Download or read book Architectural and Operating System Support for Virtual Memory written by Abhishek Bhattacharjee and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides computer engineers, academic researchers, new graduate students, and seasoned practitioners an end-to-end overview of virtual memory. We begin with a recap of foundational concepts and discuss not only state-of-the-art virtual memory hardware and software support available today, but also emerging research trends in this space. The span of topics covers processor microarchitecture, memory systems, operating system design, and memory allocation. We show how efficient virtual memory implementations hinge on careful hardware and software cooperation, and we discuss new research directions aimed at addressing emerging problems in this space. Virtual memory is a classic computer science abstraction and one of the pillars of the computing revolution. It has long enabled hardware flexibility, software portability, and overall better security, to name just a few of its powerful benefits. Nearly all user-level programs today take for granted that they will have been freed from the burden of physical memory management by the hardware, the operating system, device drivers, and system libraries. However, despite its ubiquity in systems ranging from warehouse-scale datacenters to embedded Internet of Things (IoT) devices, the overheads of virtual memory are becoming a critical performance bottleneck today. Virtual memory architectures designed for individual CPUs or even individual cores are in many cases struggling to scale up and scale out to today's systems which now increasingly include exotic hardware accelerators (such as GPUs, FPGAs, or DSPs) and emerging memory technologies (such as non-volatile memory), and which run increasingly intensive workloads (such as virtualized and/or "big data" applications). As such, many of the fundamental abstractions and implementation approaches for virtual memory are being augmented, extended, or entirely rebuilt in order to ensure that virtual memory remains viable and performant in the years to come.

Download or read book Architectural and Operating System Support for Inexpensive Efficient Shared Memory written by Leonidas I. Kontothanassis and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Memory System written by Bruce Jacob and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2009 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduce the reader to the most important details of the memory system. This book targets both computer scientists and computer engineers in industry and in academia. Roughly speaking, computer scientists are the users of the memory system and computer engineers are the designers of the memory system. Both can benefit tremendously from a basic understanding of how the memory system really works.

Download or read book Architectural Support for Efficient Virtual Memory on Big memory Systems written by Binh Quang Pham and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Virtual memory is a powerful and ubiquitous abstraction for managing memory. How- ever, virtual memory suffers a performance penalty for these benefits, namely when translating program virtual addresses to system physical addresses. This overhead had been limited to 5-15% of system runtime by using a set of sophisticated hardware so- lutions, but has increased to 20-50% for many scenarios, including running workloads with large memory footprints and poor access locality or using deeper software stacks. My thesis aims to solve this problem so that the memory systems can continue to scale without being hamstrung by the virtual memory system. We observe that while operating systems (OS) and hypervisors have a rich set of components in allocating memory, the hardware address translation unit only maintains a rigid and limited view of this ecosystem. Therefore, we seek for patterns inherently present in the memory allocation mechanisms to guide us in designing a more intelligent address translation unit. First, we realize that OS memory allocators and program faulting sequence tend to produce contiguous or nearby mappings between virtual and physical pages. We propose Coalesced TLB and Clustered TLB designs to exploit these patterns accordingly. Once detected, the related mappings are stored in a single TLB entry to increase the TLB's reach. Our designs help reduce TLB misses substantially and improve performance as a result. Second, we see that there are often tradeoffs between reducing address translation overheard and improving resource consolidation in virtualized environments. For exam- ple, large pages are often used to mitigate the high cost of two-dimensional page walks, but hypervisors usually break large pages into small pages for easier sharing guests memory. When that happens, the majority of those small pages still remain aligned. Based on this observation, we propose a speculative TLB technique to regain almost all performance loss caused by breaking large pages while running highly consolidated virtualized systems.

Download or read book Hardware and Software Support for Virtualization written by Edouard Bugnion and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the core question of the necessary architectural support provided by hardware to efficiently run virtual machines, and of the corresponding design of the hypervisors that run them. Virtualization is still possible when the instruction set architecture lacks such support, but the hypervisor remains more complex and must rely on additional techniques. Despite the focus on architectural support in current architectures, some historical perspective is necessary to appropriately frame the problem. The first half of the book provides the historical perspective of the theoretical framework developed four decades ago by Popek and Goldberg. It also describes earlier systems that enabled virtualization despite the lack of architectural support in hardware. As is often the case, theory defines a necessary—but not sufficient—set of features, and modern architectures are the result of the combination of the theoretical framework with insights derived from practical systems. The second half of the book describes state-of-the-art support for virtualization in both x86-64 and ARM processors. This book includes an in-depth description of the CPU, memory, and I/O virtualization of these two processor architectures, as well as case studies on the Linux/KVM, VMware, and Xen hypervisors. It concludes with a performance comparison of virtualization on current-generation x86- and ARM-based systems across multiple hypervisors.

