N. Kuroda [und weitere]. Binaural technique for active noise control assessment / Y. Watanabe and H. Hamada
Download or read book Binaural and Spatial Hearing in Real and Virtual Environments written by Robert Gilkey and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2014-02-25 with total page 836 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current popular and scientific interest in virtual environments has provided a new impetus for investigating binaural and spatial hearing. However, the many intriguing phenomena of spatial hearing have long made it an exciting area of scientific inquiry. Psychophysical and physiological investigations of spatial hearing seem to be converging on common explanations of underlying mechanisms. These understandings have in turn been incorporated into sophisticated yet mathematically tractable models of binaural interaction. Thus, binaural and spatial hearing is one of the few areas in which professionals are soon likely to find adequate physiological explanations of complex psychological phenomena that can be reasonably and usefully approximated by mathematical and physical models. This volume grew out of the Conference on Binaural and Spatial Hearing, a four-day event held at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in response to rapid developments in binaural and spatial hearing research and technology. Meant to be more than just a proceedings, it presents chapters that are longer than typical proceedings papers and contain considerably more review material, including extensive bibliographies in many cases. Arranged into topical sections, the chapters represent major thrusts in the recent literature. The authors of the first chapter in each section have been encouraged to take a broad perspective and review the current state of literature. Subsequent chapters in each section tend to be somewhat more narrowly focused, and often emphasize the authors' own work. Thus, each section provides overview, background, and current research on a particular topic. This book is significant in that it reviews the important work during the past 10 to 15 years, and provides greater breadth and depth than most of the previous works.
Download or read book The Auditory Cortex written by Jeffery A. Winer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-12-02 with total page 711 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There has been substantial progress in understanding the contributions of the auditory forebrain to hearing, sound localization, communication, emotive behavior, and cognition. The Auditory Cortex covers the latest knowledge about the auditory forebrain, including the auditory cortex as well as the medial geniculate body in the thalamus. This book will cover all important aspects of the auditory forebrain organization and function, integrating the auditory thalamus and cortex into a smooth, coherent whole. Volume One covers basic auditory neuroscience. It complements The Auditory Cortex, Volume 2: Integrative Neuroscience, which takes a more applied/clinical perspective.
Download or read book Tactical Display for Soldiers written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1997-01-17 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the human factors issues associated with the development, testing, and implementation of helmet-mounted display technology in the 21st Century Land Warrior System. Because the framework of analysis is soldier performance with the system in the full range of environments and missions, the book discusses both the military context and the characteristics of the infantry soldiers who will use the system. The major issues covered include the positive and negative effects of such a display on the local and global situation awareness of the individual soldier, an analysis of the visual and psychomotor factors associated with each design feature, design considerations for auditory displays, and physical sources of stress and the implications of the display for affecting the soldier's workload. The book proposes an innovative approach to research and testing based on a three-stage strategy that begins in the laboratory, moves to controlled field studies, and culminates in operational testing.
Download or read book Auditive Adaptationsprozesse im Kontext r umlicher Audiowiedergabesysteme written by Florian Klein and published by . This book was released on 2021* with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Das Ziel technischer Weiterentwicklungen im Bereich der Unterhaltungselektronik ist die Optimierung der Benutzererfahrung durch die stetige Verbesserung der audiovisuellen Wiedergabe. Durch die Fortschritte im Bereich virtueller und augmentierter Realitäten wurde das Ziel einer realitätsnahen Wiedergabe immer greifbarer. Werden die Sinnesreize so perfekt imitiert, dass es dem Nutzer nicht mehr möglich ist künstlich erzeugte Schallquellen von Realen zu unterscheiden, ist die Rede von einer auditiven Illusion. In erster Linie sind die damit verbundenen Herausforderungen technischer Natur. Allerdings führt eine exakte Reproduktion der Ohrsignale nicht zwangsläufig zur gleichen Wahrnehmung wie in der entsprechenden realen Situation. Neben sinnesübergreifenden Wechselwirkungen, liegt dies daran, dass unsere Wahrnehmung stark von unseren Erwartungen und Erfahrungen abhängt. Diese Erwartungen können sich je nach vorheriger Schallexposition ändern. In Bezug auf das räumliche Hören bedeutet dies, dass Menschen wahrscheinlich lernen können wie räumliche Signale und ihre Merkmale zu interpretieren sind. Solche Mechanismen und ihre Auswirkungen auf die wahrgenommene Qualität von räumlichen Audiowiedergabesystemen ist der Gegenstand dieser Arbeit. In Wahrnehmungsstudien wurde das Erlernen von Lokalisationsmerkmalen untersucht sowie Adaptationsprozesse bei der raumakustischen Wahrnehmung näher beleuchtet. Es wird betrachtet mit welchen Qualitätsdefiziten zu rechnen ist, wenn die Ohrsignale nicht korrekt reproduziert werden und wie sich die Qualitätsbeurteilung abhängig vom Training ändert. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Lern- und Adaptationsprozesse ein ausschlaggebender Faktor für das Zustandekommen einer auditiven Illusion ist. Die Arbeit diskutiert sowohl die praktische Relevanz dieser Effekte als auch die zugrundeliegenden Lern- und Adaptationsvorgänge.
