Download or read book Approaches Models and Issues in Computational Scientific Discovery written by Peter Cheng and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Scientific Discovery in the Social Sciences written by Mark Addis and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-09-12 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume offers selected papers exploring issues arising from scientific discovery in the social sciences. It features a range of disciplines including behavioural sciences, computer science, finance, and statistics with an emphasis on philosophy. The first of the three parts examines methods of social scientific discovery. Chapters investigate the nature of causal analysis, philosophical issues around scale development in behavioural science research, imagination in social scientific practice, and relationships between paradigms of inquiry and scientific fraud. The next part considers the practice of social science discovery. Chapters discuss the lack of genuine scientific discovery in finance where hypotheses concern the cheapness of securities, the logic of scientific discovery in macroeconomics, and the nature of that what discovery with the Solidarity movement as a case study. The final part covers formalising theories in social science. Chapters analyse the abstract model theory of institutions as a way of representing the structure of scientific theories, the semi-automatic generation of cognitive science theories, and computational process models in the social sciences. The volume offers a unique perspective on scientific discovery in the social sciences. It will engage scholars and students with a multidisciplinary interest in the philosophy of science and social science.
Download or read book Computational Discovery of Scientific Knowledge written by Saso Dzeroski and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-08-07 with total page 333 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This survey provides an introduction to computational approaches to the discovery of communicable scientific knowledge and details recent advances. It is partly inspired by the contributions of the International Symposium on Computational Discovery of Communicable Knowledge, held in Stanford, CA, USA in March 2001, a number of additional invited contributions provide coverage of recent research in computational discovery.
Download or read book Computational Scientific Discovery Using Rate based Process Models written by Adam Arvay and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The work discussed in this thesis aims to improve the ability of humankind to understand complex systems by automating the model building process. These techniques fall within the discipline of computational scientific discovery, which has its roots in the early development of artificial intelligence. The approaches developed in this thesis differ from most existing automated model building techniques because they place an emphasis on discovering and expressing models in terms that human beings can easily understand. The primary problem addressed by this work is that many existing computational scientific discovery approaches are too computationally intensive. The proposed solution involves developing a new ratebased process modelling framework. It is based around the idea of using linear regression to estimate parameter values instead of gradient descent. The regression-based parameter estimation algorithm is implemented into a system called Regression-guided Process Modeller (RPM) that is tested on both empirical and synthetic data. Results from testing demonstrate that RPM is able to find models more than 83,000 times faster than the existing state-of-the-art system. This work goes on to describe two major additional improvements to the initial implementation as well as the challenge of creating synthetic data. The first improvement was implemented in the system called APM that allowed an existing known model to be used as the starting point to construct new models that explain unseen data. The second improvement in the system Selection-based Process Modeller (SPM) changed the search technique from a greedy technique to a backwards selection based heuristic. Empirical evidence is provided to demonstrate the effect of the improvements compared to the initial system RPM. Synthetic models and data are necessary to evaluate the discovery stems and their creation requires overcoming many of the challenges that computational scientific discovery is intended to automate. The new modelling framework, and the subsequent working discovery systems RPM, APM and SPM, provide a proof of concept that rate-based process modelling framework can find models more efficiently that previous approaches. These initial systems provide a starting point for the application of the ratebased process modelling framework as a computational scientific discovery tool to real-world dynamic systems.
Download or read book Scientific Discovery written by Pat Langley and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1987 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scientific discovery is often regarded as romantic and creative--and hence unanalyzable--whereas the everyday process of verifying discoveries is sober and more suited to analysis. Yet this fascinating exploration of how scientific work proceeds argues that however sudden the moment of discovery may seem, the discovery process can be described and modeled. Using the methods and concepts of contemporary information-processing psychology (or cognitive science) the authors develop a series of artificial-intelligence programs that can simulate the human thought processes used to discover scientific laws. The programs--BACON, DALTON, GLAUBER, and STAHL--are all largely data-driven, that is, when presented with series of chemical or physical measurements they search for uniformities and linking elements, generating and checking hypotheses and creating new concepts as they go along. Scientific Discovery examines the nature of scientific research and reviews the arguments for and against a normative theory of discovery; describes the evolution of the BACON programs, which discover quantitative empirical laws and invent new concepts; presents programs that discover laws in qualitative and quantitative data; and ties the results together, suggesting how a combined and extended program might find research problems, invent new instruments, and invent appropriate problem representations. Numerous prominent historical examples of discoveries from physics and chemistry are used as tests for the programs and anchor the discussion concretely in the history of science.
Download or read book Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society written by Cognitive Science Society (US) Conference and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2014-05-12 with total page 1204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume features the complete text of all regular papers, posters, and summaries of symposia presented at the 14th annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society.
Download or read book Mathematical and Computational Approaches in Advancing Modern Science and Engineering written by Jacques Bélair and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-10 with total page 777 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focusing on five main groups of interdisciplinary problems, this book covers a wide range of topics in mathematical modeling, computational science and applied mathematics. It presents a wealth of new results in the development of modeling theories and methods, advancing diverse areas of applications and promoting interdisciplinary interactions between mathematicians, scientists, engineers and representatives from other disciplines. The book offers a valuable source of methods, ideas, and tools developed for a variety of disciplines, including the natural and social sciences, medicine, engineering, and technology. Original results are presented on both the fundamental and applied level, accompanied by an ample number of real-world problems and examples emphasizing the interdisciplinary nature and universality of mathematical modeling, and providing an excellent outline of today’s challenges. Mathematical modeling, with applied and computational methods and tools, plays a fundamental role in modern science and engineering. It provides a primary and ubiquitous tool in the context making new discoveries, as well as in the development of new theories and techniques for solving key problems arising in scientific and engineering applications. The contributions, which are the product of two highly successful meetings held jointly in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada on the main campus of Wilfrid Laurier University in June 2015, i.e. the International Conference on Applied Mathematics, Modeling and Computational Science, and the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Applied and Industrial Mathematics (CAIMS), make the book a valuable resource for any reader interested in a broader overview of the methods, ideas and tools involved in mathematical and computational approaches developed for other disciplines, including the natural and social sciences, engineering and technology.
Download or read book The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Computing and Information written by Luciano Floridi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Guide provides an ambitious state-of-the-art survey of the fundamental themes, problems, arguments and theories constituting the philosophy of computing. A complete guide to the philosophy of computing and information. Comprises 26 newly-written chapters by leading international experts. Provides a complete, critical introduction to the field. Each chapter combines careful scholarship with an engaging writing style. Includes an exhaustive glossary of technical terms. Ideal as a course text, but also of interest to researchers and general readers.
Download or read book Data Driven Modeling Scientific Computation written by Jose Nathan Kutz and published by . This book was released on 2013-08-08 with total page 657 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Combining scientific computing methods and algorithms with modern data analysis techniques, including basic applications of compressive sensing and machine learning, this book develops techniques that allow for the integration of the dynamics of complex systems and big data. MATLAB is used throughout for mathematical solution strategies.
Download or read book A Framework for Scientific Discovery through Video Games written by Seth Cooper and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2014-07-01 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As science becomes increasingly computational, the limits of what is computationally tractable become a barrier to scientific progress. Many scientific problems, however, are amenable to human problem solving skills that complement computational power. By leveraging these skills on a larger scale---beyond the relatively few individuals currently engaged in scientific inquiry---there is the potential for new scientific discoveries. This book presents a framework for mapping open scientific problems into video games. The game framework combines computational power with human problem solving and creativity to work toward solving scientific problems that neither computers nor humans could previously solve alone. To maximize the potential contributors to scientific discovery, the framework designs a game to be played by people with no formal scientific background and incentivizes long-term engagement with a myriad of collaborative or competitive reward structures. The framework allows for the continual coevolution of the players and the game to each other: as players gain expertise through gameplay, the game changes to become a better tool. The framework is validated by being applied to proteomics problems with the video game Foldit. Foldit players have contributed to novel discoveries in protein structure prediction, protein design, and protein structure refinement algorithms. The coevolution of human problem solving and computer tools in an incentivized game framework is an exciting new scientific pathway that can lead to discoveries currently unreachable by other methods.
Download or read book The Fourth Paradigm written by Anthony J. G. Hey and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Foreword. A transformed scientific method. Earth and environment. Health and wellbeing. Scientific infrastructure. Scholarly communication.
Download or read book Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society written by Michael G. Shafto and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 1997 with total page 1138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume features the complete text of the material presented at the Nineteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Papers have been loosely grouped by topic and an author index is provided in the back. As in previous years, the symposium included an interesting mixture of papers on many topics from researchers with diverse backgrounds and different goals, presenting a multifaceted view of cognitive science. In hopes of facilitating searches of this work, an electronic index on the Internet's World Wide Web is provided. Titles, authors, and summaries of all the papers published here have been placed in an online database which may be freely searched by anyone. You can reach the web site at: www-csli.stanford.edu/cogsci97.
