Download or read book Tracking and Predicting the Atmospheric Dispersion of Hazardous Material Releases written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-07-18 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For many years, communities have prepared themselves to deal with accidental atmospheric releases from industrial sites, energy facilities, and vehicles transporting hazardous materials. Today, these communities must also worry about the terrorist threat of the intentional use of chemical, biological, and nuclear (C/B/N) agents. Because of this threat, the ability to predict and track the dispersal of harmful agents has become a critical element of terrorism planning and response. Our nation�s capacity to respond to atmospheric C/B/N events stands, like a three legged stool, on the strength of three interconnected elements: 1) dispersion models that predict the path and spread of the hazardous agent; 2) observations of the hazardous plume itself and of local meteorological conditions, which provide critical input for the models; and 3) interaction with emergency responders who use the information provided by the models. As part of the National Academies continuing focus on issues of homeland security, Tracking and Predicting the Atmospheric Dispersion of Hazardous Material Releases examines our nation�s current capabilities in these three areas and provides recommendations for strengthening them.
Download or read book Atmospheric Dispersion of Hazardous toxic Materials from Transport Accidents written by Walter F. Dabberdt and published by Icts. This book was released on 1984 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Atmospheric Dispersion of Hazardous Materials written by R. V. Portelli and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Workshop on the Atmospheric Dispersion of Hazardous Materials written by Workshop on the Atmospheric Dispersion of Hazardous Materials and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Understanding Atmospheric Dispersion of Accidental Releases written by George E. Devaull and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-09-09 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A brief introduction to a complex topic, giving a description of the processes involved in an accidental or emergency release and the resulting downwind transport and dilution of gases, vapors, and aerosols.
Download or read book Tracking and Predicting the Atmospheric Dispersion of Hazardous Material Releases written by and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Modelling Source Terms for the Atmospheric Dispersion of Hazardous Substances written by Jaakko Kukkonen and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Hazardous Substances on Spillage written by David Carter and published by IChemE. This book was released on 1995 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work contains the report from a working party on Source Terms dealing with loss of containment of hazardous substances in process plants. It is part of a series of monographs published by the IChemE on toxicity, explosive overpressure, thermal radiation and ammonia toxicity.
Download or read book Where Will it Go written by Ronald J. Dobosy and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Hazardous Air Emissions from Incineration written by Calvin R. Brunner and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a comprehensive handbook on the relationship of air pollution to incineration. Incineration is becoming the predominant method of dealing with many of our waste products and its most significant envi ronmental impact is on the air. This book includes information on emissions as well as on equipment design. Two chapters deal with the regulations governing incinerator emissions as well as the thermal destruction of hazardous wastes. Four chapters describe the nature of the emissions generated by the incin eration process. These particulate, gaseous, and odor emissions, are hazardous as well as deleterious to public well-being and aesthetics. Also included is a complete and timely discussion of dioxin generation and discharges. Three chapters describe the incineration equipment in general use today and methods of calculating gas flows and air discharges from these systems. Five chapters discuss the types of gas cleaning equipment available with sizing information and expected efficiencies. The nature of the gas cleaning process is discussed in detail. Criteria for selection of the opti mum system for a particular application is also included. The dispersion of an atmospheric discharge to the surrounding areas and/or communities is a vital concern in assessing the nature of that discharge and its impact, or potential hazards. A chapter is devoted to a relative simple method of estimating atmospheric dispersion.
Download or read book Guidelines for Use of Vapor Cloud Dispersion Models written by Steven R. Hanna and published by American Institute of Chemical Engineers. This book was released on 1987 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling for the Worst case Detonation Accident at the Proposed Advanced Hydrotest Facility written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 21 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability (ARAC) was requested to estimate credible worst-case dose, air concentration, and deposition of airborne hazardous materials that would result from a worst-case detonation accident at the proposed Advanced Hydrotest Facility (AHT) at the Nevada Test Site (NTS). Consequences were estimated at the closest onsite facility, the Device Assembly Facility (DOFF), and offsite location (intersection of Highway and U.S. 95). The materials considered in this analysis were weapon-grade plutonium, beryllium, and hydrogen fluoride which is a combustion product whose concentration is dependent upon the quantity of high explosives. The analysis compares the calculated results with action guidelines published by the Department of Defense in DoD 5100.52-M (Nuclear Weapon Accident Response Procedures). Results indicate that based on a one kg release of plutonium the whole body radiation dose could be as high as 3 Rem at the DOFF. This level approaches the 5 Rem level for which the Department of Defense requires respiratory protection, recommends sheltering and the consideration of evacuation. Deposition levels at the DOFF could approach 6 uCi/m2 for which the Department of Defense recommends access on a need-only basis and suggests that a possible controlled evacuation might be required. For a one kg release of plutonium, the dose at the nearest off-site location could reach 0.5. At this level, the Department of Defense suggests that sheltering be considered. For a one kg release of beryllium, the peak 5-minute concentration at the DOFF could be as as 20% of 6xlO−3 mg/m2 which is the applicable by Response Planning Guideline (ERPG-1). At the nearest offsite location, the beryllium concentrations from a one kg release would be two orders of magnitude less than the same guideline. For the detonation of 100 kg of the explosive LX-17, the concentration of hydrogen fluoride at both the DOFF and the nearest offsite location would be four orders of magnitude less than the lowest applicable Emergency Response Planning Guideline (ERPG-1). The calculations and analysis reported here indicate that emergency response planning for such an accident at the present proposed location of the ABF should include provisions for the protection of personnel located at the DOFF and their possible evacuation.
Download or read book Atmospheric Dispersion Model Validation for Low Wind Speed Conditions written by Patrick Shawn Sawyer and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atmospheric plume dispersion models are used for a variety of purposes including emergency planning and response to hazardous material releases, determining force protection actions in the event of a WMD attack and for locating sources of pollution. This paper provides a review of previous studies that examine the accuracy of atmospheric plume dispersion models for chemical releases. It considers the principles used to derive air dispersion plume models and looks at three specific models currently in use; ALOHA, EPIcode and SCIPUFF. Results from this study indicate over-prediction bias by the EPIcode and SCIPUFF models and under-prediction bias by the ALOHA model. The experiment parameters were for near field dispersion, (less than 100 meters), in low wind speed conditions, (less than 2 meters per second).
Download or read book Atmospheric Dispersion written by European Process Safety Centre and published by IChemE. This book was released on 1999 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describes the technical means to study releases of toxic or flammable clouds, so that their consequences may be evaluated as part of risk studies.
Download or read book Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates written by D. Bruce Turner and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-12-17 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This completely updated and revised Second Edition of the popular Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates provides an important foundation for understanding dispersion modeling as it is being practiced today. The book and accompanying diskette will help you determine the impacts of various sources of air pollution, including the effects of wind and turbulence, plume rise, and Gaussian dispersion and its limitations. Information is shown in summary graphs as well as in equations. The programs included on the diskette allow you to "get the feel" for the results you'll obtain through the input of various combinations of parameter values. The sensitivity of data to various parameters can be easily explored by changing one value and seeing the effect on the results. The book presents 37 example problems with solutions to show the estimation of atmospheric pollutant concentrations for many situations.
Download or read book Dynamic Data Driven Event Reconstruction for Atmospheric Releases written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accidental or terrorist releases of hazardous materials into the atmosphere can impact large populations and cause significant loss of life or property damage. Plume predictions have been shown to be extremely valuable in guiding an effective and timely response. The two greatest sources of uncertainty in the prediction of the consequences of hazardous atmospheric releases result from poorly characterized source terms and lack of knowledge about the state of the atmosphere as reflected in the available meteorological data. We have developed a new event reconstruction methodology that provides probabilistic source term estimates from field measurement data for both accidental and clandestine releases. Accurate plume dispersion prediction requires the following questions to be answered: What was released? When was it released? How much material was released? Where was it released? We have developed a dynamic-data-driven event reconstruction capability that couples data and predictive methods through Bayesian inference to obtain a solution to this inverse problem. The solution consists of a probability distribution of unknown source term parameters. For consequence assessment, we then use this probability distribution to construct a 'composite' forward plume prediction that accounts for the uncertainties in the source term. Since in most cases of practical significance it is impossible to find a closed form solution, Bayesian inference is accomplished by utilizing stochastic sampling methods. This approach takes into consideration both measurement and forward model errors and thus incorporates all the sources of uncertainty in the solution to the inverse problem. Stochastic sampling methods have the additional advantage of being suitable for problems characterized by a non-Gaussian distribution of source term parameters and for cases in which the underlying dynamical system is nonlinear. We initially developed a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) stochastic methodology and demonstrated its effectiveness by reconstructing a wide range of release scenarios, using synthetic as well as real-world data. Data for evaluation of our event reconstruction capability were drawn from the short-range Prairie Grass, Copenhagen, and Joint Urban 2003 field experiments and a continental-scale real-world accidental release in Algeciras, Spain. The method was tested using a variety of forward models, including a Gaussian puff dispersion model INPUFF, the regional-to-continental scale Lagrangian dispersion model LODI (the work-horse real-time operational dispersion model used by the National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center), the empirical urban model UDM, and the building-scale computational fluid dynamics code FEM3MP. The robustness of the Bayesian methodology was demonstrated via the use of subsets of the available concentration data and by introducing error into some of the measurements (Fig. 1). These tests showed that the Bayesian approach is capable of providing reliable estimates of source characteristics even in cases of limited or significantly corrupted data. An example of an urban release scenario is shown in Fig. 2. For more effective treatment of strongly time-dependent problems, we developed a Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) approach. To achieve the best performance under a wide range of conditions we combined SMC and MCMC sampling into a hybrid methodology. We compared the effectiveness and advantages of this approach relative to MCMC using a set of synthetic data examples. We created a modular, scalable computational framework to accommodate the full set of stochastic methodologies (e.g., MCMC, SMC, hybrid stochastic algorithms, 'Green's function', 'reciprocal' methods), as well as a selection of key classes of dispersion models. This design provides a clear separation of stochastic algorithms from predictive models and supports parallelization at both the stochastic algorithm and individual model level. In other words, it supports a parallel stochastic algorithm (e.g., SMC) that invokes parallel forward models. The framework is written in Python and utilizes pyMPI. It invokes forward models either through system calls or as shared objects. Our dynamic-data-driven event reconstruction capability seamlessly integrates observational data streams with predictive models, in order to provide the best possible estimates of unknown source-term parameters, as well as optimal and timely situation analyses consistent with both models and data. This new methodology is shown to be both flexible and robust, adaptable for use with any atmospheric dispersion model, and suitable for use in operational emergency response applications.
Download or read book Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling Compliance Guide written by Karl B. Schnelle and published by McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2000 with total page 570 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CD-ROM includes: Practice problems that reinforces and deepen understanding of modeling principles.
