Download or read book Arr t du Conseil d Etat concernant les moyens de faire payer aux officiers comptables la finance des augmentations de gages attribu es eux par dit du mois de d cembre 1706 pour tre dispens s de donner caution des deniers de leurs maniements written by France. Conseil d'Etat (13.-1791) and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Arr t du Conseil d Etat portant que les officiers comptables qui n ont pas t d charg s par les dits de cr ation de leurs offices de fournir caution devront prendre les augmentations de gages tablies par dit de d cembre 1706 et en payer la finance written by France. Conseil d'Etat (13.-1791) and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Arr t du conseil d Etat portant augmentation des gages et confirmation des exemptions et privil ges des officiers comptables de finance et autres en payant par eux les sommes auxquelles ils seront tax s audit conseil written by France. Conseil d'Etat (13.-1791) and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Arr t du Conseil d Etat en interpr tation de l dit de d cembre 1706 qui d charge les officiers comptables de l obligation de donner une caution moyennant augmentation de gages written by France. Conseil d'Etat (13.-1791) and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Arr t du conseil d Etat pour le lev e et recouvrement des taxes faites sur les officiers comptables de finance et autres pour l attribution de 35000 livres d augmentation de gages et autres written by France. Conseil d'Etat (13.-1791) and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The King s Debts written by Richard Bonney and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1981 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Venality written by William Doyle and published by Oxford University Press on Demand. This book was released on 1996 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In ancien regime France almost all posts of public responsibility had to be bought or inherited. Rather than tax their richer subjects directly, French kings preferred to sell them privileged public offices, which further payments allowed them to sell or bequeath at will. By the eighteenthcentury there were 70,000 venal offices, comprising the entire judiciary, most of the legal profession, officers in the army, and a wide range of other professions - from financiers handling the king's revenues down to auctioneers and even wigmakers. Though now yielding diminishing returns to theking, offices were more in demand than ever for the privileges and prestige, profit and power, that they conferred; and although it was widely accepted that selling public authority was undesirable, nobody imagined that those who had invested in offices could ever be bought out. The Revolutionbrought an unexpected opportunity to do so, but the legacy of venality has marked French institutions down to our day. William Doyle, one of the foremost historians of early modern Europe, has written the first comprehensive history of the last century of venality. He traces the evolution and dissolution of a system which was fundamental to the workings of state and society in France for over threecenturies.
Download or read book French Finances 1770 1795 written by J. F. Bosher and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2008-10-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The monarchy of Louis XVI suffered revolution and then destruction after failing to settle its financial difficulties. What precisely were those difficulties? In this book, Professor Bosher shows that the monarchy was financed by a chaotic system of private enterprise which proved increasingly unmanageable and wasteful. Hundreds of profit-seeking accountants - 'capitalists', in the language of the time - stood in the way of reform and even of clear accounting until governments of the French Revolution eventually nationalized the financial system and changed it 'from capitalism into a bureaucracy'. From his close study of the administrative changes Professor Bosher concludes that the National Assembly planned to guard the public finances by bureaucratic organization. 'With a vision of mechanical efficiency and articulation', he writes, 'systems of clock-like checks and balances such as eighteenth-century Frenchmen found everywhere, even in nature itself, the revolutionary planners hoped to prevent corruption, putting their faith in the virtues of organization to offset the vices of the individual men.'