Download or read book The Cognitive Science of Science written by Paul Thagard and published by MIT Press (MA). This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thagard examines scientific development from the interdisciplinary perspective of cognitive science. Cognitive science combines insights from: philosophers analyze historical cases, psychologists carry out behavioral experiments, neuroscientists perform brain scans, and computer modelers write programs that simulate thought processes.
Download or read book Computational Philosophy of Science written by Paul Thagard and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1988 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By applying research in artificial intelligence to problems in the philosophy of science, Paul Thagard develops an exciting new approach to the study of scientific reasoning. This approach uses computational ideas to shed light on how scientific theories are discovered, evaluated, and used in explanations. Thagard describes a detailed computational model of problem solving and discovery that provides a conceptually rich yet rigorous alternative to accounts of scientific knowledge based on formal logic, and he uses it to illuminate such topics as the nature of concepts, hypothesis formation, analogy, and theory justification.
Download or read book Exploring Science written by David Klahr and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2000 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: David Klahr suggests that we now know enough about cognition--and hence about everyday thinking--to advance our understanding of scientific thinking.
Download or read book Scientific Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery written by Mohamed Medhat Gaber and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-09-19 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mohamed Medhat Gaber “It is not my aim to surprise or shock you – but the simplest way I can summarise is to say that there are now in the world machines that think, that learn and that create. Moreover, their ability to do these things is going to increase rapidly until – in a visible future – the range of problems they can handle will be coextensive with the range to which the human mind has been applied” by Herbert A. Simon (1916-2001) 1Overview This book suits both graduate students and researchers with a focus on discovering knowledge from scienti c data. The use of computational power for data analysis and knowledge discovery in scienti c disciplines has found its roots with the re- lution of high-performance computing systems. Computational science in physics, chemistry, and biology represents the rst step towards automation of data analysis tasks. The rational behind the developmentof computationalscience in different - eas was automating mathematical operations performed in those areas. There was no attention paid to the scienti c discovery process. Automated Scienti c Disc- ery (ASD) [1–3] represents the second natural step. ASD attempted to automate the process of theory discovery supported by studies in philosophy of science and cognitive sciences. Although early research articles have shown great successes, the area has not evolved due to many reasons. The most important reason was the lack of interaction between scientists and the automating systems.
Download or read book The Future of Scientific Knowledge Discovery in Open Networked Environments written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-01-13 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Digital technologies and networks are now part of everyday work in the sciences, and have enhanced access to and use of scientific data, information, and literature significantly. They offer the promise of accelerating the discovery and communication of knowledge, both within the scientific community and in the broader society, as scientific data and information are made openly available online. The focus of this project was on computer-mediated or computational scientific knowledge discovery, taken broadly as any research processes enabled by digital computing technologies. Such technologies may include data mining, information retrieval and extraction, artificial intelligence, distributed grid computing, and others. These technological capabilities support computer-mediated knowledge discovery, which some believe is a new paradigm in the conduct of research. The emphasis was primarily on digitally networked data, rather than on the scientific, technical, and medical literature. The meeting also focused mostly on the advantages of knowledge discovery in open networked environments, although some of the disadvantages were raised as well. The workshop brought together a set of stakeholders in this area for intensive and structured discussions. The purpose was not to make a final declaration about the directions that should be taken, but to further the examination of trends in computational knowledge discovery in the open networked environments, based on the following questions and tasks: 1. Opportunities and Benefits: What are the opportunities over the next 5 to 10 years associated with the use of computer-mediated scientific knowledge discovery across disciplines in the open online environment? What are the potential benefits to science and society of such techniques? 2. Techniques and Methods for Development and Study of Computer-mediated Scientific Knowledge Discovery: What are the techniques and methods used in government, academia, and industry to study and understand these processes, the validity and reliability of their results, and their impact inside and outside science? 3. Barriers: What are the major scientific, technological, institutional, sociological, and policy barriers to computer-mediated scientific knowledge discovery in the open online environment within the scientific community? What needs to be known and studied about each of these barriers to help achieve the opportunities for interdisciplinary science and complex problem solving? 4. Range of Options: Based on the results obtained in response to items 1-3, define a range of options that can be used by the sponsors of the project, as well as other similar organizations, to obtain and promote a better understanding of the computer-mediated scientific knowledge discovery processes and mechanisms for openly available data and information online across the scientific domains. The objective of defining these options is to improve the activities of the sponsors (and other similar organizations) and the activities of researchers that they fund externally in this emerging research area. The Future of Scientific Knowledge Discovery in Open Networked Environments: Summary of a Workshop summarizes the responses to these questions and tasks at hand.
