Download or read book Assessment of Personal Exposure to Particulate Matter Based on a Space time Method for a Student Residing Near a Large Urban Campus written by Huijin Zhao and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Particulate matter (PM) is a mixture of pollutants that have been associated with various adverse health effects. Since concentration levels of PM vary across space and time, the association between exposure to particle pollution and health on both spatial and temporal scales has been a cause of concern. In this study, we conducted time and space resolved personal monitoring to demonstrate the capability and explore models and methods of analysis to advance our ability to examine both PM's health threat as well as source contribution. In addition, we examine the possible sources that may account for rapid increases in exposure levels. At the same time, geospatial monitoring was used to record time and location of the subject during monitoring. Perceived surrounding changes and human activities were recorded by voice recorder and activities diary. The monitoring data of personal PM exposure were collected around and on the campus of The Ohio State University. To simplify the geographic data, microenvironments were applied, which divided the study areas into five categories: indoor at home, outdoor, indoor on campus, in transit and others, respectively. Further statistical analyses were conducted to test our hypotheses on personal exposure in those microenvironments. Significant differences of personal exposure levels have been observed between different microenvironments, as well as between some locations in the same microenvironment. Some personal activities, such as cooking and cleaning, were found to increase personal exposure level. Additionally, geo-visualization was applied to present the convenience of visualization of personal exposure on a space-time scale, which can help to understand the influence of personal habits and activities on personal exposure. Results in this study demonstrated the significant variation of personal exposure levels across different microenvironments, as well as the significant increase of personal exposure levels associated with some activities. With space-time integrated personal monitoring PM data, a map was generated and visually showed the small-scale temporal and spatial variability of personal exposure.
Download or read book Evaluation of a Time and Space resolved Method for Particulate Matter Exposure Assessment written by Kaila B. Benton-Vitz and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Particulate Matter and Exposure Assessment written by Denise Lamoureux and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book U S Health in International Perspective written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-04-12 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States is among the wealthiest nations in the world, but it is far from the healthiest. Although life expectancy and survival rates in the United States have improved dramatically over the past century, Americans live shorter lives and experience more injuries and illnesses than people in other high-income countries. The U.S. health disadvantage cannot be attributed solely to the adverse health status of racial or ethnic minorities or poor people: even highly advantaged Americans are in worse health than their counterparts in other, "peer" countries. In light of the new and growing evidence about the U.S. health disadvantage, the National Institutes of Health asked the National Research Council (NRC) and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to convene a panel of experts to study the issue. The Panel on Understanding Cross-National Health Differences Among High-Income Countries examined whether the U.S. health disadvantage exists across the life span, considered potential explanations, and assessed the larger implications of the findings. U.S. Health in International Perspective presents detailed evidence on the issue, explores the possible explanations for the shorter and less healthy lives of Americans than those of people in comparable countries, and recommends actions by both government and nongovernment agencies and organizations to address the U.S. health disadvantage.
