Download or read book Analyzing Surface Deformation Using INSAR and Other Remote Sensing Data in the Olkaria Geothermal Field and Surrounding Area Kenya written by F. Agustin and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Surface Deformation Mapping and Automatic Feature Detection Over the Permian Basin Using InSAR written by Scott Staniewicz and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Permian Basin has become the United States' largest producer of oil and gas over the past decade. During the same time, it has experienced a sharp rise in the number of induced earthquakes. In order to better understand the damage potential from induced earthquakes, new data and monitoring approaches are critically needed. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is a remote sensing technique that measures surface deformation over broad areas with 10s-100s meter spatial resolution and up to millimeter-to-centimeter accuracy. These measurements can be used to derive information about Earth’s subsurface and assess induced seismic risks. However, it is difficult to perform basin-scale surface deformation mapping and automatic feature detection using InSAR because the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the deformation signals compared to tropospheric noise is extremely low. It is common to assume that the Permian Basin is rigid enough that the subtle deformation associated with oil and gas production and wastewater injection are not detectable by InSAR. In this dissertation, we develop methods for characterizing tropospheric noise and its power spectral density directly from InSAR observations. We show that the tropospheric noise distribution is non-Gaussian, and a small portion of SAR scenes are corrupted by up to ±15 cm noise outliers associated with storms and heat waves. This finding is significant because most of the InSAR time series solutions are optimal only when noise follows a Gaussian distribution. We design robust and scalable time series algorithms to reconstruct the temporal evolution of surface deformation in this challenging scenario, and we achieved basin-wide millimeter-level accuracy based on independent GPS validation. We observe numerous subsidence and uplift features near active production and disposal wells, as well as linear deformation patterns associated with fault activities near clusters of induced earthquakes. Furthermore, we designed a new computer vision algorithm for detecting the size and location of unknown deformation features in large volumes of InSAR data. We are able to determine whether a detected feature is associated with tropospheric artifacts or real deformation signals based on a realistic tropospheric noise model derived from InSAR data

Download or read book Surface Displacement Measurement from Remote Sensing Images written by Olivier Cavalie and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-05-25 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drastic improvements in both access to satellite images and data processing tools today allow near real-time observation of Earth surface deformations. Remote sensing imagery is thus a powerful, reliable and spatially dense source of information that can be used to understand the Earth and its surface manifestations as well as mitigate natural hazards. This book offers for the first time a complete overview of the methodological approaches developed to measure surface displacement using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and optical imagery, as well as their applications in the monitoring of major geophysical phenomena. More specifically, the first part of the book presents the theory behind SAR interferometry (InSAR) and image correlation and its latest developments. In the second part, most of the geophysical phenomena that trigger Earth surface deformations are reviewed. Surface Displacement Measurement from Remote Sensing Images unveils the potential and sensitivity of the measurement of Earth surface displacements from remote sensing imagery.

Download or read book Spatio temporal Characterization of Geothermal Fields by Inverse Modeling written by Elena C. Reinisch and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is a powerful geodetic technique capable of measuring deformation at fine resolution. Radar data's two-dimensional structure along with the pair-wise nature of interferometry allow InSAR to capture both the spatial and temporal extent of deformation. This dissertation focuses on improving spatio-temporal modeling techniques for InSAR data to better describe the observed subsidence at several geothermal fields in the Western U.S. The first chapter focuses on refining the spatial analysis of deformation observed at Brady Hot Springs, Nevada by introducing a parameterization which directly relates displacement at the Earth's surface to subsurface reservoir volume change. Geostatistical inversion in a Bayesian framework identifies thermal contraction of the rock matrix as the dominant driving mechanism of the observed subsidence. The second chapter extends this modeling to multiple interferometric pairs to explore the deformation's temporal nature. Joint time-series analysis of volume change rates estimated from InSAR and Global Positioning System (GPS) data determines the dependence of deformation on well operations. The third chapter measures transient deformation at Coso geothermal field, California using InSAR and GPS data acquired between 2004 and 2016 to quantify relationships between deformation, pumping, and seismicity. Changes in subsidence rate, reservoir contraction, and estimated sink depth after 2010 found from spatial and temporal deformation modeling are attributed to changes in injection protocol corresponding to sustainability efforts implemented in late 2009. The last chapter quantifies the spatio-temporal dependence of the subsiding region at San Emidio geothermal field, Nevada by modeling InSAR data from 1992 to 2010.

