Download or read book An Integrated Modelling Approach to Estimate Urban Traffic Emissions written by Aarshabh Misra and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Urban Traffic Emissions Cost Estimation Based on an Integrated Modeling Approach written by Song Bai and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "According to Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators (CESI), in 2015, the transport sector was the 4th leading source of PM2.5 emissions in Canada. Vehicular emissions contribute significantly to air quality problems and public health issues in urban areas. Nevertheless, previous studies have shown that transport users do not perceive their travel-related emissions as out of pocket costs. In addition, travelers prefer emissions’ information in monetary values rather than in their own units (tons or grams of emissions). In this study, I estimate the health-related costs of transport emissions for Montreal residents. In addition, I examine the use of an air dispersion model (AERMOD) in estimating travel-related air pollution concentrations for four intersections in Bucaramanga, Columbia.In the second chapter, I estimate and quantify emissions generated on the Montreal road network. First, I transform the emissions rates estimated from the MOVES software into air pollution concentrations. Then, I convert the concentrations into health outcomes. Finally, I valuate these health outcomes in monetary terms. My results show that among three key emission types, NOx has the highest emission cost (up to $0.38/km), followed by PM2.5 ($0.31/km) and CO ($0.0074/km), during peak hours. In addition, the downtown and Plateau areas have the highest total emissions costs per km. In the second part of the thesis, I apply an air dispersion model (AERMOD) to simulate the air pollutant movements at four intersections in Bucaramanga, Colombia. My results show that the higher traffic volume, the higher the emission rates for both PM2.5 and Black Carbon, except for when heavy trucks’ percentage is high. The La Provenza intersection generates the highest PM2.5 rate (90g/h during peak hours and 16g/h during off-peak hours) and Black Carbon (15g/h during peak hours and 3g/h during off-peak hours). In addition, the air pollution concentrations are highest among the most congested links, in all studied intersections. Moreover, the PM2.5 and Black Carbon concentrations drop off substantially when moving away from the intersections’ centers, and then gradually decrease after 50 meters. In addition, compared to the real measurements (by the equipment installed in the intersections), the proposed set of models (MOVES+AERMOD) captures most of the general trends in PM2.5 and Black Carbon. However, the predicted concentrations are less than the observed measurements. This could be due to the fact that some factors are neglected, and those can affect the results, factors including emissions generated by people’s other daily activities (e.g., cooking), the relatively old vehicle fleet in Colombia (different from MOVES’s fleet), etc. I conducted a set of sensitivity analyses to understand the performance of the AERMOD dispersion model in estimating PM2.5 concentrations, by altering the input data. My results show that AERMOD is highly sensitive to wind conditions. The temperature was observed to have a slightly negative correlation with PM2.5 concentrations. My results could be used to raise public awareness regarding the health impacts of traffic-induced air pollution, and eventually could change travel behavior of urban travelers. Keywords: Urban traffic; health-related emissions cost; Montreal transport users; MOVES; Emission rates; Bucaramanga, Colombia intersections; Air pollution dispersion modeling, and air pollution concentration"--
Download or read book Emission estimation based on traffic models and measurements written by Nikolaos Tsanakas and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2019-04-24 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traffic congestion increases travel times, but also results in higher energy usage and vehicular emissions. To evaluate the impact of traffic emissions on environment and human health, the accurate estimation of their rates and location is required. Traffic emission models can be used for estimating emissions, providing emission factors in grams per vehicle and kilometre. Emission factors are defined for specific traffic situations, and traffic data is necessary in order to determine these traffic situations along a traffic network. The required traffic data, which consists of average speed and flow, can be obtained either from traffic models or sensor measurements. In large urban areas, the collection of cross-sectional data from stationary sensors is a costefficient method of deriving traffic data for emission modelling. However, the traditional approaches of extrapolating this data in time and space may not accurately capture the variations of the traffic variables when congestion is high, affecting the emission estimation. Static transportation planning models, commonly used for the evaluation of infrastructure investments and policy changes, constitute an alternative efficient method of estimating the traffic data. Nevertheless, their static nature may result in an inaccurate estimation of dynamic traffic variables, such as the location of congestion, having a direct impact on emission estimation. Congestion is strongly correlated with increased emission rates, and since emissions have location specific effects, the location of congestion becomes a crucial aspect. Therefore, the derivation of traffic data for emission modelling usually relies on the simplified, traditional approaches. The aim of this thesis is to identify, quantify and finally reduce the potential errors that these traditional approaches introduce in an emission estimation analysis. According to our main findings, traditional approaches may be sufficient for analysing pollutants with global effects such as CO2, or for large-scale emission modelling applications such as emission inventories. However, for more temporally and spatially sensitive applications, such as dispersion and exposure modelling, a more detailed approach is needed. In case of cross-sectional measurements, we suggest and evaluate the use of a more detailed, but computationally more expensive, data extrapolation approach. Additionally, considering the inabilities of static models, we propose and evaluate the post-processing of their results, by applying quasi-dynamic network loading.