Download or read book Spatio Temporal Modelling of Particulate Matter and Its Application to Assessing Mortality Effects of Long Term Exposure written by Qishi Zheng and published by Open Dissertation Press. This book was released on 2017-01-26 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation, "Spatio-temporal Modelling of Particulate Matter and Its Application to Assessing Mortality Effects of Long-term Exposure" by Qishi, Zheng, 鄭奇士, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: In Hong Kong, no studies have evaluated methodologies to estimate concentrations of particulate matter (PM) in small areas with complex urban morphology. Directly estimating long-term PM exposures from small number of monitoring stations alone provides little spatial variations and may lead to measurement errors. Therefore, traffic density and land-use types should be taken into consideration when determining individual-level exposures in a cohort study. This study proposed a novel method which incorporated remote sensing, meteorological and geographical data to estimate long-term PM exposures for assessing health effects. Therefore, this thesis aims to cover two objectives: 1) to develop a spatio-temporal approach to estimate PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in small areas from 2000 to 2011 in Hong Kong; 2) to apply this approach to determine the extent to which long-term exposure to PM was associated with mortality using the data from an elderly cohort. For Objective 1, PM10 concentrations were estimated by twelve yearly generalized additive models. For each model, monthly PM10 averages from thirteen monitoring stations were regressed against surface extinction coefficient (SEC) derived from remote sensors, meteorological covariates, traffic counts, building density and distance to the nearest road. To reduce temporal fluctuations, each model used the data from a window of three consecutive years with the target prediction year in the centre of the window. To estimate PM2.5, because of small number of available stations, only one spatio-temporal model covering the whole study period was developed. This model included the estimated PM10, month of year and spatial covariates. R DEGREES2 and root-mean-square error (RMSE) were calculated to assess the predictive performance. For Objective 2, residential-level PM exposures were estimated by the above models based on the residence address of each cohort subject. The association between long-term PM exposures and mortality was analysed by Cox proportional hazard model adjusting for individual- and area-level confounders. As additional analyses, the PM exposures estimated by inverse distance weighting (IDW) method were used to show the need for the proposed modelling approach. The spatio-temporal models had high predicting power with adjusted R2 of 0.91 for PM10 and 0.87 for PM2.5, and high accuracy indicated by RMSE of 5.88μg/m3 and 4.98μg/m3, respectively. Among 61,586 subjects, the median follow-up time was 11.5 years (SD: 2.82) until the end of 2011, and there were 17,453 deaths (28.3% of the subjects). Exposure to a 10 μg/m3 increase was associated with 5% (95%CI: 4%-7%) for PM10, and 12% (10%-14%) for PM2.5 increase in death from all-natural causes; 7% (4%-10%) and 14% (10%-18%) from cardiovascular diseases; 9% (5%-12%) and 14% (10%-19%) from respiratory diseases. Females, non-smokers and subjects with high BMI were found at higher susceptibility of exposure. In the additional analyses, health effect estimates using IDW method yielded high excess risks for most mortality outcomes, including accidental mortality. This proposed modelling approach provided a reliable and robust estimation of PM concentrations and captured both temporal and spatial variations well in small areas. The magnitudes of the mortality effects associated with long-term PM exposures were comparable
Download or read book Technologies for Assessment of Personal population Exposure to Toxic Components of Airborne Particulate Matter written by Manisha Singh and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Instrumentation and Methods for PM2 5 and Ultrafine Particulate Matter Exposure Assessment written by Bhabesh Chakrabarti and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Exposure assessment of urban street users to particulate matter and carbon monoxide written by Surbjit Kaur and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Influence of Microenvironments and Personal Activities on Personal PM2 5 Exposures Among Children and Adults written by Mahima Habil and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental issues are a major worldwide problem of significant concern. Due to the growing human population and advancement in every sector, the environmental related issues are multiplying in recent years. Scalable exposures assessments approach that captures personal exposure to particles for purposes of epidemiology are currently limited, but very valuable especially for a country like India. The high levels of indoor particulate matter and the apparent scale of its impact on the global burden of disease underline the importance of particulate as an environmental health risk and the need for monitoring them. Human exposure especially to fine particles can have significant harmful effects on the respiratory and cardiovascular system. To investigate daily exposure characteristics to PM2.5 with ambient concentrations in an urban environment, personal exposure measurements were conducted for different age groups of people residing in different indoor environments. To account for PM2.5 exposure and measurements personal environment monitors (PEM) and medium volume sampler APM 550 was used to measure PM2.5 concentration. On comparing the annual average PM2.5 concentration with National Ambient Air Quality and WHO standards the concentrations were found to be many folds higher for personal and ambient monitoring at homes, schools, and offices. Moreover, the questionnaire data study explains the fact that the health hazards experienced by occupants linked to various activity patterns pose a greater risk in different indoor environments as compared to outdoor environments. The presented research method and analysis can help develop environmental awareness in identifying these pollutants and can also help in elucidating these contaminants. A real understanding of these possible causes of airborne contaminant is crucial for selecting and developing suitable and effective control methods.
Download or read book Exposure Science written by Paul Lioy and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-02-11 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exposure Science: Basic Principles and Applications provides a concise overview of the field of exposure science, from its origins in sanitation and occupational health, to its exciting involvement with emerging scientific concepts. Written by world-leading experts in the field of exposure science, this book provides all the basic understanding you need to employ the best tools and methods for measurement, analysis, and modeling of exposure. Exposure Science: Basic Principles and Applications is an invaluable introduction to exposure science for anyone working in the fields of environmental health, risk assessment, toxicology, or epidemiology. Focuses on and highlights the basic fundamentals, scientific goals, theories and tools of exposure science Examines the use of the exposome and eco-exposome concepts within the field of exposure science
Download or read book Indoor Environment written by Lidia Morawska and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-12-13 with total page 467 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covering the fundamentals of air-borne particles and settled dust in the indoor environment, this handy reference investigates: * relevant definitions and terminology, * characteristics, * sources, * sampling techniques and instrumentation, * exposure assessment, * monitoring methods. The result is a useful and comprehensive overview for chemists, physicists and biologists, postgraduate students, medical practitioners, occupational health professionals, building owners and managers, building, construction and air-conditioning engineers, architects, environmental lawyers, government and regulatory professionals.
Download or read book Approaches to Particulate Matter Monitoring Sampling and Analysis for Personal Exposure Evaluation written by Jiayang He and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aerosol is a suspension of airborne particles in the air or other gas. It is more commonly known as Particulate Matter (PM). Aerosols are ubiquitous throughout our environment in various forms, such as dust, fume, smog, mist, etc. They originate from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Some natural aerosols include pollen, sea salts, smoke from forest fires, and desert dust. Examples of anthropogenic sources include mobile and industrial combustion, construction sites, domestic fuel burning. These aerosols come in a wide range in size from a few nanometers (nm)--less than the width of the smallest viruses--to several tens of micrometers--about the diameter of human hair. They have significant impacts on climate, human health, and quality of life. This work focuses on developing tools and methods for monitoring, sampling, and analyzing course, fine and ultrafine aerosols (between 10 nm and 10 [micrometres]) to study and mitigate their health impact.
Download or read book Personal Indoor and Outdoor Particulate Matter Exposure in Sensitive Populations written by Leonora Rojas Bracho and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Evaluation of Indoor Personal Exposure to Particulate Matter Due to Wood Smoke Using Low Cost Air Quality Monitors written by Thomas Twomey and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Geography of Long Term Exposure to Particulate Matter 2 5 and COVID 19 Mortality An Assessment of the Fragility and Spatial Sensitivity of a Significant Finding written by Jennifer Badger and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Air pollution is directly linked to death. In December 2020, a UK coroner ruled that air pollution was the cause of a fatal asthma attack that led to the 2013 death of nine-year-old Ella Adoo-Kissi Debrah who lived adjacent to a busy motorway (BBC News, 2022). The assignment of air pollution as the official cause of death on a death certificate was the first of its kind in the world (Reynolds, 2020). Though this was the first official assignment of air pollution as a cause of death, there are numerous studies linking air pollution exposure with mortality all over the world. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the air pollutant PM 2.5 was identified as the "largest environmental risk factor in the United States" (Goodkind et al. 2019, p. 8780) and the cause of more annual premature deaths than traffic accidents and homicides combined (Goodkind et al. 2019). With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers began assessing the impact of air pollution exposure on COVID-19 incidence and death. In a widely received, nationwide study linking air pollution exposure to COVID-19 mortality, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health researchers, Wu et al., produced significant findings linking the impact of long term exposure to PM 2.5 to COVID-19 mortality across the contiguous United States. This 2020 study, published in ScienceAdvances, has been cited over 600 times, covered by 131 news outlets and downloaded over 15,000 times. Georeferenced data is routinely used in public health research such as this, however, the substantive influence of geography in the relationship between the treatment and outcome variable is often not considered in the model specifications, research design, nor the sampling strategy (Goldhagen et al., 2005; Matisziw, Grubesic, and Wei 2008). Additionally, the mechanism of data aggregation to an administrative unit may spatially misrepresent the data (Delmelle et al., 2022). As air pollution is a local, regional, and transboundary phenomenon (Nordenstam et. al, 1998; Goodkind, 2019), spatial autocorrelation, or spatially similar values, in the long term exposure to PM 2.5 among U.S. counties is likely. Despite the inclusion of maps indicating strong spatial trends in the long term exposure to PM 2.5 and COVID-19 mortality, the possible presence of spatial autocorrelation at the local level or spatial heterogeneity at the regional level was not investigated by the authors. Epidemiological studies invoking large, areal units may misrepresent the underlying, spatial processes of environmental health-hazards and produce unreliable treatment effect estimates when relating air pollution exposure to disease (Fotheringham and Wong, 1991; Kolak and Anselin, 2019). In this thesis, the fragility of the Wu et al. treatment effect estimate to unobserved confounding is assessed utilizing an alternative sensitivity analysis framework. This framework revealed that the estimate derived by Wu et al. (2020) is much more fragile to confounding than reported by the authors. Spatial analysis was then applied to investigate the possibility of spatial regimes (e.g. hotspots) in the treatment and outcome variables which may contribute to biased or inefficient treatment effect estimates. Strong levels of spatial autocorrelation and regional spatial heterogeneity in the long term exposure to PM 2.5, and to a lesser extent in the COVID-19 mortality rate, were confirmed by both computational and exploratory spatial data analysis. The highly variable associations between long term exposure to PM 2.5 and COVID-19 Mortality per U.S. Census Region or EPA Climatically Consistent Region delivered the expected result that the relationship between the treatment and outcome variable changes with changes in the sub-National definition of place. An understanding of the geography of the ubiquitous, locally variable and far-reaching PM 2.5, and its related health-hazard risks can contribute to an uncovering of the politics, power relations, and socioenvironments that coproduce differential access to clean air and the resulting uneven health burdens experienced by Black, LatinX, Asian-American, and immigrant communities. This is an essential step towards disentangling the relationships rendering clean air no longer an "open-access good" (V ron, 2006).
Download or read book The Significance of Indoor outdoor Relationships and Physical and Chemical Composition in Personal Exposure to Urban Particulate Matter written by Vaughan Francis Shilton and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Recent Advances in Urban Ventilation Assessment and Flow Modelling written by Riccardo Buccolieri and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-04-23 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains twenty-one original papers and one review paper published by internationally recognized experts in the Atmosphere Special Issue "Recent Advances in Urban Ventilation Assessment and Flow Modelling", years 2017–2019. The Special Issue includes contributions on recent experimental and modelling works, techniques, and developments mainly tailored to the assessment of urban ventilation on flow and pollutant dispersion in cities. The study of ventilation is of critical importance, as it addresses the capacity with which a built urban structure is capable of replacing the polluted air with ambient fresh air. Here, ventilation is recognized as a transport process that improves local microclimate and air quality and closely relates to the term “breathability”. The efficiency with which street canyon ventilation occurs depends on the complex interaction between the atmospheric boundary layer flow and the local urban morphology. The individual contributions to this Issue are summarized and categorized into four broad topics: (1) outdoor ventilation efficiency and application/development of ventilation indices, (2) relationship between indoor and outdoor ventilation, (3) effects of urban morphology and obstacles to ventilation, and (4) ventilation modelling in realistic urban districts. The results and approaches presented and proposed will be of great interest to experimentalists and modelers, and may constitute a starting point for the improvement of numerical simulations of flow and pollutant dispersion in the urban environment, for the development of simulation tools, and for the implementation of mitigation strategies.
