Download or read book Applicability of Alkaline Hydrolysis for Remediation of TNT contaminated Water written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 4511 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Alkaline Hydrolysis of Explosives written by Catherine Elizabeth VanEngelen and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, ammunitions testing and manufacturing facilities must transform unused explosives into non-hazardous materials for disposal. 2,4,6- trinitrotoluene (TNT) is an explosive that has been found as a soil and groundwater contaminant at numerous ammunitions testing sites. Unused quantities of nitrocellulose (NC), another explosive, have also been accumulating at ammunitions manufacturing facilities. Transformation of both TNT and NC to non-explosive compounds has been studied using either chemical or biological approaches, each with limited success. With respect to TNT, the use of alkaline hydrolysis (degradation at high pH) as a chemical treatment had been tested at room temperature (20°C) under conditions where the hydroxide concentration exceeded that of TNT (pH> 10). These high hydroxide conditions were not directly amenable to biological treatment of the hydrolysis products. This study found that alkaline hydrolysis was effective for complete degradation of TNT at elevated temperatures (60°C and 80°C) when the concentration of TNT was less than the hydroxide concentration (pH 9 and 10). The resulting solution, or hydrolysate, contained no TNT. This hydrolysate was used as the carbon and nitrogen source for an aerobic bacterial enrichment from the Bozeman wastewater treatment plant. With respect to NC, the back-log of accumulated NC necessitates a degradation method that will process high NC concentrations (200g/L). Alkaline hydrolysis at 60°C was used with very high hydroxide concentrations to rapidly degrade high concentrations of NC, producing high nitrate and nitrite concentrations. The NC hydrolysate was neutralized and spiked into a denitrifying culture which was able to reduce both nitrate and nitrite. The goal of this work was to develop a dual component chemical-biological system for complete degradation of the explosives TNT and NC, which was achieved using alkaline hydrolysis as the chemical component and bacterial wastewater treatment enrichments as the biological component.
Download or read book Evaluation of the Alkaline Hydrolysis as a Possible Remediation Treatment for CL 20 Contaminated Water written by Lara Cristina Santiago Rodríguez and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Remediation of RDX contaminated Water Using Alkaline Hydrolysis written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Physico chemical Treatment of Water Contaminated with the High Explosives RDX and HMX Using Activated Carbon Adsorption and Alkaline Hydrolysis written by Harro M. Heilmann and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Physico chemical Treatment of Water Contaminated with RDX and HMX Using Activated Carbon Adsorption and Alkaline Hydrolysis written by Harro M. Heilmann and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Alkaline Hydrolysis is an Effective Treatment Technology for RDX Contaminated Groundwater written by Deborah R. Felt and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Kinetics and treatability of alkaline hydrolysis were investigated in batch reactor and continuous flow-stirred tank reactor (CFSTR) for remediating groundwater contaminated with hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). The batch system (pH 11 to 13, RDX 1 to 10 mg/L) achieved pseudo first-order RDX transformation rates in the range of 0.2 to 47.5 min-1, corresponding to 57.8 to 0.2 hrs of half-life period, respectively. In the CFSTR system (pH 11 to 11.9, HRT 0.54 to 2 days), the best alkaline RDX transformation was achieved a 99% RDX removal with the longest HRT and the highest reaction pH. Formate ({approx}2 M/M RDXremoved) and nitrite ({approx}0.2 M/M RDXremoved) were produced as the major hydrolysates, indicative of a simultaneous transformation mechanism by RDX ring cleavage and ring nitrogen elimination. The net OH- demand was found to be 1.5, 390 and 130 M OH-/M RDXremoved at the pH of 11.9, 11.5 and 11.0, respectively, in the CFSTR system.
Download or read book Handbook of Bioremediation written by Mirza Hasanuzzaman and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-10-18 with total page 766 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Bioremediation: Physiological, Molecular and Biotechnological Interventions discusses the mechanisms of responding to inorganic and organic pollutants in the environment using different approaches of phytoremediation and bioremediation. Part One focuses specifically on inorganic pollutants and the use of techniques such as metallothionein-assisted remediation, phytoextraction and genetic manipulation. Part Two covers organic pollutants and consider topics such as plant enzymes, antioxidant defense systems and the remediation mechanisms of different plant species. This comprehensive volume is a must-read for researchers interested in plant science, agriculture, soil science and environmental science. The techniques covered in this book will ensure scientists have the knowledge to practice effective bioremediation techniques themselves. Provides a comprehensive review of the latest advances in bioremediation of organic and inorganic pollutants Discusses a range of different phytoremediation techniques Evaluates the role of genomics and bioinformatics within bioremediation
Download or read book Handbook of Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Treatment written by Lawrence K. Wang and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2004-06-29 with total page 1368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presenting effective, practicable strategies modeled from ultramodern technologies and framed by the critical insights of 78 field experts, this vastly expanded Second Edition offers 32 chapters of industry- and waste-specific analyses and treatment methods for industrial and hazardous waste materials-from explosive wastes to landfill leachate to w
Download or read book Natural Attenuation for Groundwater Remediation written by Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-08-31 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past decade, officials responsible for clean-up of contaminated groundwater have increasingly turned to natural attenuation-essentially allowing naturally occurring processes to reduce the toxic potential of contaminants-versus engineered solutions. This saves both money and headaches. To the people in surrounding communities, though, it can appear that clean-up officials are simply walking away from contaminated sites. When is natural attenuation the appropriate approach to a clean-up? This book presents the consensus of a diverse committee, informed by the views of researchers, regulators, and community activists. The committee reviews the likely effectiveness of natural attenuation with different classes of contaminants-and describes how to evaluate the "footprints" of natural attenuation at a site to determine whether natural processes will provide adequate clean-up. Included are recommendations for regulatory change. The committee emphasizes the importance of the public's belief and attitudes toward remediation and provides guidance on involving community stakeholders throughout the clean-up process. The book explores how contamination occurs, explaining concepts and terms, and includes case studies from the Hanford nuclear site, military bases, as well as other sites. It provides historical background and important data on clean-up processes and goes on to offer critical reviews of 14 published protocols for evaluating natural attenuation.