Download or read book Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXII written by Douw G. Steyn and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-10-04 with total page 738 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent developments in air pollution modeling and its application are explored here in contributions by researchers at the forefront of their field. The book is focused on local, urban, regional and intercontinental modeling; data assimilation and air quality forecasting; model assessment and evaluation; aerosol transformation; the relationship between air quality and human health and the interaction between climate change and air quality. The work will provide useful reference material for students and professors interested in air pollution modeling at the graduate level as well as researchers and professionals involved in developing and utilizing air pollution models.
Download or read book Modelling Urban Vehicle Emissions written by M. Khare and published by Computational Mechanics. This book was released on 2001 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vehicular air pollution poses the main threat to urban air quality and is therefore one of the major components of urban air quality studies. Air quality models can play an effective role in the efficient management of such pollution.
Download or read book Estimation of Urban Scale Network wide Emissions Based on Fundamental Properties of the Network written by Rooholamin Shabihkhani and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the main criteria for evaluating traffic control systems, especially in large urban networks, is vehicular emissions, since it is the major contributor of urban air pollution. Decision makers in the cities want to minimize fuel consumption and emission of pollutants from traffic in addition to managing average speed and delay in the network. In order to optimize these parameters, a consistent estimation of the network-wide parameters is essential. Since existing macroscopic emission models based on average speed cannot provide accurate estimates for large-scale networks, there is a need for reliable emissions estimation based on the traffic features of a network. In the first part of this study, in order to have a more reliable, network-wide emissions estimation, the Integrated Traffic Emissions Model (ITEM) has been introduced to integrate macroscopic traffic parameters that have a major influence on emissions with microscopically calculated emission factors. This mesoscopic emission model takes three aggregated traffic parameters, which include: number of vehicle stops, duration of time spent cruising, and the time spend idling, all expressed per Vehicle Mile Traveled (VMT), and multiply them with corresponding emission factors to estimate overall emissions of the network. In the next step of this study, the macroscopic connection between three aggregated traffic parameters needed for ITEM and the average density on an idealized ring shape model has been investigated. The Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD) is used to understand the existence of a robust relationship between the average flow with the average number of vehicles circulating on the network. An analytical approach has been proposed to estimate the macroscopic traffic parameters based only on fundamental properties of the network. In the final step, the proposed model and analytical approach have been tested on a more realistic grid network with heterogeneous traffic states across links of the network caused by turning movements. The results show that there is not only a robust and reproducible relationship between the aggregated traffic parameters and resulting total emissions with the average density on the network, but also the comparison of the analytical estimates with detailed calculations shows that the errors are in an acceptable range, especially for not completely jammed traffic conditions.