Download or read book Operating Systems and Middleware written by Max Hailperin and published by Max Hailperin. This book was released on 2007 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By using this innovative text, students will obtain an understanding of how contemporary operating systems and middleware work, and why they work that way.

Download or read book Embedded Computer Systems Architectures Modeling and Simulation written by Alex Orailoglu and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-10-14 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Embedded Computer Systems: Architectures, Modeling, and Simulation, SAMOS 2020, held in Samos, Greece, in July 2020.* The 16 regular papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 35 submissions. In addition, 9 papers from two special sessions were included, which were organized on topics of current interest: innovative architectures for security and European projects on embedded and high performance computing for health applications. * The conference was held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Download or read book Operating Systems written by Thomas Anderson and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past two decades, there has been a huge amount of innovation in both the principles and practice of operating systems Over the same period, the core ideas in a modern operating system - protection, concurrency, virtualization, resource allocation, and reliable storage - have become widely applied throughout computer science. Whether you get a job at Facebook, Google, Microsoft, or any other leading-edge technology company, it is impossible to build resilient, secure, and flexible computer systems without the ability to apply operating systems concepts in a variety of settings. This book examines the both the principles and practice of modern operating systems, taking important, high-level concepts all the way down to the level of working code. Because operating systems concepts are among the most difficult in computer science, this top to bottom approach is the only way to really understand and master this important material.

Download or read book AI for Computer Architecture written by Lizhong Chen and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Artificial intelligence has already enabled pivotal advances in diverse fields, yet its impact on computer architecture has only just begun. In particular, recent work has explored broader application to the design, optimization, and simulation of computer architecture. Notably, machine-learning-based strategies often surpass prior state-of-the-art analytical, heuristic, and human-expert approaches. This book reviews the application of machine learning in system-wide simulation and run-time optimization, and in many individual components such as caches/memories, branch predictors, networks-on-chip, and GPUs. The book further analyzes current practice to highlight useful design strategies and identify areas for future work, based on optimized implementation strategies, opportune extensions to existing work, and ambitious long term possibilities. Taken together, these strategies and techniques present a promising future for increasingly automated computer architecture designs.

Download or read book Architectural Support for Single Address Space Operating Systems written by Eric J. Koldinger and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: "Recent microprocessor announcements show a trend toward wide-address computers: architectures that support 64 bits of virtual address space. Such architectures facilitate fundamentally new operating system organizations that promote efficient data sharing and cooperation, both between complex applications and between parts of the operating system itself. One such organization is the single address space operating system, in which all the processes run within a single global virtual address space; protection is provided not through conventional address space boundaries, but through protection domains that dictate which pages of the global address space a process can reference. This paper focuses on the architectural implications of single address space operating systems, specificially the interaction between the memory system architecture and the operating system's use of addressing and protection. Our purpose is to explore certain architectural opportunities created by single address space systems by evaluating two protection models that support them. The first provides protection on a per-page, per-domain basis; we define the protection lookaside buffer, a hardware structure that implements this model. The second provides protection on a page-group basis; this model is implemented in the Hewlett-Packard PA-RISC architecture."

Download or read book Quantum Computer Systems written by Yongshan Ding and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book targets computer scientists and engineers who are familiar with concepts in classical computer systems but are curious to learn the general architecture of quantum computing systems. It gives a concise presentation of this new paradigm of computing from a computer systems' point of view without assuming any background in quantum mechanics. As such, it is divided into two parts. The first part of the book provides a gentle overview on the fundamental principles of the quantum theory and their implications for computing. The second part is devoted to state-of-the-art research in designing practical quantum programs, building a scalable software systems stack, and controlling quantum hardware components. Most chapters end with a summary and an outlook for future directions. This book celebrates the remarkable progress that scientists across disciplines have made in the past decades and reveals what roles computer scientists and engineers can play to enable practical-scale quantum computing.

Download or read book Compiling Algorithms for Heterogeneous Systems written by Steven Bell and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most emerging applications in imaging and machine learning must perform immense amounts of computation while holding to strict limits on energy and power. To meet these goals, architects are building increasingly specialized compute engines tailored for these specific tasks. The resulting computer systems are heterogeneous, containing multiple processing cores with wildly different execution models. Unfortunately, the cost of producing this specialized hardware—and the software to control it—is astronomical. Moreover, the task of porting algorithms to these heterogeneous machines typically requires that the algorithm be partitioned across the machine and rewritten for each specific architecture, which is time consuming and prone to error. Over the last several years, the authors have approached this problem using domain-specific languages (DSLs): high-level programming languages customized for specific domains, such as database manipulation, machine learning, or image processing. By giving up generality, these languages are able to provide high-level abstractions to the developer while producing high-performance output. The purpose of this book is to spur the adoption and the creation of domain-specific languages, especially for the task of creating hardware designs. In the first chapter, a short historical journey explains the forces driving computer architecture today. Chapter 2 describes the various methods for producing designs for accelerators, outlining the push for more abstraction and the tools that enable designers to work at a higher conceptual level. From there, Chapter 3 provides a brief introduction to image processing algorithms and hardware design patterns for implementing them. Chapters 4 and 5 describe and compare Darkroom and Halide, two domain-specific languages created for image processing that produce high-performance designs for both FPGAs and CPUs from the same source code, enabling rapid design cycles and quick porting of algorithms. The final section describes how the DSL approach also simplifies the problem of interfacing between application code and the accelerator by generating the driver stack in addition to the accelerator configuration. This book should serve as a useful introduction to domain-specialized computing for computer architecture students and as a primer on domain-specific languages and image processing hardware for those with more experience in the field.

Download or read book Principles of Secure Processor Architecture Design written by Jakub Szefer and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With growing interest in computer security and the protection of the code and data which execute on commodity computers, the amount of hardware security features in today's processors has increased significantly over the recent years. No longer of just academic interest, security features inside processors have been embraced by industry as well, with a number of commercial secure processor architectures available today. This book aims to give readers insights into the principles behind the design of academic and commercial secure processor architectures. Secure processor architecture research is concerned with exploring and designing hardware features inside computer processors, features which can help protect confidentiality and integrity of the code and data executing on the processor. Unlike traditional processor architecture research that focuses on performance, efficiency, and energy as the first-order design objectives, secure processor architecture design has security as the first-order design objective (while still keeping the others as important design aspects that need to be considered). This book aims to present the different challenges of secure processor architecture design to graduate students interested in research on architecture and hardware security and computer architects working in industry interested in adding security features to their designs. It aims to educate readers about how the different challenges have been solved in the past and what are the best practices, i.e., the principles, for design of new secure processor architectures. Based on the careful review of past work by many computer architects and security researchers, readers also will come to know the five basic principles needed for secure processor architecture design. The book also presents existing research challenges and potential new research directions. Finally, this book presents numerous design suggestions, as well as discusses pitfalls and fallacies that designers should avoid.

Download or read book Deep Learning Systems written by Andres Rodriguez and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes deep learning systems: the algorithms, compilers, and processor components to efficiently train and deploy deep learning models for commercial applications. The exponential growth in computational power is slowing at a time when the amount of compute consumed by state-of-the-art deep learning (DL) workloads is rapidly growing. Model size, serving latency, and power constraints are a significant challenge in the deployment of DL models for many applications. Therefore, it is imperative to codesign algorithms, compilers, and hardware to accelerate advances in this field with holistic system-level and algorithm solutions that improve performance, power, and efficiency. Advancing DL systems generally involves three types of engineers: (1) data scientists that utilize and develop DL algorithms in partnership with domain experts, such as medical, economic, or climate scientists; (2) hardware designers that develop specialized hardware to accelerate the components in the DL models; and (3) performance and compiler engineers that optimize software to run more efficiently on a given hardware. Hardware engineers should be aware of the characteristics and components of production and academic models likely to be adopted by industry to guide design decisions impacting future hardware. Data scientists should be aware of deployment platform constraints when designing models. Performance engineers should support optimizations across diverse models, libraries, and hardware targets. The purpose of this book is to provide a solid understanding of (1) the design, training, and applications of DL algorithms in industry; (2) the compiler techniques to map deep learning code to hardware targets; and (3) the critical hardware features that accelerate DL systems. This book aims to facilitate co-innovation for the advancement of DL systems. It is written for engineers working in one or more of these areas who seek to understand the entire system stack in order to better collaborate with engineers working in other parts of the system stack. The book details advancements and adoption of DL models in industry, explains the training and deployment process, describes the essential hardware architectural features needed for today's and future models, and details advances in DL compilers to efficiently execute algorithms across various hardware targets. Unique in this book is the holistic exposition of the entire DL system stack, the emphasis on commercial applications, and the practical techniques to design models and accelerate their performance. The author is fortunate to work with hardware, software, data scientist, and research teams across many high-technology companies with hyperscale data centers. These companies employ many of the examples and methods provided throughout the book.

