Download or read book Assessing the Effects of Ethanol Addition on Particulate Matter Emissions in GDI Engines written by Yihao Zhang (S. M.) and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Previous research on the effects of ethanol addition on particulate matter (PM) emissions in GDI engines show diverse results. In this thesis, an overview on three major aspects, PM formation, effects of engine operating conditions, and ethanol effects, unveils the large number of factors that can simultaneously affect PM emissions from gasoline-ethanol blends in GDI engines, partially explaining the reasons for the diverse results from previous research. A further experimental work was conducted to assess three potential ethanol effects, displacement effect, evaporative cooling effect, and oxygen content effect. The displacement effect is based on PM Index (PMI) in the literature. Ethanol has very low PMI and thus very low propensity to form PM. Therefore, the addition of ethanol replaces the high-PMI components in the gasoline, lowering PM emissions. Although the PMI value incorporates species reactivity and volatility, it does not take latent heat of vaporization (HOV) into account. The high HOV of ethanol suppresses the fuel evaporation and potentially causes more liquid fuel films, which serve as sources for PM emissions. This evaporative cooling effect was assessed along with the oxygen content effect, a widely used effect in the literature to explain why ethanol lowers PM emissions. Through the method of control variables, the displacement effect and oxygen content effect were separated out and could be assessed individually. The existence of the displacement effect was confirmed. It was also found that the oxygen content effect was negligible, while the evaporative cooling effect changed PN emission significantly. The extent of the evaporative cooling effect depended on operating conditions, such as fuel injection timing, engine coolant temperature, and load.
Download or read book Reducing Particulate Emissions in Gasoline Engines written by Thorsten Boger and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2018-11-28 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For years, diesel engines have been the focus of particulate matter emission reductions. Now, however, modern diesel engines emit less particles than a comparable gasoline engine. This transformation necessitates an introduction of particulate reduction strategies for the gasoline-powered vehicle. Many strategies can be leveraged from diesel engines, but new combustion and engine control technologies will be needed to meet the latest gasoline regulations across the globe. Particulate reduction is a critical health concern in addition to the regulatory requirements. This is a vital issue with real-world implications. Reducing Particulate Emissions in Gasoline Engines encompasses the current strategies and technologies used to reduce particulates to meet regulatory requirements and curtail health hazards - reviewing principles and applications of these techniques. Highlights and features in the book include: Gasoline particulate filter design, function and applications Coated and uncoated three way catalyst design and integration Measurement of gasoline particulate matter emission, both laboratory and PEMS The goal is to provide a comprehensive assessment of gasoline particulate emission control to meet regulatory and health requirements - appealing to calibration, development and testing engineers alike.
Download or read book Linking Laboratory Engine Studies to Real world Observations written by Naomi Zimmerman and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In response to stringent regulations on fleet-average fuel economy, vehicle manufacturers have increasingly replaced port fuel injection (PFI) engines with gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines. These engines emit substantial quantities of ultrafine particulate matter (PM) and black carbon (BC) which is of concern due to their associated health and climate effects, respectively. This thesis investigated GDI emissions, with a focus on the particle phase, in both laboratory and real-world environments to help understand the air quality impacts of this engine technology. As part of the study, advanced PM measurement techniques were assessed, and a correction protocol for a popular high-time resolution particle sizing instrument needed to accurately measure vehicle exhaust size distributions was developed. A laboratory study to quantify phase-partitioned polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations was also conducted. Compared to PFI engines, GDI engines emitted elevated concentrations of heavy molecular weight PAHs, including benzo(a)pyrene, a PAH with established associations to negative health outcomes. The GDI engine exhaust also had elevated concentrations of the PAHs pyrene and fluoranthene; these PAHs also exhibited the greatest extent of particle-gas partitioning. A study of real-world GDI emissions in an urban environment showed that GDI particle number and BC emissions were in the upper end of the fleet distribution, and that exhaust plumes exhibited dynamic behaviour in the near-road region, with increasing particle number emission factors with increasing distance from the roadway. This behaviour was unique to GDI vehicles, the same effects were not observed for heavy-duty garbage trucks or a PFI-equipped vehicle. Comparing size distributions at different distances from the roadway, rapid particle growth of sub-5 nm soot cores due to condensation of low volatility organic gases, such as pyrene and fluoranthene, was proposed to be the dominant growth mechanism in GDI vehicle exhaust. Comparing laboratory and real-world emission factors, BC emission factors were in good agreement, while real-world particle number emission factors were up to an order of magnitude higher. An estimate of the climate impacts of increased BC relative to fuel savings from GDI also showed that fuel economy gains of up to 12% may be needed to offset the radiative forcing of BC.
Download or read book Effects of Ethanol Evaporative Cooling on Particulate Number Emissions in GDI Engines written by Yu Chen and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Exhaust Particle Characterization for Lean and Stoichiometric DI Vehicles Operating on Ethanol gasoline Blends written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines can offer better fuel economy and higher performance over their port fuel-injected (PFI) counterparts, and are now appearing in increasingly more U.S. and European vehicles. Small displacement, turbocharged GDI engines are replacing large displacement engines, particularly in light-duty trucks and sport utility vehicles, in order for manufacturers to meet the U.S. fuel economy standards for 2016. Furthermore, lean-burn GDI engines can offer even higher fuel economy than stoichiometric GDI engines and have overcome challenges associated with cost-effective aftertreatment for NOx control. Along with changes in gasoline engine technology, fuel composition may increase in ethanol content beyond the current 10% due to the recent EPA waiver allowing 15% ethanol. In addition, the Renewable Fuels Standard passed as part of the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) mandates the use of biofuels in upcoming years. GDI engines are of environmental concern due to their high particulate matter (PM) emissions relative to port-fuel injected (PFI) gasoline vehicles; widespread market penetration of GDI vehicles may result in additional PM from mobile sources at a time when the diesel contribution is declining. In this study, we characterized particulate emissions from a European certified lean-burn GDI vehicle operating on ethanol-gasoline blends. Particle mass and particle number concentration emissions were measured for the Federal Test Procedure urban driving cycle (FTP 75) and the more aggressive US06 driving cycle. Particle number-size distributions and organic to elemental carbon ratios (OC/EC) were measured for 30 MPH and 80 MPH steady-state operation. In addition, particle number concentration was measured during wide open throttle accelerations (WOTs) and gradual accelerations representative of the FTP 75. Fuels included certification gasoline and 10% (E10) and 20% (E20) ethanol blends from the same supplier. The particle mass emissions were approximately 3 and 7 mg/mile for the FTP75 and US06, respectively, with lower emissions for the ethanol blends. The data are compared to a previous study on a U.S.-legal stoichiometric GDI vehicle operating on the same ethanol blends. The lean-burn GDI vehicle emitted a higher number of particles, but had an overall smaller average size. Particle number per mile decreased with increasing ethanol content for the transient tests. For the 30 and 80 mph tests, particle number concentration decreased with increasing ethanol content, although the shape of the particle size distribution remained the same. Engine-out OC/EC ratios were highest for the stoichiometric GDI vehicle with E20, but tailpipe OC/EC ratios were similar for all vehicles.
Download or read book Experimental Investigations on Particle Number Emissions from GDI Engines written by Markus Bertsch and published by Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH. This book was released on 2016-12-31 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis discusses experimental investigations to reduce particle number emissions from gasoline engines with direct injection. Measures on a single cylinder research engine with combined usage of a particle number measurement system, a particle size distribution measurement system as well as optical diagnostics and thermodynamic analysis enable an in-depth assessment of particle formation and oxidation. Therefore, numerous optical diagnostic techniques for spray visualisation (Mie-scattering, High-Speed PIV) and soot detection (High-Speed-Imaging, Fiber optical diagnostics) are deployed. Two injectors with different hydraulic flows but identical spray-targeting are characterised and compared by measurements in a pressurised chamber. The operation at higher engine load and low engine speed is in the focus of the experimental work at the engine test bench. Thereby, the low flow velocities in the combustion chamber, caused by the low engine speed, as well as the large amount of fuel injected are major challenges for the mixture formation process. A substantial part of the thesis thus focusses on the detailed analysis of the mixture formation process, which is consisting of fuel injection, interaction of the in-cylinder charge motion with the fuel injected and the fuel properties. Measures for the optimisation of the mixture formation process and the minimisation of the particle number emissions are analysed and evaluated. The charge motion is manipulated by the impression of a directed flow, the variation of the valve timings and valve open curve. The injection process is influenced by a reduction of the hydraulic flow of the injector and an increase of the injection pressure up to 50 MPa. The investigations show fundamental effects and potentials of different variation parameters concerning their emissions reduction potential at the exemplary operation at high engine load. Due to the simultaneous analysis of the in-cylinder charge motion and a thermodynamic analysis, the results can be transferred to different engines.
Download or read book The Influence of Ethanol Blends on Particulate Matter Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection Engines written by Longfei Chen and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Investigating the Influence of Fuel Volatility on Particle Emissions Phenomena in a Production Gasoline Direct Injection Engine written by Brian Robert Matias Hutchison and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to both potential climate and health concerns, research interest in the formation of particulate matter in GDI engines remains strong. However, the processes driving the emissions are still not fully understood. This experimental study investigated the influence of fuel volatility on the particulate matter emissions, using both commercial and specifically targeted and controlled surrogate fuel blends to isolate the influence of fuel volatility from traditionally considered causative effects of fuel chemistry and properties. In non-ethanol containing fuels, high measured volatility fuels resulted in increased PM emissions in comparison to low volatility fuels, while also generating increased nitric oxide emissions. The effect of 10\% ethanol match blended in these fuels varied with volatility level, with E10 fuels always presenting high PM emissions, unlike their ethanol-free counterparts. A fuel injector deposit driven change in PM emissions was noted in the dataset, which appeared to show dependence on fuel volatility as well.
Download or read book Effect of the Seasonal Changes in Fuel Composition on Particulate Matter Emissions from a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine written by Abhikaran Singh and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (MOECC) found that black carbons (BC) concentrations were significantly higher in summer than in winter, which could be attributed to the seasonal variations in fuel composition. This experimental study investigated the impact of fuel seasonal changes on particulate matter (PM) emissions using a Ford Focus wall-guided GDI engine. Fuels from five public gas stations having octane rating of 87 and 91 were analyzed and tested. This study demonstrated that summer fuels contained higher aromatics than winter fuels which led to higher PM emissions and BC concentrations during steady state and transient state conditions. Moreover, the removal of ethanol content resulted in lower PM emissions and BC concentrations during steady state conditions. This study suggested that an increase in aromatics in summer fuels could be root cause for higher BC concentrations, however, similar study should be performed in other engines to support this conclusion.
Download or read book Ethanol Blend Effects On Direct Injection Spark Ignition Gasoline Vehicle Particulate Matter Emissions written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Direct injection spark-ignition (DISI) gasoline engines can offer better fuel economy and higher performance over their port fuel-injected counterparts, and are now appearing increasingly in more U.S. vehicles. Small displacement, turbocharged DISI engines are likely to be used in lieu of large displacement engines, particularly in light-duty trucks and sport utility vehicles, to meet fuel economy standards for 2016. In addition to changes in gasoline engine technology, fuel composition may increase in ethanol content beyond the 10% allowed by current law due to the Renewable Fuels Standard passed as part of the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA). In this study, we present the results of an emissions analysis of a U.S.-legal stoichiometric, turbocharged DISI vehicle, operating on ethanol blends, with an emphasis on detailed particulate matter (PM) characterization. Gaseous species, particle mass, and particle number concentration emissions were measured for the Federal Test Procedure urban driving cycle (FTP 75) and the more aggressive US06 cycle. Particle number-size distributions and organic to elemental carbon ratios (OC/EC) were measured for 30 MPH and 80 MPH steady-state operation. In addition, particle number concentration was measured during wide open throttle accelerations (WOTs) and gradual accelerations representative of the FTP 75. For the gaseous species and particle mass measurements, dilution was carried out using a full flow constant volume sampling system (CVS). For the particle number concentration and size distribution measurements, a micro-tunnel dilution system was employed. The vehicles were fueled by a standard test gasoline and 10% (E10) and 20% (E20) ethanol blends from the same supplier. The particle mass emissions were approximately 3 and 7 mg/mile for the FTP75 and US06, respectively, with lower emissions for the ethanol blends. During steady-state operation, the geometric mean diameter of the particle-number size distribution remained approximately the same (50 nm) but the particle number concentration decreased with increasing ethanol content in the fuel. In addition, increasing ethanol content significantly reduced the number concentration of 50 and 100 nm particles during gradual and WOT accelerations.
Download or read book Ethanol Blend Effects On Direct Injection Spark Ignition Gasoline Vehicle Particulate Matter Emissions written by John M. Storey and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Impact of Gasoline Fuel Composition on Air Quality written by Farhana Islam and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, particulate matter (PM) emissions from the gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine, are of significant concern due to their associated health effects as well as for climate impacts. Thus, in this thesis, the effect of gasoline fuel composition on GDI engine PM emissions is investigated. The detailed composition of five regular grade (anti knock index, or AKI, 87) and two premium grade (AKI91) fuels currently used in Ontario was studied. In addition, the impact of fuel seasonal changes on gas-phase emissions (i.e. benzene and toluene), and particle-phase emissions, i.e. black carbon (BC), elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and particle number (PN) were also determined using a laboratory GDI engine. The observations showed that all summer AKI87 fuels contained higher aromatics and lower paraffins compared to the winter AKI87 grade which led to higher BC, EC, PN, benzene, and toluene emissions.
Download or read book Effects of Ethanol Content in Gasoline on Particulate Emissions in an SIDI Single Cylinder Engine written by Axel Maier and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Particulate Matter Emissions from a Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine Under Cold fast idle Conditions for Ethanol gasoline Blends written by Iason Dimou and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In an effort to build internal combustion engines with both reduced brake-specific fuel consumption and better emission control, engineers developed the Direct Injection Spark Ignition (DISI) engine. DISI engines combine the specific higher output of the spark ignition engine, with the better efficiency of the compression ignition engine at part load. Despite their benefits, DISI engines still suffer from high hydrocarbon, NO2 and particulate matter (PM) emissions. Until recently, PM emissions have received relatively little attention, despite their severe effects on human health, related mostly to their size. Previous research indicates that almost 80% of the PM is emitted during the first few minutes of the engine's operation (cold-start-fast-idling period). A proposed solution for PM emission reduction is the use of fuel blends with ethanol. The present research experimentally measures the effect of ethanol content in fuel on PM formation in the combustion chamber of a DISI engine during the cold-start period. A novel sampling system has been designed and combined with a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) system, in order to measure the particulate matter number (PN) concentration 15 cm downstream from the exhaust valves of a DISI engine, for a temperature range between 0 and 40"C, under low load operation. Seven gasohol fuels have been tested with the ethanol content varying from 0% (EO) up to 85% (E85). For E10 to E85, PN modestly increases when the engine coolant temperature (ECT) is lowered. The PN distributions, however, are insensitive to the ethanol content of the fuel. The total PN for EQ is substantially higher than for the gasohol fuels, at ECT below 20'C. However, for ECT higher than 20'C, the total PN values (obtained from integrating the PN distribution from 15 to 350 nm) are approximately the same for all fuels. This sharp change in PN from EQ to E10 is confirmed by running the tests with E2.5 and E5; the midpoint of the transition occurs at approximately E5. Because the fuels' evaporating properties do not change substantially from EQ to E10, the significant change in PN is attributed to the particulate matter formation chemistry.
Download or read book Effects of Ethanol Addition in RON 95 Gasoline on GDI Stratified Combustion written by Loic de Francqueville and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Methodology of Measuring Particulate Matter Emissions from a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine written by Phillip Mireault and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Particulate Matter Emissions from a Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine Under Cold Fast Idle Conditions for Ethanol Gasoline Blends written by Iason Dimou and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