Download or read book Sub surface Petrochemistry Stratigraphy and Hydrothermal Alteration of the Domes Area Olkaria Geothermal Field Kenya written by Xavier Shioya Musonye and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Analysis and Modelling of Earthquake Surface Deformation with SAR Interferometry written by Ahmet M. Akoğlu and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Synthetic Aperture Radar Inteıferometry (lnSAR) is a space geodetical technique which was introduced to the active tectonics research about 15 years ago when it was utilized for the fırst time to study the suıface displacement fıeld ofthe 1992 Landers (Califomia) earthquake. in this period the technique has becorne popular and widely used in conjunction with conventional seismology and the Global Positioning System (GPS) to investigate several earthquakes that occurred since thelaunch of the ERSI satelliteby the European Space Agency (ESA) in July 1992. Tectonically active regions like Califomia and Anatolia greatly benefıted from this new tool during the operation period of ESA satellites: the 1992 Big Bear and Landers, 1994 Northridge and 1999 Hector Mine earthquakes in Califomia, the 1995 Dinar and 1999 .earthquakes of İzmit and Düzce events are investigated using InSAR with the data from these satellites. The 1995 Antofogasta (Chili), 1997 Manyi (Tibet) earthquakes as well as the volcanic activities on Earth like the one at Mount Etna are among the other well known applications of InSAR for earth sciences. The underlyil}g principles of the InSAR technique can be summarized with two principles: 1) A longer radar antenna which is essential to get a higher resolution is synthesized by using Doppler frequency shifts of a target on the earth suıface; and 2) The difference between the phases of two radar images (e.g. one before the earthguake and one after) is calculated in order to get the distance change during the time span of the two acquisitions. The calculated phase differences between the two images are called an inteıferogram and can simply be described as a high density and sub-cm accurate contour map showing the change in distance between the radar instrument and the earth suıface during the period between the acquisition times of the images. The contour interval of this special map depends solely on the wavelength of the radar signal used during the image acquisition which is ~28 rnrn for C-band radars like ERS 1. Every 2n phase change between adjacent pixels in an interferogram is shown with a fringe which is generally plotted as a full RGB cycle (e.g. the region between two blue bands).

Download or read book ORSER Technical Report written by Pennsylvania State University. Office for Remote Sensing of Earth Resources and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Urban Deformation Monitoring Using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry and SAR Tomography written by Oriol Monserrat and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 1 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on remote sensing for urban deformation monitoring. In particular, it highlights how deformation monitoring in urban areas can be carried out using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Tomography (TomoSAR). Several contributions show the capabilities of Interferometric SAR (InSAR) and PSI techniques for urban deformation monitoring. Some of them show the advantages of TomoSAR in un-mixing multiple scatterers for urban mapping and monitoring. This book is dedicated to the technical and scientific community interested in urban applications. It is useful for choosing the appropriate technique and gaining an assessment of the expected performance. The book will also be useful to researchers, as it provides information on the state-of-the-art and new trends in this field.

Download or read book Use of InSar Technologies for Countrywide Monitoring of Ground Deformation in Qatar and Identification of Controlling Factors written by Mustafa Kemal Emil and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past few decades, the country of Qatar has been one of the fastest growing economies in the Middle East; it has witnessed a rapid increase in its population, growth of its urban centers, and development of its natural resources. These anthropogenic activities compounded with natural forcings (e.g., climate change) will most likely introduce environmental effects that should be assessed. This study investigates one of these effects, namely, ground deformation over the entire country of Qatar. The Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) and the Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) InSAR time series analysis methods were used in conjunction with ALOS Palsar-1 and Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) datasets to map the ground deformation. Controlling factors of the ground deformation was investigated by conducting spatial and temporal correlations between the observed deformation with relevant datasets. The findings indicate: (1) the deformation products revealed areas of subsidence and uplift with high vertical velocities of up to 35 mm/yr; (2) the deformation rates were consistent with those extracted from the continuously operating reference GPS stations of Qatar; (3) many inland and coastal sabkhas (salt flats) showed evidence for uplift (up to 35 mm/yr) due to the continuous evaporation of the saline waters within the sabkhas and the deposition of the evaporites in the surficial and near-surficial sabkha sediments; (4) the increased precipitation during Sentinel- 1 period compared to the ALOS Palsar-1 period led to a rise in groundwater levels and an increase in the areas occupied by surface water within the sabkhas, which in turn increased the rate of deposition of the evaporitic sediments; (5) high subsidence rates (up to 14 mm/yr) were detected over landfills and dumpsites, caused by mechanical compaction and biochemical processes; (6) the deformation rates over areas surrounding known sinkhole locations were low (+/−2 mm/yr), and (7) building-scale subsidence in several locations in Doha city was detected by a continuously operating ground deformation monitoring system using Sentinel-1 data and applying the PSI method. This study can pave the way to similar countrywide studies over the remaining Arabian Peninsula countries and to the development of a ground motion monitoring system for the entire Arabian Peninsula.

Download or read book Long term Monitoring of Geodynamic Surface Deformation Using SAR Interferometry written by 龚文瑜 and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) is a powerful tool to measure surface deformation and is well suited for surveying active volcanoes using historical and existing satellites. However, the value and applicability of InSAR for geodynamic monitoring problems is limited by the influence of temporal decorrelation and electromagnetic path delay variations in the atmosphere, both of which reduce the sensitivity and accuracy of the technique. The aim of this PhD thesis research is: how to optimize the quantity and quality of deformation signals extracted from InSAR stacks that contain only a low number of images in order to facilitate volcano monitoring and the study of their geophysical signatures. In particular, the focus is on methods of mitigating atmospheric artifacts in interferograms by combining time-series InSAR techniques and external atmospheric delay maps derived by Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models. In the first chapter of the thesis, the potential of the NWP Weather Research & Forecasting (WRF) model for InSAR data correction has been studied extensively. Forecasted atmospheric delays derived from operational High Resolution Rapid Refresh for the Alaska region (HRRRAK) products have been compared to radiosonding measurements in the first chapter. The result suggests that the HRRR-AK operational products are a good data source for correcting atmospheric delays in spaceborne geodetic radar observations, if the geophysical signal to be observed is larger than 20 mm. In the second chapter, an advanced method for integrating NWP products into the time series InSAR workflow is developed. The efficiency of the algorithm is tested via simulated data experiments, which demonstrate the method outperforms other more conventional methods. In Chapter 3, a geophysical case study is performed by applying the developed algorithm to the active volcanoes of Unimak Island Alaska (Westdahl, Fisher and Shishaldin) for long term volcano deformation monitoring. The volcano source location at Westdahl is determined to be approx. 7 km below sea level and approx. 3.5 km north of the Westdahl peak. This study demonstrates that Fisher caldera has had continuous subsidence over more than 10 years and there is no evident deformation signal around Shishaldin peak.

