Download or read book Assessment of Treatment Methods for Reduction of Microbial Risk Factors in Stormwater written by Chi Man Michelle Ip and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices written by Andrew J. Erickson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices: A Handbook of Assessment and Maintenance provides the information necessary for developing and operating an effective maintenance program for stormwater treatment. The book offers instructions on how to measure the level of performance of stormwater treatment practices directly and bases proposed maintenance schedules on actual performance and historical maintenance efforts and costs. The inspection methods, which are proven in the field and have been implemented successfully, are necessary as regulatory agencies are demanding evaluations of the performance of stormwater treatment practices. The authors have developed a three-tiered approach that offers readers a standard protocol for how to determine the effectiveness of stormwater treatment practices currently in place.
Download or read book Microbial Risk Assessment of Sustainable Urban Stormwater Management Practices written by Keah-Ying Lim and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable Urban Water Management (SUWM), a new approach to manage stormwater as a water resource instead of nuisance, has the potential to supplement the diminishing traditional water supplies as well as reducing surface water pollution from storm runoff. Uncertainties of public health risks represent one of the main barriers for the smooth transition to SUWM approach as urban stormwater is known to be highly variable in water quality and is less studied than the conventional water supplies. My research is aimed at improving our state-of-knowledge for the public health risks associated with the SUWM practices. Using the Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) framework as my main research tool, I investigated the risk implications of three SUWM scenarios: 1) rainwater harvesting, 2) stormwater harvesting, and 3) discharging stormwater into recreational water. As household-level rainwater harvesting is the most readily implementable SUWM approach, I first investigated the public health risks associated with using the rooftop harvested rainwater for household produce irrigation---a reasonable scenario considering the relatively clean water quality of rainwater. My result showed that the risk associated with consuming produce irrigated by harvested rainwater exceeded the EPA's benchmark for safe drinking water, but is still at least ten-fold lower than when reclaimed water is used for the same purpose. To investigate the risks associated with capturing, treating, and reusing urban stormwater collected from urban developments, I examined three non-potable household applications: 1) toilet-flushing, 2) showering, and 3) foodcrop irrigation. My results showed that harvested stormwater is only safe for toilet-flushing under the circumstances considered. However, interpretations of the risks also differ depending on the risk benchmark used for comparison. In my final case study, I adopted a new contamination source apportionment QMRA method to investigate the recreational health risks associated with discharging stormwater into a popular recreational beach. My results showed that sewage contamination of urban stormwater is the governing factor for elevated risks in the water. However, the risk levels are within the acceptable risk set by the U.S. EPA in most of the cases in spite of the violation of water quality standard due to contribution of fecal bacteria from non-human sources. The overall finding of my research demonstrated that the QMRA is a powerful tool to provide a scientific basis for SUWM decisions. The risk outcomes can be used to set the appropriate public health risk management guidelines and water legislation that are necessary for the progress of SUWM practices.
Download or read book Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment written by Charles N. Haas and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1999-04-26 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first complete guide to the quantitative assessment of risks to humans posed by infectious agents in all environmental media. Recent highly-publicized infectious disease outbreaks in the United States and abroad have engendered mounting political pressure to require the use of quantitative techniques in the assessment of the risks of human exposure to an array of microorganisms. While traditional indicator methods for pathogen assessment and control have always left much to be desired, it is only with the advent of modern microbial methods that it is now possible to establish rigorous testing protocols for infectious agents comparable to those in place for chemical agents and other contaminants. A book whose time has come, Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment equips environmental and public health professionals with the knowledge and skills they need to comply with the rapidly growing demand for quantitative risk testing of infectious agents. Authored by an interdisciplinary team of experts from the fields of environmental engineering, marine science, and soil and water science, this is the first comprehensive guide to state-of-the-art quantitative microbial risk assessment methods. It provides you with: * Exhaustive coverage of potential infectious agents and their modes of transmission. * Systematic presentations of quantitative risk, hazard, and exposure assessment techniques. * Numerous worked examples throughout the book. * Fascinating case studies illustrating the application of quantitative methods to various situations. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment is an important working resource for professionals in the fields of environmental health, environmental engineering, public health, and microbiology. It is also an excellent graduate-level text for students of those disciplines.
Download or read book Development of a Protocol for Risk Assessment of Microorganisms in Separate Stormwater Systems written by A. W. Olivieri and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2007-09-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent research has shown that the concentrations of microbial indicator organisms (e.g., fecal coliforms) in stormwater may be quite high. However, studies have not clearly established relationships between the concentrations of indicator organisms and microbial pathogens in stormwater, or between stormwater indicator organism concentrations and illness. Thus, it is difficult to interpret indicator data collected by local public agencies in the context of potential risk to human health. The primary objective of this investigation was to generate guidance to enable more accurate and defensible evaluations of stormwater microorganism data and the associated risks to human health from exposure to microbial pathogens in stormwater. The investigation consisted of three major tasks: reviewing and summarizing relevant published literature, conducting a web-based data questionnaire and developing a science-directed data collection plan. Topics discussed include: 1) waterborne pathogens that pose the greatest risk to human health, 2) concentrations of pathogens and indicator organisms observed in stormwater, 3) defensible relations between indicator organisms and pathogens of public health concern in stormwater, 4) the environmental fate of pathogens and indicator organisms in stormwater, 5) the use of microbial source tracking (MST) techniques to identify sources of fecal contamination, and 6) the effectiveness of stormwater microorganism control technologies and associated costs. Additionally, recommended next steps needed to enable defensible evaluations of stormwater microorganism data and the associated risk to human health from exposure to stormwater are presented. Next steps include the development of interim guidance for management prioritization, pathogens enumeration method development, and pilot and nation-wide data collection programs.
Download or read book Evaluation of Different Methods to Reduce Microbial Risk from Treated Wastewater written by Diana L. Ferrando and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Using Graywater and Stormwater to Enhance Local Water Supplies written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2016-06-30 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chronic and episodic water shortages are becoming common in many regions of the United States, and population growth in water-scarce regions further compounds the challenges. Increasingly, alternative water sources such as graywater-untreated wastewater that does not include water from the toilet but generally includes water from bathroom sinks, showers, bathtubs, clothes washers, and laundry sinks- and stormwater-water from rainfall or snow that can be measured downstream in a pipe, culvert, or stream shortly after the precipitation event-are being viewed as resources to supplement scarce water supplies rather than as waste to be discharged as rapidly as possible. Graywater and stormwater can serve a range of non-potable uses, including irrigation, toilet flushing, washing, and cooling, although treatment may be needed. Stormwater may also be used to recharge groundwater, which may ultimately be tapped for potable use. In addition to providing additional sources of local water supply, harvesting stormwater has many potential benefits, including energy savings, pollution prevention, and reducing the impacts of urban development on urban streams. Similarly, the reuse of graywater can enhance water supply reliability and extend the capacity of existing wastewater systems in growing cities. Despite the benefits of using local alternative water sources to address water demands, many questions remain that have limited the broader application of graywater and stormwater capture and use. In particular, limited information is available on the costs, benefits, and risks of these projects, and beyond the simplest applications many state and local public health agencies have not developed regulatory frameworks for full use of these local water resources. To address these issues, Using Graywater and Stormwater to Enhance Local Water Supplies analyzes the risks, costs, and benefits on various uses of graywater and stormwater. This report examines technical, economic, regulatory, and social issues associated with graywater and stormwater capture for a range of uses, including non-potable urban uses, irrigation, and groundwater recharge. Using Graywater and Stormwater to Enhance Local Water Supplies considers the quality and suitability of water for reuse, treatment and storage technologies, and human health and environmental risks of water reuse. The findings and recommendations of this report will be valuable for water managers, citizens of states under a current drought, and local and state health and environmental agencies.
