Download or read book Antenna Calibration and Energy Measurement of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays with the Auger Engineering Radio Array written by Klaus Frank Weidenhaupt and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Instruments and Methods for the Radio Detection of High Energy Cosmic Rays written by Frank Schröder and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-14 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cosmic rays consist of elementary particles with enormous energy which originate from outside our solar system and constantly hit the Earth’s atmosphere. Where do these cosmic rays originate? How does nature accelerate the cosmic-ray particles to energies with orders of magnitude beyond the limits of manmade particle accelerators? What can we learn by measuring the interactions of the cosmic rays with the atmosphere? Digital radio-antenna arrays offer a promising, complementary measurement method for high-energy cosmic rays. This thesis reports on substantial advances in the development of the radio technique, which will be used to address these questions in future experiments.
Download or read book Introduction To Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Ray Physics written by Pierre Sokolsky and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-10-26 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This revised edition provides an up-to-date summary of the field of ultra-high energy cosmic rays, dealing with their origin, propagation, and composition,. The authors reflect the enormous strides made since the first edition in the realm of experimental work, in particular the use of vastly improved, more sensitive and precise detectors. The level remains introductory and pedagogical, suitable for students and researchers interested in moving into this exciting field. Throughout the text, the authors focus on giving an introductory overview of the key physics issues, followed by a clear and concise description of experimental approaches and current results. Key Features: Updates the most coherent summary of the field available, with new text that provides the reader with clear historical context. Brand new discussion of contemporary space-based experiments and ideas for extending ground-based detectors. Completely new discussion of radio detection methods. Includes a new chapter on small to intermediate-scale anisotropy. Offers new sections on modern hadronic models and software packages to simulate showers.
Download or read book Design Calibration and Early Results of a Surface Array for Detection of Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays written by Patrick S. Allison and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The difficulties in understanding cosmic rays at ultrahigh energies have been a persistent problem in particle astrophysics for almost 50 years, due to insufficient statistics and large systematic errors. The design of a surface array for the Pierre Auger Observatory, which was intended to resolve these problems, will be discussed, along with its calibration. The surface detector is an array of 1600 water Cherenkov detectors, spaced 1.5 km apart for a total area of 3000 km2, planned to operate continuously for 20 years. The detectors therefore must be inexpensive, low power, easy to deploy, and have a high reliability. Each surface detector station is required to make a high precision measurement of the signal density produced by the air showers induced by cosmic rays over a wide dynamic range, and therefore a calibration system was developed for the array which creates a signal response uniform to within 3%. Finally, early results of the cosmic ray energy spectrum will be calculated, along with the future implications of the array for the field of cosmic ray astrophysics as well as physics in general.
Download or read book Emission of Radio Waves in Particle Showers written by Anne Zilles and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-08-08 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis offers the first laboratory validation of microscopic simulations of radio emission from particle showers, including a detailed description of the simulation study. It presents a potential future avenue for resolving the mass composition of cosmic rays via radio detection of air showers. Particle showers are created from cascading interactions when high-energy particles collide with matter, e.g. with air in the case of cosmic radiation, or with a particle detector in the case of experiments at CERN. These showers can consist of billions of particles, mostly electrons, positrons and photons. They emit radio waves when the absorbing medium is in a magnetic field, and this radio emission can be used as a novel means of detecting and drawing inferences on the shower and the primary particle. The new method is currently being established in cosmic ray research, where large antenna arrays may soon replace or complement traditional particle detectors. In thi s study, a complete microscopic simulation of a radio-emission experiment conducted at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Stanford/USA, is performed, and the underlying physical models are validated. The model is subsequently applied to the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) project, which is a large interferometer for radio astronomy. It is demonstrated that the SKA, with some modifications, might also be used for cosmic ray research based on radio detection of high-energy particles from the cosmos.
Download or read book Radio Detection of High energy Cosmic Rays at the Pierre Auger Observatory written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The southern Auger Observatory provides an excellent test bed to study the radio detection of extensive air showers as an alternative, cost-effective, and accurate tool for cosmic-ray physics. The data from the radio setup can be correlated with those from the well-calibrated baseline detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory. Furthermore, human-induced radio noise levels at the southern Auger site are relatively low. We have started an R & D program to test various radio-detection concepts. Our studies will reveal Radio Frequency Interferences (RFI) caused by natural effects such as day-night variations, thunderstorms, and by human-made disturbances. These RFI studies are conducted to optimize detection parameters such as antenna design, frequency interval, antenna spacing and signal processing. The data from our initial setups, which presently consist of typically 3 - 4 antennas, will be used to characterize the shower from radio signals and to optimize the initial concepts. Furthermore, the operation of a large detection array requires autonomous detector stations. The current design is aiming at stations with antennas for two polarizations, solar power, wireless communication, and local trigger logic. The results of this initial phase will provide an important stepping stone for the design of a few tens kilometers square engineering array.