Download or read book Traffic Emission Modelling for Robust Policy Design in Connected and Electric Transportation written by Ran Tu and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traffic emissions such as greenhouse gases (GHGs, in CO2eq), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and traffic-related air pollution lead to global problems including climate change and public health issues. In order to mitigate the impacts of growing urban traffic on emissions and air pollution, travel demand management, driving operation control, and advanced technology initiatives have been implemented in many cities. The aim of this research is to realize robust transportation policy decisions with improved emission estimation approaches at local and regional levels. In the first module of the thesis, the emission factor (EF, in grams of traffic emissions per unit distance) within one traffic condition, which is commonly defined as a single value, is expanded to a distribution. A regional emission distribution is therefore established using the EF distribution, enhancing the robustness of policy analysis. Meanwhile, the identification of the EF variation leads to the development of a machine-learning based emission estimation approach, CLustEr-based Validated Emission Re-calculation (CLEVER). The CLEVER approach can accurately estimate regional traffic emissions without heavy data collection burden through refined traffic condition categories and representative EFs using traffic data of multiple resolutions. In the second module, several traffic emission control strategies are tested from perspectives of emissions, air pollution, and energy consumption. First, a travel demand management targeting on high-emitting trips is tested. Compared to a short-distance trip management, the proposed strategy is more effective on reducing GHG emissions and improving traffic conditions. Second, a travel-time minimized routing algorithm with connected automated vehicles is applied in an urban road network and the application causes potential increases of near-road NO2 concentrations. Lastly, electric vehicle charging schedules are optimized to minimize GHG emissions from electricity generation. The optimized plan demonstrates high potentials for reducing GHG emissions. However, trade-offs between emission reductions and charging facility costs are identified by comparing the optimized plan with non-optimized plans. This research achieves a reliable regional traffic emission estimation with much less data requirement. Based on that, innovative control strategies proposed in this research and their comprehensive evaluation process can contribute to a robust transportation policy decision.
Download or read book Geospatial Analytics for Environmental Pollution Modeling written by Fayma Mushtaq and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-12-01 with total page 443 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book aims to provide a comprehensive study on various aspects of environmental pollution dynamics using geospatial technology and modeling techniques. The utility of geospatial technology will be demonstrated for the effective study of environmental pollution, as space and location are very important for effective environmental health surveillance. The timeliness of the work is due to the increasing relevance of geospatial technology applications in environmental health investigations. Moreover, different types of pollution are covered in detail, including air and soil, all of which are analyzed using latest Remote Sensing and GIS technology. The basics of environmental pollution and its impacts are covered in the book's first part, while the second part focuses on the use of geospatial technology in investigating and modeling various instances of environmental pollution. The third part discusses policy measures for mitigating environmental pollution hazards, using geospatial analyses and data to craft informed policy decisions. The primary audience for the book is researchers working in the field of environmental pollution with incorporation of geospatial technology, including upper-level undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in remote sensing and its environmental applications. The secondary audience is academicians, planners, environmentalists and policymakers working in the field of environment protection and management.
Download or read book Air Pollution XVI written by C.A. Brebbia and published by WIT Press. This book was released on 2008-09-12 with total page 673 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bringing together recent results and state-of-the-art contributions from researchers around the world, this text contains papers first presented at the 16th International Conference on the Modelling, Monitoring and Management of Air Pollution.
Download or read book 3rd International Conference on Innovative Technologies for Clean and Sustainable Development written by Deepankar Kumar Ashish and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-11-05 with total page 589 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gathers peer-reviewed contributions presented at the 3rd International Conference on Innovative Technologies for Clean and Sustainable Development, held in Chandigarh, India, on February 19-21, 2020. The respective papers focus on sustainable materials science and cover topics including the durability and sustainability of concrete, green materials in construction, economics of cleaner production, environmental impact mitigation, innovative materials for sustainable construction, performance and sustainability of special concrete, renewable energy infrastructure, sustainability in road construction, sustainable concrete, sustainable construction materials, waste minimization & management, prevention and management of water pollution, and zero-energy buildings.