Download or read book Parallel Processing 1980 to 2020 written by Robert Kuhn and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This historical survey of parallel processing from 1980 to 2020 is a follow-up to the authors’ 1981 Tutorial on Parallel Processing, which covered the state of the art in hardware, programming languages, and applications. Here, we cover the evolution of the field since 1980 in: parallel computers, ranging from the Cyber 205 to clusters now approaching an exaflop, to multicore microprocessors, and Graphic Processing Units (GPUs) in commodity personal devices; parallel programming notations such as OpenMP, MPI message passing, and CUDA streaming notation; and seven parallel applications, such as finite element analysis and computer vision. Some things that looked like they would be major trends in 1981, such as big Single Instruction Multiple Data arrays disappeared for some time but have been revived recently in deep neural network processors. There are now major trends that did not exist in 1980, such as GPUs, distributed memory machines, and parallel processing in nearly every commodity device. This book is intended for those that already have some knowledge of parallel processing today and want to learn about the history of the three areas. In parallel hardware, every major parallel architecture type from 1980 has scaled-up in performance and scaled-out into commodity microprocessors and GPUs, so that every personal and embedded device is a parallel processor. There has been a confluence of parallel architecture types into hybrid parallel systems. Much of the impetus for change has been Moore’s Law, but as clock speed increases have stopped and feature size decreases have slowed down, there has been increased demand on parallel processing to continue performance gains. In programming notations and compilers, we observe that the roots of today’s programming notations existed before 1980. And that, through a great deal of research, the most widely used programming notations today, although the result of much broadening of these roots, remain close to target system architectures allowing the programmer to almost explicitly use the target’s parallelism to the best of their ability. The parallel versions of applications directly or indirectly impact nearly everyone, computer expert or not, and parallelism has brought about major breakthroughs in numerous application areas. Seven parallel applications are studied in this book.

Download or read book Computer Programming and Architecture written by Henry Levy and published by Digital Press. This book was released on 2014-06-28 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Takes a unique systems approach to programming and architecture of the VAX Using the VAX as a detailed example, the first half of this book offers a complete course in assembly language programming. The second describes higher-level systems issues in computer architecture. Highlights include the VAX assembler and debugger, other modern architectures such as RISCs, multiprocessing and parallel computing, microprogramming, caches and translation buffers, and an appendix on the Berkeley UNIX assembler.

Download or read book The Datacenter as a Computer written by Luiz André Barroso and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes warehouse-scale computers (WSCs), the computing platforms that power cloud computing and all the great web services we use every day. It discusses how these new systems treat the datacenter itself as one massive computer designed at warehouse scale, with hardware and software working in concert to deliver good levels of internet service performance. The book details the architecture of WSCs and covers the main factors influencing their design, operation, and cost structure, and the characteristics of their software base. Each chapter contains multiple real-world examples, including detailed case studies and previously unpublished details of the infrastructure used to power Google's online services. Targeted at the architects and programmers of today's WSCs, this book provides a great foundation for those looking to innovate in this fascinating and important area, but the material will also be broadly interesting to those who just want to understand the infrastructure powering the internet. The third edition reflects four years of advancements since the previous edition and nearly doubles the number of pictures and figures. New topics range from additional workloads like video streaming, machine learning, and public cloud to specialized silicon accelerators, storage and network building blocks, and a revised discussion of data center power and cooling, and uptime. Further discussions of emerging trends and opportunities ensure that this revised edition will remain an essential resource for educators and professionals working on the next generation of WSCs.