Download or read book Microbial and Natural Macromolecules written by Surajit Das and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-09-15 with total page 864 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial and Natural Macromolecules: Synthesis and Applications brings together active scientists and academicians in the field who share updated information and research outcomes from global experts. Microbial macromolecular diversity, molecular composure, genetics, usability of advanced molecular tools and techniques for their study as well as their applicability are discussed with detailed research perspectives. - Illustrates fundamental discoveries and methodological advancements - Discusses novel functional attributes of macromolecules - Updates progress on microbial macromolecular research
Download or read book Microbial Metabolism of Xenobiotic Compounds written by Pankaj Kumar Arora and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-06-27 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Xenobiotic compounds including pesticides, nitrophenols, pyridine, polycyclic aromatic compounds and polychlorinated biphenyls are widely spread in environment due to anthropogenic activities. Most of them are highly toxic to living beings due to their mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. Therefore, the removal of these compounds from environment is an essential step for environmental sustainability. Microbial remediation has emerged as an effective technology for degradation of these xenobiotic compounds as microorganisms have unique ability to utilize these compounds as their sole source of carbon and energy. The primary goal of this book is to provide detailed information of microbial degradation of many xenobiotic compounds in various microorganisms.
Download or read book Green Energetic Materials written by Tore Brinck and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-01-15 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive book presents a detailed account of research and recent developments in the field of green energetic materials, including pyrotechnics, explosives and propellants. This area is attracting increasing interest in the community as it undergoes a transition from using traditional processes, to more environmentally-friendly procedures. The book covers the entire line of research from the initial theoretical modelling and design of new materials, to the development of sustainable manufacturing processes. It also addresses materials that have already reached the production line, as well as considering future developments in this evolving field.
Download or read book Ecotoxicology of Explosives written by Geoffrey I. Sunahara and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-06-01 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Managing sites contaminated with munitions constituents is an international challenge. Although the choice of approach and the use of Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) tools may vary from country to country, the assurance of quality and the direction of ecotoxicological research are universally recognized as shared concerns. Drawing on a multidiscip
Download or read book Toxicity of Nitroaromatic Compounds written by Douglas E. Rickert and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1985-01-01 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biodegradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds written by Jim C. Spain and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-21 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the past five years increased awareness of environmental contamination by nitroaromatic compounds has led to a dramatic increase in research on their biodegradation. The resulting discoveries have markedly extended our understanding of degradation mecha nisms and pathways in bacteria and fungi. Futhermore, this new basic knowledge promises the development of field applications of biodegradation systems for nitroaromatic com pounds. In May of 1994, an International Symposium on the Biodegradation of Nitro aromatic Compounds was held in Las Vegas, Nevada. This symposium brought together the scientists at the frontiers of research into the biodegradation of nitro aromatic compounds. The invited speakers were asked to review their area of expertise and write a critical, comprehensive synthesis of their work and related work by others. This book is the result of their efforts. The emphasis of the reviews is on basic research in biodegradation and biotransfor mation. Therefore, the reactions of nitroaromatic compounds in plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, soil, and even nonbiological systems are considered. The goal of the work is to provide the reader with an appreciation of the tremendous range of possibilities for metabolism of aromatic nitro compounds and the experimental approaches used to understand them. This volume should be of interest to biochemists, microbiologists, engineers, toxicologists, and anyone interested in the behavior of synthetic chemicals in the environment or in living systems. Furthermore, a variety of commercial applications can be envisioned for some of the reactions described here.
Download or read book Military Aspects of Hydrogeology written by Edward P. F. Rose and published by Geological Society of London. This book was released on 2012 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains 20 papers from authors in the UK, USA, Germany and Austria. Historically, it gives examples of the influence of groundwater on battlefield tactics and fortress construction; describes how groundwater was developed for water supply and overcome as an obstacle to military engineering and cross-country vehicular movement by both sides in World Wars I and II; and culminates with examples of the application of hydrogeology to site boreholes in recent conflicts, notably in Afghanistan. Examples of current research described include hydrological model development; the impact of variations in soil moisture on explosive threat detection and cross-country vehicle mobility; contamination arising from defence sites and its remediation; privatization of water supplies; and the equitable allocation of resources derived from an international transboundary aquifer.