Download or read book Advances in Agronomy written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-04-26 with total page 451 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Agronomy continues to be recognized as a leading reference and a first-rate source for the latest research in agronomy. As always, the subjects covered are varied and exemplary of the myriad of subject matter dealt with by this long-running serial - Maintains the highest impact factor among serial publications in agriculture - Presents timely reviews on important agronomy issues - Enjoys a long-standing reputation for excellence in the field
Download or read book Urban Stormwater Management in the United States written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-03-17 with total page 611 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rapid conversion of land to urban and suburban areas has profoundly altered how water flows during and following storm events, putting higher volumes of water and more pollutants into the nation's rivers, lakes, and estuaries. These changes have degraded water quality and habitat in virtually every urban stream system. The Clean Water Act regulatory framework for addressing sewage and industrial wastes is not well suited to the more difficult problem of stormwater discharges. This book calls for an entirely new permitting structure that would put authority and accountability for stormwater discharges at the municipal level. A number of additional actions, such as conserving natural areas, reducing hard surface cover (e.g., roads and parking lots), and retrofitting urban areas with features that hold and treat stormwater, are recommended.
Download or read book Water Reclamation Technologies for Safe Managed Aquifer Recharge written by Christian Kazner and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2012-04-14 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Part of Groundwater Set - Buy all six books and save over 30% on buying separately! Water Reclamation Technologies for Safe Managed Aquifer Recharge has been developed from the RECLAIM WATER project supported by the European Commission under Thematic Priority 'Global Change and Ecosystems' of the Sixth Framework Programme. Its strategic objective is to develop hazard mitigation technologies for water reclamation providing safe and cost effective routes for managed aquifer recharge. Different treatment applications in terms of behaviour of key microbial and chemical contaminants are assessed. Engineered as well as natural treatment trains are investigated to provide guidance for sustainable MAR schemes using alternative sources such as effluent and stormwater. The technologies considered are also well suited to the needs of developing countries, which have a growing need of supplementation of freshwater resources. A broad range of international full-scale case studies enables insights into long-term system behaviour, operational aspects, and fate of a comprehensive number of compounds and contaminants, especially organic micropollutants and bulk organics. Water Reclamation Technologies for Safe Managed Aquifer Recharge depicts advances in water reclamation technologies and aims to provide new process combinations to treat alternative water sources to appropriate water quality levels for sustainable aquifer recharge. Editors: Christian Kazner, RWTH Aachen University, Germany, Thomas Wintgens, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Peter Dillon, CSIRO, Australia
Download or read book Hydrological Aspects of Climate Change written by Ashish Pandey and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-04-17 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume arises from the work of Roorkee Water Conclave 2020 and focuses on the hydrological aspects of climate change, hydrological extremes, and adaptation for water resources management. The research papers in this book are centred on themes such as climate change and water security, water resources management, and adaptation to climate change. This volume contains chapters on historical purview of the developments in water management, policy issues, latest development in sustainable water management including their practical applications, real time adverse impact on climate, and more. This volume will be useful to students, researchers as well as practitioners.
Download or read book Wastewater Pathogens written by Michael H. Gerardi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2004-10-28 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A practical guide to wastewater pathogens The fourth volume in Wiley's Wastewater Microbiology series, Wastewater Pathogens offers wastewater personnel a practical guide that is free of overly technical jargon. Designed especially for operators, the text provides straight facts on the biology of treatment as well as appropriate protective measures. Coverage includes: * An overview of relevant history, hazards, and organisms * Viruses, bacteria, and fungi * Protozoa and helminthes * Ectoparasites and rodents * Aerosols, foam, and sludge * Disease transmission and the body's defenses * Removal, inactivation, and destruction of pathogens * Hygiene measures, protective equipment, and immunizations
Download or read book Biosolids Applied to Land written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-11-01 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 1993 regulation (Part 503 Rule) governing the land application of biosolids was established to protect public health and the environment from reasonably anticipated adverse effects. Included in the regulation are chemical pollutant limits, operational standards designed to reduce pathogens and the attraction of disease vectors, and management practices. This report from the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology evaluates the technical methods and approaches used by EPA to establish those standards and practices, focusing specifically on human health protection. The report examines improvements in risk-assessment practices and advances in the scientific database since promulgation of the regulation, and makes recommendations for addressing public health concerns, uncertainties, and data gaps about the technical basis of the biosolids standards.
Download or read book Management of Legionella in Water Systems written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-02-20 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Legionnaires' disease, a pneumonia caused by the Legionella bacterium, is the leading cause of reported waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States. Legionella occur naturally in water from many different environmental sources, but grow rapidly in the warm, stagnant conditions that can be found in engineered water systems such as cooling towers, building plumbing, and hot tubs. Humans are primarily exposed to Legionella through inhalation of contaminated aerosols into the respiratory system. Legionnaires' disease can be fatal, with between 3 and 33 percent of Legionella infections leading to death, and studies show the incidence of Legionnaires' disease in the United States increased five-fold from 2000 to 2017. Management of Legionella in Water Systems reviews the state of science on Legionella contamination of water systems, specifically the ecology and diagnosis. This report explores the process of transmission via water systems, quantification, prevention and control, and policy and training issues that affect the incidence of Legionnaires' disease. It also analyzes existing knowledge gaps and recommends research priorities moving forward.
Download or read book Urban Stormwater written by Victorian Stormwater Committee, and published by CSIRO PUBLISHING. This book was released on 1999-10-28 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The intense concentration of human activity in urban areas leads to changes in both the quantity and quality of runoff that eventually reaches our streams, lakes, wetlands, estuaries and coasts. The increasing use of impervious surfaces designed to provide smooth and direct pathways for stormwater run-off, has led to greater runoff volumes and flow velocities in urban waterways. Unmanaged, these changes in the quantity and quality of stormwater can result in considerable damage to the environment. Improved environmental performance is needed to ensure that the environmental values and beneficial uses of receiving waters are sustained or enhanced. Urban Stormwater - Best-Practice Environmental Management Guidelines resulted from a collaboration between State government agencies, local government and leading research institutions. The guidelines have been designed to meet the needs of people involved in the planning, design or management of urban land uses or stormwater drainage systems. They provide guidance in ten key areas: *Environmental performance objectives *Stormwater management planning *Land use planning *Water sensitive urban design *Construction site management *Business surveys *Education and awareness *Enforcement *Structural treatment measures *Flow management Engineers and planners within local government, along with consultants to the development industry, should find the guidelines especially useful. Government agencies should also find them helpful in assessing the performance of stormwater managers. While developed specifically for application in Victoria, Australia, the information will be of value to stormwater managers everywhere.
Download or read book Greywater Reuse written by Amit Gross and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-03-26 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Greywater Reuse examines the features and implications of greywater reuse scientifically, quantitatively, and thoroughly. Based on the authors' extensive studies of treatment facilities in urban and rural environments, development of greywater treatment systems, and research of potential environmental and health risks posed by greywater at differen
Download or read book Strategic Planning of Sustainable Urban Water Management written by Per-Arne Malmqvist and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2006-06-30 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The strategic planning of urban water systems is a complex task. The Urban Water programme covered projects from various disciplines at 9 Swedish Universities, from 1999 to 2006. The projects developed a "toolbox" for strategic planning of drinking-, waste- and stormwater management, covering aspects such as the environment, health and hygiene, financing, organisation, households, and technical function. Strategic Planning of Sustainable Urban Water Management synthesises the results and presents a comprehensive approach, which includes not only the technical, economic and environmental aspects, but also the challenges of institutional capacity and public participation in the planning process. Furthermore, the experience from a number of case studies are summarised and can offer readers inspiration for their own planning situations.
