Download or read book An Investigation of Gas Bubble Generation and Detection in Water and Mercury written by Stuart Alexander Walker and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The pressure increase attributed to the energy deposition in the liquid metal target of the Spallation Neutron Source results in cavitation and pitting erosion of the target pressure boundary. Introducing compressibility in the form of small gas bubbles will extend the lifetime of the target vessel. The pressure rise caused by the beam energy deposition occurs in one microsecond, which encourages use of bubbles of radius less than 20 microns, such that the bubble response to pressure change is adequately fast. Gas volume fraction near 0.5% is sufficient to accommodate the mercury volumetric expansion and reduce the pressure rise. Bubble production and detection technologies are developed herein to allow control of the bubble diameter and volume fraction in an opaque liquid metal. This research infers bubble size in the form of a probability density function using dynamic gas delivery pressure and mass flow, and passive acoustic emissions at bubble birth, for a single orifice bubbler. Terminal rise velocities are also measured and used to infer bubble diameter. The gas volume fraction is inferred from the acoustic sound speed using the so-called low frequency Wood's Limit model for sound speed in a bubbly media.

Download or read book Measurement Of Gas Bubbles In Mercury Using Proton Radiography written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An experiment using proton radiography on a small mercury loop for testing gas bubble injection was conducted at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) in December 2006. Small gas bubble injection is one of the approaches under development to reduce cavitation damage in the U.S. Spallation Neutron Source mercury target vessel. Several hundred radiograph images were obtained as the test loop was operated over range of conditions that included two jet type bubble generators, two needle type bubble generators, various mercury flow speeds and gas injection rates, and use of helium, argon and xenon. This paper will describe the analysis of the radiograph images and present the obtained bubble measurement data.

Download or read book gas bubble entrainment in water and mercury versus gas content written by m.j. robinson, f.g. hammitt and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Gas Bubble Formation in Stagnant and Flowing Mercury written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Investigations in the area of two-phase flow at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's (ORNL) Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) facility are progressing. It is expected that the target vessel lifetime could be extended by introducing gas into the liquid mercury target. As part of an effort to validate the two-phase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, simulations and experiments of gas injection in stagnant and flowing mercury have been completed. The volume of fluid (VOF) method as implemented in ANSYS-CFX, was used to simulate the unsteady two-phase flow of gas injection into stagnant mercury. Bubbles produced at the upwards-oriented vertical gas injector were measured with proton radiography at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center. The comparison of the CFD results to the radiographic images shows good agreement for bubble sizes and shapes at various stages of the bubble growth, detachment, and gravitational rise. Although several gas flows were measured, this paper focuses on the case with a gas flow rate of 8 cc/min through the 100-micron-diameter injector needle. The acoustic waves emitted due to the detachment of the bubble and during subsequent bubble oscillations were recorded with a microphone, providing a precise measurement of the bubble sizes. As the mercury flow rate increases, the drag force causes earlier bubble detachment and therefore smaller bubbles.

Download or read book Theoretical Study of Noble Gas Bubble Behavior in Mercury written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) uses heavy liquid metal (mercury) as the target material or high power proton beam bombardment to produce neutrons for scientific research. Though the liquid target is not subject to material degradation due to radiation damage, the stainless steel pressure boundary confining the liquid metal flow is damaged by radiation and cavitation erosion induced by the thermal shock waves caused by the deposition of the incoming high-power proton beam. This puts a limit on the lifetime of the target holder. To mitigate the cavitation-induced erosion damage to the target holder, it is aimed to introduce microbubbles to the target mercury with expected nominal size of 30 [mu] m diameter and volume fraction of 0.5%, which can substantially lower the pressure amplitude resulting from the proton beam deposition due to the added compressibility. The noble gas bubble behavior in mercury is studied in this thesis. The acoustics of the two-phase mixture under the perturbation due to beam deposition, specifically acoustic streaming, is simulated in a bubbly two-phase flow for the first time in the literature. The numerical simulation shows the magnitude of obtained streaming velocity is much smaller than the pumped mercury flow in the target and will not cause distortion to flow patterns and heat transfer in the target. Single bubble dynamics, which includes noble gas solubility evaluation in mercury and the bubble radius evolution under the effect of mass diffusion across the bubble wall, is also simulated. Two different profiles of bubble size distribution are studied. The solubility evaluation provides a theoretical basis for the inert gas solubility measurement experiments. The mass diffusion induced bubble behavior simulation based on the solubility results indicates that xenon bubbles creates a more viable and stable bubble population in mercury than helium bubbles, which means xenon is a possible better candidate to add compressibility to pure mercury in the SNS target.

Download or read book Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering written by Anil Kumar and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-05-25 with total page 1134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the select proceedings of the second International Conference on Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering (RAME 2020). The topics covered include aerodynamics and fluid mechanics, automation, automotive engineering, composites, ceramics and polymers processing, computational mechanics, failure and fracture mechanics, friction, tribology and surface engineering, heating and ventilation, air conditioning system, industrial engineering, IC engines, turbomachinery and alternative fuels, machinability and formability of materials, mechanisms and machines, metrology and computer-aided inspection, micro- and nano-mechanics, modelling, simulation and optimization, product design and development, rapid manufacturing technologies and prototyping, solid mechanics and structural mechanics, thermodynamics and heat transfer, traditional and non-traditional machining processes, vibration and acoustics. The book also discusses various energy-efficient renewable and non-renewable resources and technologies, strategies and technologies for sustainable development and energy & environmental interaction. The book is a valuable reference for beginners, researchers, and professionals interested in sustainable construction and allied fields.

Download or read book An Investigation of Gas Bubble Injection from Single Nozzles Into Water and Liquid Metal Pools written by Devin W. Gray and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Studies on Bubble Formation in Gas Saturated Water written by J. E. Bundschuh and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Ecological Research Series written by and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Study of Gas Bubble Formation in Liquids written by Charles J. Quigley and published by . This book was released on 1952 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater written by American Public Health Association and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 1254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Water Quality Criteria 1972 written by National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Water Quality Criteria and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 620 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book An Investigation Into Gas Transfer from Bubbles Into Water written by William James Nock and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Parametric Investigation of Gas Bubble Growth and Pinch off Dynamics from Capillary tube Orifices in Liquid Pools written by Deepak Saagar Kalaikadal and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The air-bubble dynamics phenomena in adiabatic liquid pools has been studied so as to present a better understanding of the parameters which that govern the process of ebullience, bubble growth and departure from a submerged capillary-tube orifice. The orifice diameter is found to directly dictate the bubble departure diameter, and the pinch-off is controlled by a characteristic neck-length. To study the role of orifice size on the growth and departure of adiabatic single bubbles, experiments were performed with different diameter capillary tubes submerged in of distilled de-ionized water as well as some other viscous liquids. A correlation has been developed based on the experimental data of this study along with those reported by several others in the literature. The predictions of this correlation agree very well with measured data for water as well as several other more viscous liquids. It is also found that the bubble departure diameter is the same as the orifice diameter when the latter equals twice the capillary length. The phenomenon of bubble necking and departure was explored experimentally and through a scaling analysis. Experiments were performed with five different liquids (water, ethanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and glycerol) to extract the departure neck-lengths for isolated gas bubbles at pinch-off from the capillary orifice. A scaling analysis of the experimental data indicated that the bubble neck-length at departure or pinch-off was predicted by a balance of buoyancy, viscous and surface tension forces. These were established to be represented by the Galilei and Morton numbers, and a power-law type predictive correlation has been shown to be in excellent agreement with the available data over a wide range of liquid properties. To characterize and model the growth and departure of single bubbles in different liquid pools, a theoretical model has been established. The motion of the gas-liquid interface has been modeled as a scaled force balance involving buoyancy, gas-momentum, pressure, surface tension, inertia and drag. With one-dimensional scaling of these forces, the model captures the incipience, growth, necking and departure of a bubble as it emerges from the orifice. Here necking and pinch-off is modeled based on the newly developed neck-length correlation. The results are compared with experimental data and are found to be in excellent agreement for a range of liquids, orifice sizes and flow rates. The predictions highlight the variations in bubble equivalent diameters at departure with orifice sizes, flow rates and fluid properties, and they further reiterate the well-established two-regime theory of bubble growth. The latter involves (a) the constant volume regime, where the bubble volume remains near constant and relatively independent of flow rate, and (b) the growing bubble regime, where the size of the bubble increases proportionately with the gas flow rate. Finally, the complex nature of ebullience in aqueous surfactant solutions has been studied using the reagents FS-50, SDS, and CTAB. The influence of the modulated liquid surface tension or more specifically, the role of the time dependent dynamic surface tension on the formation and departure of adiabatic bubbles has been investigated. Comparative studies have been undertaken to investigate the effect of time-dependent surface tension relaxation in surfactant solutions as opposed to ebullience in pure liquids with the same equilibrium surface tensions. Results highlight the effects of the surfactant's molecular weight on the adsorption-desorption kinetics, and the consequent influence on ebullience. It has been established that the bubbling characteristics in surfactant solutions are, in the first order, governed by the dynamic surface tension of the solute-solvent system.

Download or read book Some Studies of the Detection and Determination of Mercury Arsenic and Antimony in Gas Discharges written by Craig C. Foreback and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Selected Water Resources Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 768 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Government wide Index to Federal Research Development Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 1466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: