Download or read book Appropriating the Weather written by Robert Marc Friedman and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2018-07-05 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, Robert Marc Friedman analyzes the revolution in the theory and practice of meteorology during the first quarter of the twentieth century, initiated by Vilhelm Bjerknes (1862–1951) and his collaborators. In contrast to the approach that had dominated meteorology since the late nineteenth century, their weather models and forecasting techniques marked a decisive turn to a dynamical–physical understanding of the atmosphere. Using a wide range of sources, both published and unpublished, Friedman traces the emergence of the new, so-called Bergen methodology and the process by which it transformed first Norwegian and then worldwide weather forecasting. The establishment of the new meteorology, he argues, was the result of a complaex interaction of scientific, social, and technological factors, and he gives special emphasis to the way in which Bjerknes adapted his mechanical physics of the atmosphere to benefit commercial purposes. By providing more reliable forecasts for farmers, fishermen, and especially for aviators, Bjerknes was able to nurture a school of disciples that could evert a profound influence on the international meteorological community, thereby increasing his own authority and that of the discipline he sought to shape. Friedman does an unusually subtle job of integrating the often opposing methods of the history and the sociology of science. He explains in detail how Bjerknes, a theoretical physicist, and his collaborators developed a new model of cyclone evolution and the first clear physical explanation of how weather happens. At the same time, Friedman demonstrates how conceptual change was interconnected with the Bergen school's striving to obtain political support at home and to dominate professional meteorology abroad. Appropriating the Weather is an invaluable contribution to our understanding of the processes in which scientific, institutional, and social factors interact to form scientific disciplines. It deserves wide readership among historians and sociologists of science and science policy makers, as well as meteorologists and other geophysical scientists. Winner of the Louis J. Battan Author's Award (American Meteorological Society) Winner of the Jehuda Neumann Memorial Prize for History (Royal Meteorological Society) One of eight classics of 20th-century continental European history of science (Isis, History of Science Society)
Download or read book Inventing Atmospheric Science written by James Rodger Fleming and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2016-02-05 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This big picture history of atmospheric research examines the first six decades of the twentieth century, from the dawn of applied fluid dynamics to the emergence, by 1960, of the interdisciplinary atmospheric sciences. Using newly available archival sources, it documents the work of three interconnected generations of scientists: Vilhelm Bjerknes, Carl-Gustaf Rossby, and Harry Wexler, whose aspirations were fueled by new theoretical insights, pressing societal needs, and expanded technological capabilities. Radio, radar, aviation, nuclear tracers, digital computing, sounding rockets, and satellites provided new ways to measure and study the global atmosphere -- a huge and dauntingly complex system. Bjerknes brought us a fundamental circulation theorem and founded the Bergen school of weather forecasting; Rossby established the graduate schools of meteorology at M.I.T., Chicago, and Stockholm, which focused on upper-air dynamics and, after 1947, on atmospheric environmental issues; and Wexler brought all the new technologies into the U.S. Weather Bureau and, with his colleague Jule Charney, prepared the foundations for the emergence of the interdisciplinary atmospheric sciences. This history weaves together cold war studies, military history, the rise of government research and development, and aviation and aeronautics with a nascent global awareness. It is a fascinating history of something we all experience--the weather --told through compelling historical characters"--Provided by publisher.
Download or read book Inventing Atmospheric Science written by James Rodger Fleming and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2016-02-10 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How scientists used transformative new technologies to understand the complexities of weather and the atmosphere, told through the intertwined careers of three key figures. “The goal of meteorology is to portray everything atmospheric, everywhere, always,” declared John Bellamy and Harry Wexler in 1960, soon after the successful launch of TIROS 1, the first weather satellite. Throughout the twentieth century, meteorological researchers have had global ambitions, incorporating technological advances into their scientific study as they worked to link theory with practice. Wireless telegraphy, radio, aviation, nuclear tracers, rockets, digital computers, and Earth-orbiting satellites opened up entirely new research horizons for meteorologists. In this book, James Fleming charts the emergence of the interdisciplinary field of atmospheric science through the lives and careers of three key figures: Vilhelm Bjerknes (1862–1951), Carl-Gustaf Rossby (1898–1957), and Harry Wexler (1911–1962). In the early twentieth century, Bjerknes worked to put meteorology on solid observational and theoretical foundations. His younger colleague, the innovative and influential Rossby, built the first graduate program in meteorology (at MIT), trained aviation cadets during World War II, and was a pioneer in numerical weather prediction and atmospheric chemistry. Wexler, one of Rossby's best students, became head of research at the U.S. Weather Bureau, where he developed new technologies from radar and rockets to computers and satellites, conducted research on the Antarctic ice sheet, and established carbon dioxide measurements at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. He was also the first meteorologist to fly into a hurricane—an experience he chose never to repeat. Fleming maps both the ambitions of an evolving field and the constraints that checked them—war, bureaucracy, economic downturns, and, most important, the ultimate realization (prompted by the formulation of chaos theory in the 1960s by Edward Lorenz) that perfectly accurate measurements and forecasts would never be possible.
Download or read book Department of Agriculture Appropriation Bill written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations and published by . This book was released on 1938 with total page 1608 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Agricultural Department Appropriation Bill for 1939 written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations and published by . This book was released on 1938 with total page 1608 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Agricultural Appropriation Bill written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Appropriations and published by . This book was released on 1923 with total page 926 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
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Download or read book Agricultural Appropriation Bill 1927 Hearings Before 69 1 on H R 8264 written by United States. Congress. Senate. Appropriations Committee and published by . This book was released on 1923 with total page 664 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
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Download or read book Agricultural Appropriation Bill for 1938 Hearings Before 75 1 on H R 6523 written by United States. Congress. Senate. Appropriations Committee and published by . This book was released on 1937 with total page 958 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
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Download or read book Agricultural Appropriation Bill for 1938 written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Appropriations and published by . This book was released on 1937 with total page 948 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
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Download or read book Hearings Before the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of Agriculture written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Expenditures in the Department of Agriculture and published by . This book was released on 1907 with total page 1194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Second Deficiency Appropriation Bill written by United States. Congress. House. Appropriations and published by . This book was released on 1926 with total page 1244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book First Deficiency Appropriation Bill 1926 written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations and published by . This book was released on 1926 with total page 1904 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Second Deficiency Appropriation Bill 1926 written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations and published by . This book was released on 1926 with total page 1250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