Download or read book A Framework for Comparing Geomechanical Models of InSAR measured Surface Deformation written by Neil Edward James De Laplante and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High-quality Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) surface deformation data for field sites around the world has become widely available over the past decade. Geomechanical models based on InSAR data occur frequently in the literature but few methods of systematically optimizing or comparing them are presented. This work discusses parameterization errors for simplified models of strike-slip, normal, thrust and reservoir-style faulting with the aim of identifying tests or characteristics that can differentiate between error types uniquely. Fault dip errors, slip errors and depth errors are modelled using a simple homogeneous elastic half-space earth model. Simple difference maps prove to be a powerful tool for identifying error types and parameter sensitivity, with gradient maps and gradient difference maps useful for distinguishing between similar cases. The fault dip proves to be more indicative of error resolving capability than the faulting regime; errors on intermediately dipping faults are very difficult to differentiate. More detailed modelling of compound errors, complex geomechanical properties and noisy data is proposed. The use of the tests as the starting point for an artificially intelligent modelling package is briefly discussed.

Download or read book InSAR Time Series Analysis of Subtle Transient Crustal Deformation Signals Associated with the 2010 Slow Slip Event at Kilauea Hawaii written by Jingyi Chen and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We address here the use of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) to measure and characterize subtle transient deformation events of the Earth's crust. We develop an imaging geodetic method to identify slow slip events (SSEs) that may go unrecognized because they occur in unexpected areas where instrumentation has not been installed. We illustrate our approach by studying Kilauea volcano and imaging the signature of an SSE that occurred in 2010. Kilauea is the youngest and most active volcano on the island of Hawaii. Nearly continuous eruptions along Kilauea's east rift zone over 30 years have built up a large area of accumulated lava on the volcano's south flank. Tectonic extension along the rift zone and gravitational spreading lead to the south flank of Kilauea slipping constantly seaward on a shallowly landward dipping basal decollement fault at rates of up to 10 cm/year. Since 2002, a sequence of SSEs has been observed on Kilauea's south flank using continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) data. SSEs, viewed as fault activity somewhere between steady sliding and a catastrophic earthquake, release energy over a period of hours to months and can lead to crustal deformation on the order of centimeters. The mechanisms behind these SSEs are still poorly understood. High spatial resolution, accurate SSE displacement measurements can help us constrain the depth of slip and understand the SSEs' potential relationship to catastrophic earthquakes and flank failure. The focus of this dissertation is using time series InSAR data to collect and analyze subtle, transient deformation. InSAR time series are commonly used to obtain surface topography and surface motion. The benefits of InSAR are fine spatial resolution and broad ground coverage, both compared to measurements using GPS or other geodetic network alone. We use 49 sets of TerraSAR-X data acquired between August, 2009 and December, 2010 to study the recent Kilauea SSE of February 1, 2010. The TerraSAR-X satellite has a revisit cycle of 11 days, which is relatively short compared to most existing spaceborne radar systems. This shorter revisit cycle makes it possible to collect many measurements over a fixed period of time. Moreover, since a phase cycle in a TerraSAR-X interferogram corresponds to only 1.55 cm line of sight (LOS) deformation, the system is well-suited to monitoring ground deformation on the order of centimeters at Kilauea. The challenge in using X-band InSAR time series to study ground deformation at Kilauea is the very low signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the SSE deformation signal compared to atmospheric noise. We develop a small baseline subset InSAR time series analysis algorithm, which jointly inverts InSAR and GPS data to improve the accuracy of the displacement estimates. This algorithm is suitable for extracting both transient and secular ground deformation on the order of millimeters in the presence of atmospheric noise on the order of centimeters. We obtain high spatial resolution displacement estimates due to the 2010 slow slip event as well as secular motion at Kilauea and demonstrate that the results are consistent with GPS time series over the same period. We also develop an L1-norm based sparse reconstruction algorithm to detect transient events in very noisy InSAR time series. This algorithm is well-suited to detecting unknown transient events using only InSAR time series, particularly when no auxiliary data such as GPS are available. We apply this algorithm to solve for the time of the SSE's occurrence and confirm that the largest jump detected in the TerraSAR-X InSAR time series is temporally and spatially correlated with the 2010 Kilauea SSE. Because phase artifacts due to atmospheric propagation delays in InSAR images frequently degrade the interpretability of the phase signatures of terrain, we further analyze the impact of tropospheric artifacts in InSAR images. We show that tropospheric noise is the primary error source in the X-band InSAR data we processed for the study of the 2010 Kilauea slow slip event. We also address the impact of ionospheric delay artifacts in InSAR images, which are often seen in L-band interferograms.

Download or read book Characterizing the Deformation Field in Afar from Radar Interferometry and Topography Data written by Simran Singh Sangha and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This project's objective is to map surface deformation over the Afar Depression since 1997 in real time to characterize fault behavior and contribute to the current repertoire of knowledge surrounding rifting processes. The Afar Depression is a broad extensional region in Eastern Africa, where the diverging boundaries have not yet achieved connection, so extension is distributed across developing arrays of faults and fractures. There has been generally limited attention from previous studies on the amount of divergence accommodated by distributed extension resulting from the transmission of tectonic forces applied to boundaries, in tangent with limited geodetic coverage and observations. To understand the mechanical processes underlying rift evolution, the current strain rate of the crust and its character over time throughout the Afar Depression must be understood in relation with the distribution of Quaternary faulting and rifting. To study the present-day deformation field, we use the technique of Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) - a method to measure ground deformation in map - with a dense archive of SAR data from two satellite missions: the Canadian Space Agency's (CSA) C-band RADARSAT-1 and the European Space Agency's (ESA) C-band Sentinel-1 missions. The mm/year resolution of InSAR time series measurements allows us to detect and monitor deformation throughout the Afar Depression in between events as large and fast as significant earthquakes and volcanic eruptions and also as small and slow as small dike intrusions over multiple decades. Using this data, we have modelled multiple discrete faulting events which were not captured before in the geodetic nor seismological record. Finally, to constrain the long-term extension rate and the distribution of extension across the Arabia-Somalian plate boundary, we compiled a detailed estimate of cumulative extension and vertical throw by measuring faults across the plate boundary using a high-resolution German Aerospace Center (DLR) TanDEM-X Digital Elevation Model (DEM).

Download or read book Surface Deformation Measured with Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar written by Fernando Greene and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and Global Positioning System (GPS) is widely used to detect ground deformation from varieties of geophysical origins. However, most studies lack the spatial and temporal resolutions to better characterize such observations. The purpose of this research is to use multi-track satellite radar imagery to generate time series to study and monitor vertical ground deformation over large regions such as the Nevada portion of the Basin and Range Province and the western end of the Mojave Desert. We developed an innovative method to remove horizontal movements from InSAR line-of-sight (LOS) observations using a GPS velocity field and subsequently combine the multi-track imagery resulting in one single high spatial resolution map of observed vertical crustal and surface movements. By implementing this technique we detect vertical deformation signals with short and intermediate wavelength signals associated to tectonic processes such as interseismic and postseismic deformation. In Central Nevada Seismic Belt we detect in three independent orbits a broad area of uplift that confirms results of previous studies that associate the origin of this signal to post-seimic deformation of the historic earthquakes at this region. In south-central Nevada we detect several valleys that show a gradual eastward tilt of the valley floors due to deep geodynamical processes. The valleys located at the eastern side of Ruby Mountains show a range decrease that could indicate uplift related to magma intrusion or post-seismic deformation due to older, unrecognized earthquakes. In the Big Bend segment in southern California we detect vertical uplift as expected by mechanical models of interseismic deformation. Additionaly all our velocity maps reveal small wavelength deformation signals of anthropogenic origin.

Download or read book Inferring Geothermal Reservoir Processes at Raft River Field Idaho USA Through Modeling InSAR measured Surface Deformation written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Digitally Imaging Surface Deformation and Kinematically Analyzing Fault Behavior written by 郭昱廷 and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Persistent Scatterer Interferometry to Monitor Mining Related Ground Surface Deformation for Data driven Modelling written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: