Download or read book Assessing Structural and Functional Connectivity of the Human Brain by Magnetic Resonance Imaging written by Philipp Stämpfli and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Healthy and Diseased Brain Networks written by Yong He and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2015-03-05 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An important aspect of neuroscience is to characterize the underlying connectivity patterns of the human brain (i.e., human connectomics). Over the past few years, researchers have demonstrated that by combining a variety of different neuroimaging technologies (e.g., structural MRI, diffusion MRI and functional MRI) with sophisticated analytic strategies such as graph theory, it is possible to noninvasively map the patterns of structural and functional connectivity of human whole-brain networks. With these novel approaches, many studies have shown that human brain networks have nonrandom properties such as modularity, small-worldness and highly connected hubs. Importantly, these quantifiable network properties change with age, learning and disease. Moreover, there is growing evidence for behavioral and genetic correlates. Network analysis of neuroimaging data is opening up a new avenue of research into the understanding of the organizational principles of the brain that will be of interest for all basic scientists and clinical researchers. Such approaches are powerful but there are a number of challenging issues when extracting reliable brain networks from various imaging modalities and analyzing the topological properties, e.g., definitions of network nodes and edges and reproducibility of network analysis. We assembled contributions related to the state-of-the-art methodologies of brain connectivity and the applications involving development, aging and neuropsychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and mood and anxiety disorders. It is anticipated that the articles in this Research Topic will provide a greater range and depth of provision for the field of imaging connectomics.

Download or read book Magnetic Resonance Imaging Investigation of Brain Networks written by Shi Cheng and published by Open Dissertation Press. This book was released on 2017-01-27 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation, "Magnetic Resonance Imaging Investigation of Brain Networks" by Shi, Cheng, 程实, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Brain operates on a network level. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides structural and functional images noninvasively with large field of view and at high spatial resolution and thus assumes an extremely valuable role in studying brain networks. The objectives of this doctoral work were to develop and apply novel MRI methods on human and rodent brains, for in vivo and global assessments of functional brain networks at resting and task-evoked states. Firstly, the feasibility of passband balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) imaging for distortion-free and high-resolution resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI) was investigated. Resting-state networks (RSNs) derived from bSSFP images were shown spatially and spectrally comparable to those derived from conventional gradient-echo echo-planar imaging (GE-EPI) with considerable intra- and inter-subject reproducibility. High-resolution bSSFP corresponded well to the anatomical images, with RSNs exquisitely co-localized to gray matter. Furthermore, RSNs at areas of severe susceptibility were proved accessible including human anterior prefrontal cortex and rat piriform cortex. These findings demonstrated for the first time that passband bSSFP approach can be a promising alternative to GE-EPI for rsfMRI. It offers distortion-free and high-resolution RSNs and is potentially suited for high field studies. Secondly, to examine the macrovascular contributions to the spatial and spectral prosperities of resting-state networks, spin-echo echo-planar imaging (SE-EPI) with moderate diffusion weighting (DW) was proposed for rsfMRI. SE and DW suppressed the extravascular and intravascular contributions from macrovessels respectively. Significantly lower functional connectivity strength was observed in the posterior cingulate cortex of the default mode network derived from DW SE-EPI data comparing to that derived from SE-EPI, suggesting a confounding role played by the intravascular component from large veins, whereas no significant spectral difference was detected. Therefore, the DW SEEPI approach for rsfMRI may assist in better identifying and interpreting largescale brain networks with future improvement in temporal resolution by acceleration techniques and in sensitivity at higher field. Thirdly, rsfMRI was performed to evaluate the intrinsic functional networks in the corresponding anatomical visual brain connections traced by Mn-enhanced MRI (MEMRI). Strengths of resting-state functional connectivity appeared to couple with structural connectivity in MEMRI, demonstrating the sensitivity of these structural and functional connectivity MRI techniques for assessing the neuroarchitecture, neurophysiology and structural-functional relationships in the visual brain in vivo. Fourthly, the hypothesis that a regional activation identified via general linear model analysis of fMRI data reflects the summation of multiple distinct networks that carry different functional purposes was tested. Overlapping frontoparietal networks engaged in a simple single-digit multiplication task were found and their functional roles were evaluated through independent components analysis and contributive source analysis. Future studies incorporating different arithmetic tasks and resting state will shed more light upon how brain accomplishes arithmetic and more complex tasks in general. Lastly, benefiting from higher SNR, better spatial and temporal resolution at higher fiel