Download or read book Spatial Hearing written by Jens Blauert and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1997 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of spatial hearing has exploded in the decade or so since Jens Blauert's classic work on acoustics was first published in English. This revised edition adds a new chapter that describes developments in such areas as auditory virtual reality (an important field of application that is based mainly on the physics of spatial hearing), binaural technology (modeling speech enhancement by binaural hearing), and spatial sound-field mapping. The chapter also includes recent research on the precedence effect that provides clear experimental evidence that cognition plays a significant role in spatial hearing.The remaining four chapters in this comprehensive reference cover auditory research procedures and psychometric methods, spatial hearing with one sound source, spatial hearing with multiple sound sources and in enclosed spaces, and progress and trends from 1972 (the first German edition) to 1983 (the first English edition) -- work that includes research on the physics of the external ear, and the application of signal processing theory to modeling the spatial hearing process. There is an extensive bibliography of more than 900 items.
Download or read book The Technology of Binaural Understanding written by Jens Blauert and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-08-12 with total page 815 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sound, devoid of meaning, would not matter to us. It is the information sound conveys that helps the brain to understand its environment. Sound and its underlying meaning are always associated with time and space. There is no sound without spatial properties, and the brain always organizes this information within a temporal–spatial framework. This book is devoted to understanding the importance of meaning for spatial and related further aspects of hearing, including cross-modal inference. People, when exposed to acoustic stimuli, do not react directly to what they hear but rather to what they hear means to them. This semiotic maxim may not always apply, for instance, when the reactions are reflexive. But, where it does apply, it poses a major challenge to the builders of models of the auditory system. Take, for example, an auditory model that is meant to be implemented on a robotic agent for autonomous search-&-rescue actions. Or think of a system that can perform judgments on the sound quality of multimedia-reproduction systems. It becomes immediately clear that such a system needs • Cognitive capabilities, including substantial inherent knowledge • The ability to integrate information across different sensory modalities To realize these functions, the auditory system provides a pair of sensory organs, the two ears, and the means to perform adequate preprocessing of the signals provided by the ears. This is realized in the subcortical parts of the auditory system. In the title of a prior book, the term Binaural Listening is used to indicate a focus on sub-cortical functions. Psychoacoustics and auditory signal processing contribute substantially to this area. The preprocessed signals are then forwarded to the cortical parts of the auditory system where, among other things, recognition, classification, localization, scene analysis, assignment of meaning, quality assessment, and action planning take place. Also, information from different sensory modalities is integrated at this level. Between sub-cortical and cortical regions of the auditory system, numerous feedback loops exist that ultimately support the high complexity and plasticity of the auditory system. The current book concentrates on these cognitive functions. Instead of processing signals, processing symbols is now the predominant modeling task. Substantial contributions to the field draw upon the knowledge acquired by cognitive psychology. The keyword Binaural Understanding in the book title characterizes this shift. Both books, The Technology of Binaural Listening and the current one, have been stimulated and supported by AABBA, an open research group devoted to the development and application of models of binaural hearing. The current book is dedicated to technologies that help explain, facilitate, apply, and support various aspects of binaural understanding. It is organized into five parts, each containing three to six chapters in order to provide a comprehensive overview of this emerging area. Each chapter was thoroughly reviewed by at least two anonymous, external experts. The first part deals with the psychophysical and physiological effects of Forming and Interpreting Aural Objects as well as the underlying models. The fundamental concepts of reflexive and reflective auditory feedback are introduced. Mechanisms of binaural attention and attention switching are covered—as well as how auditory Gestalt rules facilitate binaural understanding. A general blackboard architecture is introduced as an example of how machines can learn to form and interpret aural objects to simulate human cognitive listening. The second part, Configuring and Understanding Aural Space, focuses on the human understanding of complex three-dimensional environments—covering the psychological and biological fundamentals of auditory space formation. This part further addresses the human mechanisms used to process information and interact in complex reverberant environments, such as concert halls and forests, and additionally examines how the auditory system can learn to understand and adapt to these environments. The third part is dedicated to Processing Cross-Modal Inference and highlights the fundamental human mechanisms used to integrate auditory cues with cues from other modalities to localize and form perceptual objects. This part also provides a general framework for understanding how complex multimodal scenes can be simulated and rendered. The fourth part, Evaluating Aural-scene Quality and Speech Understanding, focuses on the object-forming aspects of binaural listening and understanding. It addresses cognitive mechanisms involved in both the understanding of speech and the processing of nonverbal information such as Sound Quality and Quality-of- Experience. The aesthetic judgment of rooms is also discussed in this context. Models that simulate underlying human processes and performance are covered in addition to techniques for rendering virtual environments that can then be used to test these models. The fifth part deals with the Application of Cognitive Mechanisms to Audio Technology. It highlights how cognitive mechanisms can be utilized to create spatial auditory illusions using binaural and other 3D-audio technologies. Further, it covers how cognitive binaural technologies can be applied to improve human performance in auditory displays and to develop new auditory technologies for interactive robots. The book concludes with the application of cognitive binaural technologies to the next generation of hearing aids.