Download or read book Introduction To Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Ray Physics written by Pierre Sokolsky and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-03-08 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cosmic ray physics has recently attracted a great deal of attention from the high energy physics community because of the discovery of new sources and the advent of new techniques. The result of a series of lectures prepared for graduate students and postdoctoral researchers, this book is a general introduction to experimental techniques and results in the field of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays. It succinctly summarizes the rapidly developing field, and provides modern results that include data from newer detectors. Combining experiment and theory, the text explores the results of a single, easy-to-understand experiment to tie together various issues involved in the physics of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays.
Download or read book Measurement of the Energy Spectrum of Cosmic Rays Above 3 X 1017 EV Using the Infill Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory written by Rivera Bretel Hugo Marcelo and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Pierre Auger Observatory, in Argentina, combines a 3000 $\mathrm{km^2}$ surface array of water Cherenkov detectors with fluorescence telescopes to measure extensive air showers initiated by ultra-high energy cosmic rays. This "hybrid" observatory (in operation since 2004, and completed in 2008) is fully efficient for cosmic rays energies above $10^{18}$ eV, that is, from just below the "ankle" of the energy spectrum up to the highest energies.After the completion of the main observatory, the Auger collaboration has started to deploy new instruments to extend the energy range down to about 0.1 EeV. The planned extensions include two infill surface arrays with 750 and 433 m spacing, with muon detection capabilities, and three additional fluorescence telescopes with a more elevated field of view. The 750 m infill array (covering about 24 $\mathrm{km^2}$) and the new telescopes are now operational. Their aim is the measurement of cosmic rays from below the second knee of the spectrum up to the ankle, where data from the extensions overlap those from the main observatory. The study of the evolutior of the spectrum through the second knee and the ankle, together with the primary mass composition, are crucial to the understanding of the transition from a galactic cosmic ray origin to an extragalactic one.This thesis makes use of data from the 750 m infill array: the objective is the measurement of the cosmic ray energy spectrum in the energy region above $3 \times 10^{17}$ eV, where the array is fully efficient. To get to the energy spectrum, several steps are needed, from the reconstruction of events, through the precise determination of the exposure of the array, up to the determination of the primary energy. The thesis deals with these aspects, before reaching the final result.The first chapter gives a general introduction to cosmic ray physics and detectors. It also summarizes experimental results above the first knee of the spectrum with particular emphasis on those obtained above $10^{17}$ eV. The next two chapters describe the Pierre Auger Observatory and the infill array, respectively. In chapter 2, the main Auger results are summarized too, after a schematic description of th different components of the observatory. Chapter 3 sets the stage for the following chapters. It presents a more detailed description of the characteristics of the infill array, in particular the trigger definitions, event selection and reconstruction. In chapter 4 the performance of the reconstruction of the lateral distribution of observed showers is studied in detail. This is particularly important for the energy spectrum, since the signal at a fixed distance from the shower axis is used as the energy estimator of the event. This signal is estimated by means c the measured lateral distribution of the shower. Chapter 5 presents a comparison between the event reconstruction of the infill and main arrays. Using the set of showers detected by both instruments, the derived geometry and energy estimation are compared, showing a good agreement. In chapter 6, the energy threshold of the array, and hence the set of events to be used, is defined. The methods to obtain the exposure of the array are discussed, as well as related systematic uncertainties. Finally, in chapter 7, the technique to derive the primary energy for each detected shower is presented. The derived energy spectrum is discussed, and the flux is shown to be consistent with that measured by other instruments in the overlapping energy regions.
Download or read book Physics and Astrophysics of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays written by M. Lemoine and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2001-12-14 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The International School on Physics and Astrophysics of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR2000) was held at the Observatoire de Paris–Meudon on June 26-29, 2000. This was the ?rst international school speci?cally dedicated to ultra high energy cosmic rays. Its aim was to familiarize with and attract students, physicists and astronomers into this quickly developing newresearch ?eld. The mysterious and currently unknown origin of the most energetic par- cles observed in Nature has triggered in recent years theoretical speculations ranging from electromagnetic acceleration to as yet undiscovered physics - yond the Standard Model. It has also lead to the development of several new detection concepts and experimental projects, some of which are currently - der construction. By its nature, the ?eld of ultra high energy cosmic rays is therefore highly interdisciplinary and borrows from astrophysics and cosmology, via particle physics, to experimental physics and observational astronomy. One main aspect of the school was to emphasize and take advantage of this interd- ciplinarity. The lectures were grouped into subtopics and are reproduced in this volume in the following order: After a general introductory lecture on cosmic rays follow two contributions on experimental detection techniques, followed by three lectures on acceleration in astrophysical objects. The next four contri- tions cover all major aspects of propagation and interactions of ultra high energy radiation, including speculative issues such as newinteractions.
Download or read book Studies of the Highest Energy Cosmic Ray Air Showers with the Pierre Auger Observatory Hybrid Dectector written by Bei Cai and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Upper Limits on the Ultra high Energy Cosmic Ray Flux from Unresolved Sources written by Ross E. Burton and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Pierre Auger Observatory is the world's largest ultra-high energy cosmic ray detector. Its goals include answering basic questions about the origins and composition of cosmic rays at the highest energies. We outline the scientific motivation for constructing such an observatory and we highlight some of the significant results produced so far by this world-class instrument. We present the results of our own contributions toward calibrating the timing characteristics of the instrument followed by two alternative techniques for analyzing cosmic ray arrival direction data. The first technique is based on a Bayesian statistical framework and is presented as a solution to some of the difficulties in applying a standard analysis to identify anisotropy in the cosmic ray flux. The second analysis we present is based on a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method for identifying sources of cosmic rays in our arrival direction data. We are able to use our method to set an upper limit of 0.15 per square km per year on the flux from any potential sources producing ultra-high energy cosmic rays with energy E{u2265}3 EeV. We conclude with a proposal for enhancing the already successful observatory with an array of non-imaging Cherenkov detectors. According to our simulation work, such an array could serve as both an independent measure of the cosmic ray energy and, if the array is dense enough, it could also provide insight into the composition of ultra-high energy cosmic rays on an event by event basis.
Download or read book Measurement of the Energy Spectrum of Ultra high Energy Cosmic Rays Using Hybrid Data of the Pierre Auger Observatory written by Fabian Schüssler and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Mass Composition Studies of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays Through the Measurement of the Muon Production Depths at the Pierre Auger Observatory written by Laura Collica and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Pierre Auger Observatory studies Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs) physics. The flux of UHECRs is very low (less than 1 particle/km2-year) and their properties must be inferred from the measurements of the secondary particles that the cosmic ray primary produces in the atmosphere. These particles cascades are called Extensive Air Showers (EAS) and can be studied at ground by deploying detectors covering large areas. The EAS physics is complex, and the properties of secondary particles depend strongly on the first interaction, which takes place at an energy beyond the ones reached at accelerators. As a consequence, the analysis of UHECRs is subject to large uncertainties and hence many of their properties, in particular their composition, are still unclear. Two complementary techniques are used at Auger to detect EAS initiated by UHECRs: a 3000 km2 surface detector (SD) array of water Cherenkov tanks which samples particles at ground level and fluorescence detectors (FD) which collect the ultraviolet light emitted by the de-excitation of nitrogen nuclei in the atmosphere, and can operate only in clear, moonless nights. The main goal of this thesis is the measurement of UHECR mass composition using data from the SD of the Pierre Auger Observatory. Measuring the cosmic ray composition at the highe-st energies is of fundamental importance for particle physics and astrophysics. Indeed, it allows to explore the hadronic interactions at ultra-high energies, and to discriminate between different scenarios of origin and propagation of cosmic rays.
Download or read book Detection Techniques of Radio Emission from Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays written by Chad Michael Morris and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: We discuss recent and future efforts to detect radio signals from extended air showers at the Pierre Auger Observatory in Malargue, Argentina. With the advent of low-cost, high-performance digitizers and robust digital signal processing software techniques, radio detection of cosmic rays has resurfaced as a promising measurement system. The inexpensive nature of the detector media (metallic wires, rods or parabolic dishes) and economies of scale working in our favor (inexpensive high-quality C-band amplifiers and receivers) make an array of radio antennas an appealing alternative to the expense of deploying an array of Cherenkov detector water tanks or 'fly's eye' optical telescopes for fluorescence detection. The calorimetric nature of the detection and the near 100% duty cycle gives the best of both traditional detection techniques. The history of cosmic ray detection will be discussed. A short review on the astrophysical properties of cosmic rays and atmospheric interactions will lead into a discussion of two radio emission channels that are currently being investigated.
Download or read book Measurement of the Mass Composition of the Highest Energy Cosmic Rays with the Pierre Auger Observatory written by Alexander Edward Hervé and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The origin of ultra high energy cosmic rays is one of the big unsolved questions in Astrophysics today. Knowing the mass composition of these cosmic rays would help to determine information about both their propagation and acceleration. The Pierre Auger Observatory was built to gather more information and more statistics than any previous cosmic ray detector ever built. In this thesis, I will detail my method of extending the current Pierre Auger mass composition information by using surface array parameters as a proxy for the depth of shower maximum, an established mass indicator.
Download or read book Measurement of the Ultra High Energy Cosmic Ray Flux Using Data of the Pierre Auger Observatory written by Ioana Codrina Maris and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book High Energy Cosmic Rays written by Todor Stanev and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-06-01 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offers an accessible text and reference (a cosmic-ray manual) for graduate students entering the field and high-energy astrophysicists will find this an accessible cosmic-ray manual Easy to read for the general astronomer, the first part describes the standard model of cosmic rays based on our understanding of modern particle physics. Presents the acceleration scenario in some detail in supernovae explosions as well as in the passage of cosmic rays through the Galaxy. Compares experimental data in the atmosphere as well as underground are compared with theoretical models