Download or read book Brain Connectivity Analysis Investigating Brain Disorders written by Barry Horwitz and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the last few years, advances in human structural and functional neuroimaging (fMRI, PET, EEG/MEG) have resulted in an explosion of studies investigating the anatomical and functional connectivity between different regions of the brain. More and more studies have employed resting and task-related connectivity analyses to assess functional interactions, and diffusion-weighted tractography to study white matter organization. Many of these studies have addressed normal human function, but recently, a number of investigators have turned their attention to examining brain disorders. The study of brain disorders is a complex endeavor; not only does it require understanding the normal brain, and the regions involved in a particular function, but also it needs a deeper understanding of brain networks and their dynamics. This Research Topic will provide the scientific community with an overview of how to apply connectivity methods to study brain disease, and with perspectives on what are the strength and limitations of each modality. For this Research Topic, we solicit both reviews and original research articles on the use of brain connectivity analysis, with non-human or human models, to explore neurological, psychiatric, developmental and neurodegenerative disorders from a system perspective. Connectivity studies that have focused on one or more of the following will be of particular interest: (1) detection of abnormal functional/structural connectivity; (2) neural plasticity, assessed by changes in connectivity, in patients with brain disorders; (3) assessment of therapy using connectivity measures; (4) relation of connectivity changes to behavioral changes.

Download or read book Investigating the human brainstem with structural and functional MRI written by Florian Beissner and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on 2014-07-30 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The brainstem is one of the least understood parts of the human brain despite its prime importance for the maintenance of basic vital functions. Owing to its role as a relay station between spinal cord, cerebellum and neocortex, the brainstem contains vital nodes of all functional systems in the central nervous system, including the visual, auditory, gustatory, vestibular, somatic and visceral senses, and the somatomotor as well as autonomic nervous systems. While the brainstem has been extensively studied in animals using invasive methods, human studies remain scarce. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a non-invasive and widely available method is one possibility to access the brainstem in humans and measure its structure as well as function. The close vicinity of the brainstem to large arteries and ventricles and the small size of the anatomical structures, however, place high demands on imaging as well as data analysis methods. Nevertheless, the field of brainstem-(f)MRI has significantly advanced in the past few years, largely due to the development of several new tools that facilitate studying this critical part of the human brain. Within this scope, the goal of this Research Topic is to compile work representing the state of the art in functional and structural MRI of the human brainstem.

Download or read book Movement Control written by Paul Cordo and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1994-05-27 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Movement is arguably the most fundamental and important function of the nervous system. Purposive movement requires the coordination of actions within many areas of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves and sensory receptors, which together must control a highly complex biomechanical apparatus made up of the skeleton and muscles. Beginning at the level of biomechanics and spinal reflexes and proceeding upward to brain structures in the cerebellum, brainstem and cerebral cortex, the chapters in this book highlight the important issues in movement control. Commentaries provide a balanced treatment of the articles that have been written by experts in a variety of areas concerned with movement, including behaviour, physiology, robotics, and mathematics.

Download or read book Novel Tools for the Study of Structural and Functional Networks in the Brain written by Luis M. Colon-Perez and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-04-27 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Throughout the history of neuroscience, technological advances are the drivers behind many major advances in our understanding of the nervous system. Investigations of the structure and function of the brain take place on multiple scales, including macroscale at the level of brain regions, mesoscale at the level of neuronal populations, and microscale at the level of single neurons and neuron to neuron interactions. Integration of knowledge over these scales requires novel techniques and interpretations. In this research topic, we highlight nine articles that integrate structural and functional approaches to study brain networks.

Download or read book Quantitative Functionally defined Relationships Between Structural and Functional Connectivity Within the Human Brain written by Kevin Grant Solar and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Structural connectivity (SC) describes the white matter pathways that provide the electrochemical basis of functional connectivity (FC: temporally-coherent brain activity amongst anatomically-distinct brain regions). Initial human SC-FC relationship studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were largely exploratory and used only anatomical brain parcellations (failing to account for functional network organization), and revealed that SC reliably predicts FC, but that FC does not appear to predict SC. The purpose of this thesis is to elucidate SC-FC coupling within resting state functional networks. Diffusion tensor and myelin water MRI were applied to measure SC, with resting state functional MRI to measure FC. I tested the strength of SC-FC relationships by linear correlation and regression analyses. This thesis provides novel empirical evidence for divergent and non-overlapping SC-FC coupling within resting state networks, and importantly reveals a few specific brain regions that appear to be disproportionally involved in SC-FC coupling.

Download or read book Introduction to Resting State fMRI Functional Connectivity written by Janine Bijsterbosch and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-05-19 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spontaneous 'resting-state' fluctuations in neuronal activity offer insights into the inherent organisation of the human brain, and may provide markers for diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can be used to investigate intrinsic functional connectivity networks, which are identified based on similarities in the signal measured from different regions. From data acquisition to results interpretation, An Introduction to Resting State fMRI Functional Connectivity discusses a wide range of approaches without expecting previous knowledge of the reader, making it truly accessible to readers from a broad range of backgrounds. Supplemented with online examples to enable the reader to obtain hands-on experience working with data, the text also provides details to enhance learning for those already experienced in the field. The Oxford Neuroimaging Primers are written for new researchers or advanced undergraduates in neuroimaging to provide a thorough understanding of the ways in which neuroimaging data can be analysed and interpreted. Aimed at students without a background in mathematics or physics, this book is also important reading for those familiar with task fMRI but new to the field of resting state fMRI.

Download or read book Proceedings of the International School on Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function XII Workshop written by Federico Giove and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-09-06 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the last thirty years, Magnetic Resonance has generated a wide revolution in biomedical research and in medical imaging in general. More recently, the "in vivo" studies of the human brain were extended by new original ways to the dynamic study of function and metabolism of the human brain. The enormous interest in expanding the investigation of the brain is emphasizing the search for new NMR methods capable of extracting information of so-far obscure aspects of the brain function. In fact, many quantitative approaches have been proposed in order to complement the information obtained by functional MRI, and several multimodal and multiparametric approaches have been developed to exploit the information, either functional or structural, made available by the flexible contrast generation typical of MRI, and to combine it with complementary information. The XII workshop of the International School on Magnetic Resonanceand Brain Function, held in Erice between 17 April and 6 May, 2016, was specially devoted to novel approaches aimed at better structural characterization of brain diseases, and at investigating frontiers MRI approaches to better understand the brain function. The papers included in this eBook offer a broad overview of the subjects covered during the Workshop, including applications of multiparametric MRI to neurological diseases, multimodal combination of MRI with electrophysiology, advanced methods for the investigation of brain networks and of brain physiology, and perspectives towards brain state reading.

Download or read book Magnetic resonance imaging of disturbed brain connectivity in psychiatric illness written by Alex Fornito and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The widespread application of brain imaging to the study of psychiatric disorders has led to a revolution in our understanding of the neural basis of psychiatric illness. In particular, the advent of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has provided an unprecedented capacity for quantifying diverse aspects of brain structure and function in vivo, and has been used to identify brain changes associated with the full spectrum of psychopathology. With respect to major psychiatric disorders, it is now abundantly clear from this literature that focal brain dysfunction is rare. Rather, most disorders are associated with abnormalities in large-scale networks of spatially distributed and interconnected brain regions; i.e., they are disorders of brain connectivity. Such considerations highlight the need to understand brain dysfunction in psychiatric illness from a network-based perspective. This goal is starting to be realized through recent advances in the use of MRI to map the brain’s complex connectivity architecture. In this special edition, we invite contributions that address brain network dysfunction in psychiatric illnesses. Specifically, the work must be concerned with understanding interactions between brain regions, and how their alterations are affected by psychiatric disease. These interactions can be studied at the level of anatomy using diffusion-MRI or function using functional MRI (fMRI), with the full range of methods available (e.g., tractography, seed-based correlations, independent component analysis, graph analysis, dynamic causal modeling, etc.). Contributions can be either reviews of recent, relevant literature addressing brain network dysfunction in psychiatric disease, or experimental papers describing novel insights into brain network disturbances in such illnesses. Contributions will be invited covering a broad spectrum of psychiatric disease, including mood and anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, autism, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and neurodegenerative conditions. It is intended that this volume will provide important insights into how brain networks are perturbed by psychiatric disease, and allow identification of commonalities and differences across diagnostic categories.

Download or read book Clinical Functional MRI written by Christoph Stippich and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-12-03 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The third, revised edition of this successful book describes up-to-date preoperative fMRI and complementary advanced imaging methods (DTI, MEG, PET, etc.) to diagnose and treat patients with brain tumors and epilepsy. It presents the state of the art fMRI and complementary imaging procedures and discusses practical aspects, imaging and data processing steps, normal and pathological findings, and diagnostic possibilities and limitations. Experts in the field explain relevant information on brain physiology, functional neuroanatomy, and imaging techniques. All chapters of the second edition have been fully updated to reflect the latest developments. Multimodality functional neuroimaging was rewritten by new authors. Further chapters address brain plasticity, and pitfalls, tips, and tricks.

Download or read book Unravelling the Link Between the Structure and Function of the Human Brain written by Sarina Jennifer Iwabuchi and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The brain structure-function relationship has been one of the most fundamental issues in neuroscience and the precise underpinnings of such a link has remained elusive. To address this, investigations have discovered associations between cortical structure or white matter architecture and function in the forms of brain activation, task performance, and/or cognitive dysfunctions. However, limited attention has been given to the search for a more direct link between task-related regions of cortical activation and how they are wired together. The overarching goal of this thesis is to gain a further understanding of this relationship by directly assessing functionally coupled regions and the underlying white matter architecture. The first study used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and tractography to provide a global outlook of structural asymmetries of white matter in the major lobes, and the extent to which they relate to known functional asymmetries. With the inclusion of the individual diffusion measures (mean diffusion [MD], parallel diffusion and perpendicular diffusion) in combination with fractional anisotropy (FA), the microstructure of the pathways generated from each lobe was closely examined. Structurally, asymmetries did indeed follow expected patterns of functional laterality in terms of language and visuospatial function. In order to validate this anatomo-functional relationship, studies two and three combined the methodologies of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with DTI and tractography. In each individual, the regions that were shown to be functionally connected during particular cognitive tasks were identified. These sites were then used to track white matter pathways using tractography. As expected, study two showed a leftward functional network for language production and comprehension. A significant correlation between functional and structural measures was found for the fronto-motor pathway recruited during the generation of verbs. It is theorised that this pathway may be specific to verb generation, given previous reports of a possible motor component in the processing of verbs, while the longer-range connection to temporal regions may be involved in a more diverse range of functions than language alone. Interestingly, tractography between the regions involved in comprehension revealed a ventral as well as a dorsal white matter pathway, which is in accord with the previously proposed dual route theory of reading. Using the same approach, study three explored the more widely and bilaterally distributed circuitry of working memory to investigate whether a structure-function relationship could be established in more complex networks. To further extend the work on cerebral asymmetries, spatial and verbal elements were also included. Functionally, a typical fronto-parietal network was identified for both spatial and verbal working memory. In terms of functional and structural connectivity however, subtle yet significant differences were revealed within both networks that may reflect distinct cognitive processes required for each task. Functional connectivity showed a leftward pattern for the spatial task and rightward connectivity for verbal, contrary to early studies. Measures of white matter integrity on the other hand, were much more symmetrical across the tasks, though variations in the individual diffusion measures revealed possible differences in underlying axonal properties. However, the spatial working memory network almost exclusively yielded significant correlations between structural and functional measures in the parietal-premotor pathways, which may reflect the specificity of the pathways for spatial working memory. Furthermore, comparisons between the two tasks revealed increased activity in the left precentral gyrus during verbal working memory, consistent with the idea that spatial working memory involves a generic system for working memory, while verbal working memory requires additional recruitment of left hemispheric regions for processing linguistic stimuli".

Download or read book Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Processing written by Xingfeng Li and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-09-14 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With strong numerical and computational focus, this book serves as an essential resource on the methods for functional neuroimaging analysis, diffusion weighted image analysis, and longitudinal VBM analysis. It includes four MRI image modalities analysis methods. The first covers the PWI methods, which is the basis for understanding cerebral flow in human brain. The second part, the book’s core, covers fMRI methods in three specific domains: first level analysis, second level analysis, and effective connectivity study. The third part covers the analysis of Diffusion weighted image, i.e. DTI, QBI and DSI image analysis. Finally, the book covers (longitudinal) VBM methods and its application to Alzheimer’s disease study.

Download or read book Brain Repair After Stroke written by Steven C. Cramer and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-10-28 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasing evidence identifies the possibility of restoring function to the damaged brain via exogenous therapies. One major target for these advances is stroke, where most patients can be left with significant disability. Treatments have the potential to improve the victim's quality of life significantly and reduce the time and expense of rehabilitation. Brain Repair After Stroke reviews the biology of spontaneous brain repair after stroke in animal models and in humans. Detailed chapters cover the many forms of therapy being explored to promote brain repair and consider clinical trial issues in this context. This book provides a summary of the neurobiology of innate and treatment-induced repair mechanisms after hypoxia and reviews the state of the art for human therapeutics in relation to promoting behavioral recovery after stroke. Essential reading for stroke physicians, neurologists, rehabilitation physicians and neuropsychologists.

Download or read book Handbook of functional connectivity Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods in CONN written by Alfonso Nieto-Castanon and published by Hilbert Press. This book was released on 2020-01-31 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook describes methods for processing and analyzing functional connectivity Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fcMRI) data using the CONN toolbox, a popular freely-available functional connectivity analysis software. Content description [excerpt from introduction] The first section (fMRI minimal preprocessing pipeline) describes standard and advanced preprocessing steps in fcMRI. These steps are aimed at correcting or minimizing the influence of well-known factors affecting the quality of functional and anatomical MRI data, including effects arising from subject motion within the scanner, temporal and spatial image distortions due to the sequential nature of the scanning acquisition protocol, and inhomogeneities in the scanner magnetic field, as well as anatomical differences among subjects. Even after these conventional preprocessing steps, the measured blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal often still contains a considerable amount of noise from a combination of physiological effects, outliers, and residual subject-motion factors. If unaccounted for, these factors would introduce very strong and noticeable biases in all functional connectivity measures. The second section (fMRI denoising pipeline) describes standard and advanced denoising procedures in CONN that are used to characterize and remove the effect of these residual non-neural noise sources. Functional connectivity Magnetic Resonance Imaging studies attempt to quantify the level of functional integration across different brain areas. The third section (functional connectivity measures) describes a representative set of functional connectivity measures available in CONN, each focusing on different indicators of functional integration, including seed-based connectivity measures, ROI-to-ROI measures, graph theoretical approaches, network-based measures, and dynamic connectivity measures. Second-level analyses allow researchers to make inferences about properties of groups or populations, by generalizing from the observations of only a subset of subjects in a study. The fourth section (General Linear Model) describes the mathematics behind the General Linear Model (GLM), the approach used in CONN for all second-level analyses of functional connectivity measures. The description includes GLM model definition, parameter estimation, and hypothesis testing framework, as well as several practical examples and general guidelines aimed at helping researchers use this method to answer their specific research questions. The last section (cluster-level inferences) details several approaches implemented in CONN that allow researchers to make meaningful inferences from their second-level analysis results while providing appropriate family-wise error control (FWEC), whether in the context of voxel-based measures, such as when studying properties of seed-based maps across multiple subjects, or in the context of ROI-to-ROI measures, such as when studying properties of ROI-to-ROI connectivity matrices across multiple subjects.

Download or read book fMRI Neurofeedback written by Michelle Hampson and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-10-09 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: fMRI Neurofeedback provides a perspective on how the field of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) neurofeedback has evolved, an introduction to state-of-the-art methods used for fMRI neurofeedback, a review of published neuroscientific and clinical applications, and a discussion of relevant ethical considerations. It gives a view of the ongoing research challenges throughout and provides guidance for researchers new to the field on the practical implementation and design of fMRI neurofeedback protocols. This book is designed to be accessible to all scientists and clinicians interested in conducting fMRI neurofeedback research, addressing the variety of different knowledge gaps that readers may have given their varied backgrounds and avoiding field-specific jargon. The book, therefore, will be suitable for engineers, computer scientists, neuroscientists, psychologists, and physicians working in fMRI neurofeedback. Provides a reference on fMRI neurofeedback covering history, methods, mechanisms, clinical applications, and basic research, as well as ethical considerations Offers contributions from international experts—leading research groups are represented, including from Europe, Japan, Israel, and the United States Includes coverage of data analytic methods, study design, neuroscience mechanisms, and clinical considerations Presents a perspective on future translational development