Download or read book Traffic Related Air Pollution written by Haneen Khreis and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-08-20 with total page 650 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traffic-Related Air Pollution synthesizes and maps TRAP and its impact on human health at the individual and population level. The book analyzes mitigating standards and regulations with a focus on cities. It provides the methods and tools for assessing and quantifying the associated road traffic emissions, air pollution, exposure and population-based health impacts, while also illuminating the mechanisms underlying health impacts through clinical and toxicological research. Real-world implications are set alongside policy options, emerging technologies and best practices. Finally, the book recommends ways to influence discourse and policy to better account for the health impacts of TRAP and its societal costs. Overviews existing and emerging tools to assess TRAP’s public health impacts Examines TRAP’s health effects at the population level Explores the latest technologies and policies--alongside their potential effectiveness and adverse consequences--for mitigating TRAP Guides on how methods and tools can leverage teaching, practice and policymaking to ameliorate TRAP and its effects
Download or read book Air Quality Integrated Assessment written by Giorgio Guariso and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-11-23 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This book reports on the results of an extended survey conducted across Europe within the framework of the APPRAISAL FP7 project to determine the extent to which an integrated assessment approach to air quality is being adopted, on the one hand, by regional and local authorities to develop air quality plans and, on the other, by researchers. Following a detailed analysis of the role and structure of the components of an integrated assessment study, the results of the survey are considered from a variety of perspectives. Above all, the book discusses the new light the survey sheds on emission abatement policies and measures planned at regional and local scales, and on their synergies/trade-offs with measures implemented at the national scale. Detailed consideration is given to the currently available modeling methodologies for identifying emission sources, assessing the effectiveness of emission reduction measures, and evaluating the impacts of emission abatement measures on human health. Current strengths and weaknesses revealed by the survey are explored, and the application of an integrated assessment tool in two case studies (in Brussels and Porto) is discussed. The book will appeal to all those interested in the use of integrated assessment in connection with the sources, effects and control of air pollution.
Download or read book Urban Transport Systems written by G. Passerini and published by WIT Press. This book was released on 2020-04-02 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Better urban transport systems are needed to achieve a healthier environment and as a result, a wide range of research has originated from many different countries. These studies highlight the importance of innovative systems, new approaches and original ideas, which need to be thoroughly tested and critically evaluated before they can be implemented in practice. To address the need to solve important pollution problems the papers included in this book focus on the relationship with urban transport. There is also a growing need for integration with telecommunications systems and IT applications in order to improve safety, security and efficiency. The variety of topics covered in this volume reflects the complex interaction of the urban transport systems with their environment and the need to establish integrated strategies. The aim is to arrive at optimal socio-economic solutions while reducing the negative environmental impacts of current transportation systems.
Download or read book An Integrated Multi model Approach for Predicting the Impact of Household Travel on Urban Air Quality and Simulating Population Exposure written by Marianne Hatzopoulou and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 718 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The population and economic growth experienced by Canadian metropolitan areas in the past twenty years, has been associated with increased levels of car ownership and vehicle kilometres travelled leading to a deterioration of air quality and public health and an increase in greenhouse gas emissions. The need to modify urban growth patterns has motivated planning agencies in Canada to develop a broad range of policies aiming at achieving a more sustainable transportation sector. The challenge however, remains in the ability to test the effectiveness of proposed policy measures. This situation has led to a renewed interest in integrated land-use and transport models to support transport policy appraisal. This research is motivated by the need to improve transport policy appraisal through the use of integrated land-use and transport models linked with a range of sub-models that can reflect transport externalities. This research starts with an exploration of the transport policy environment in Canada through a questionnaire-based survey conducted with planners and policy-makers. The survey results highlight the need for tools reflecting the sustainability impacts of proposed policies. While the second part of this research explores sustainability indicators and recommends a set of social, economic, and environmental measures, linked with integrated land-use and transport models; effort is dedicated to estimate the environmental indicators as part of this thesis. As such, the third part of this research involves the development of an emission-dispersion-exposure modelling framework. The framework includes a suite of sub-models including an activity-based travel demand model (TASHA), an emission factor model (Mobile6.2C), a meteorological model (CALMET), and a dispersion model (CALPUFF). The framework is used to estimate link-based emissions of light-duty vehicles in the Greater Toronto Area under a base scenario for 2001. Dispersion of emissions is then conducted and linked with population in order to estimate exposure to air pollution.
Download or read book An Integrated Approach to Modelling the Impact on Urban Travel Behaviour of Strategies to Reduce Enhanced Greenhouse Gas Emissions written by David A. Hensher and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Developing Commercial Opportunities in Urban Traffic Emissions Modelling written by Shane O'Sullivan and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Case Study of Integrated Modelling of Traffic Vehicular Emissions and Air Pollutant Concentrations for Huron Church Road Windsor written by Hassan Mohseni Nameghi and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
