Download or read book An Assessment of the Effectiveness and Environmental Impact of the UK Approach to the Legislative Controls on Packaging Waste written by Henry Okafor and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The UK has adopted a market based approach to the EU Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste in contrast to other Member States like Germany and the Nordic countries where direct levies on packaging are applied. This research thesis explores the effectiveness of the UK Packaging Regulations in reducing the production and use of packaging by obligated companies, encourages the recycling/recovery of packaging waste, and ensures the introduction of packaging waste management related practices. The environmental impact associated with the mandatory recovery and recycling targets were calculated. Yet the growth in packaging waste is a global phenomenon and in contrast, a review of packaging waste recovery systems in developing countries indicates that an informal sector has contributed immensely towards improving recovery of recyclable materials (including packaging materials) and provides recycling services at low cost to the local community. In contrast to the recovery of packaging waste in developing countries, the key stakeholders in the delivery of the UK Packaging Regulations - the reprocessors and obligated producers of packaging waste in UK were surveyed. Evidence indicates that • household packaging waste has become a vital source of supply to re processors and constitutes 31% of all packaging waste recovered for recycling in 2008. The Packaging Recovery Note income generated by the Regulations has facilitated investment in new recycling infrastructure. The domestic reprocessors in theory have the capacity across all material sectors to take an estimated 1,122ktonnes more packaging waste. The examination of the various material sectors indicates that glass and wood capacity would have sufficient capacity to meet the EU targets while paper, plastics and metals are deficient. This means that the export of packaging waste of paper, plastics and metals will be necessary for UK to meet its EU packaging waste recycling obligations. The cost of packaging waste compliance has raised environmental awareness within \, companies but have not stimulated major changes in business behaviour. There is evidence that the cost of compliance has encouraged some packagifJ,g design changes, improved production process to reduce packaging waste, substitution with other packaging materials and the incorporation of recycled content in packaging products. It has also encouraged discussions with suppliers on scope for reducing packaging, progress in take-back systems for recovery packaging and development of individual approaches by companies obligated under the regulations to develop their own approach to collecting evidence of packaging recovery. As part of the research a recycling and performance waste model, the Packaging and Packaging Waste Carbon Model (PPW-CM) was developed to evaluate the flow of C02eq I I which occur as a consequence of existing packaging recycling targets and possible higher targets which might be introduced through the regulations. The results from the model show that keeping the 2010 baseline recycling targets of 60.7% until 2024 will achieve a net C02eq savings of 8.4 million t C02eq while linearly raising the recycling target to 84.7% (level already achieved across Europe in 2009) by 2024 from 2010 baseline will realise an additional 7.2million t C02eq savings - a significant reduction in global warming potential. The model has shown that recycling packaging waste through the infrastructure set up in the UK can deliver against recycling targets and also offers significant environmental benefits expressed in carbon terms. Developing countries also have the potential to deliver similar benefits, but without formal, organised collection systems, will rely on an informal sector to deliver the necessary recycling.
Download or read book Effectiveness of Packaging Waste Management Systems in Selected Countries written by European Environment Agency and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Packaging waste is an important and growing waste stream. The amended Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive has recently been adopted, and work is underway to develop EU thematic strategies on waste prevention and recycling and on the sustainable use and management of natural resources. The Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive (hereafter: packaging directive) is one of the few environmentally-related directives to contain directly measurable, quantitative targets. It has now been in place for ten years and this is an opportune time to take stock of this important policy area. The EEA has conducted a pilot study of the effectiveness of packaging waste management systems in five EU Member States with the aim of gaining practical and concrete experience of ex-post policy effectiveness evaluation, and to track progress in this policy area.
Download or read book Packaging and Packaging Waste An Update Report Report with Evidence 33rd Report of Session written by Great Britain. Parliament. House of Lords. European Union Committee and published by The Stationery Office. This book was released on 2004 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In its report published in August 2002 (HLP 166, session 2001-02; ISBN 010413402X), the Committee raised concerns as to whether the UK packaging industry would be able to reach the proposed EU targets for the recovery and recycling of packaging and packaging waste by the then implementation date of 2006. The proposals have now been adopted under EU Directive 2004/12/EC with revised targets for 2008, and brought into effect in the UK under S.I. 2003/3294. The Committee's report updates their assessment of the matter by examining the actions taken by the Government over the past two years to ensure that the UK packaging industry will meet the revised targets. The report considers a range of issues including: assurances by DEFRA that the interim targets set for the UK packaging industry will enable the revised targets to be met; the quality of data availability; compliance schemes; the 'de minimis' rule; the impact in increased exports of waste; packaging recovery notes (PRN) and packaging export recovery notes (PERN); and the role of local authorities.
Download or read book Packaging in the Environment written by Geoffrey M. Levy and published by Aspen Publishers. This book was released on 1993 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Very Good,No Highlights or Markup,all pages are intact.
Download or read book Recycling and Extended Producer Responsibility written by Rui Cunha Marques and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-03-09 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An overriding value of European legislation on waste management is the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) principle. For example, all economic operators placing packaging onto the EU market are responsible for its proper management and recovery. However, in general, the collection and treatment of urban waste is the responsibility of local authorities. It has therefore been necessary to establish a system of financial compensations between producers and waste management operators. Analysing the legal and institutional schemes of several member states and accounting for all the costs and benefits to their local authorities due to selective collection and sorting, this book provides an accurate illustration of how the EPR principle has be translated into practice. Firstly the authors examine whether the industry is paying for the net financial cost of 'preparation for recycling' activities or if the extra-costs of recycling are being recovered via the sale of sorted materials, by the consumer through higher prices or by citizens in general through higher taxes. Secondly, by monetizing the net environmental benefits attained with the recycling system, the book discusses the success and Value-for-Money (VfM) of the EU’s recycling policy. In other words: what is the economic rate of return of the enhanced environmental protection achieved due to the fulfilment of recovery and recycling targets?
Download or read book Packaging in the Environment written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction - myths, facts and realities; packaging's role in society; review of environmental legislation - the european community; reviewof environmental legislation - north America; environmentally responsible packaging manufacture; lifecycle assessment of packaging; the challenge of domestic waste disposal; packaging materials recovery and recycling; worldwide environmental contrasts - Europe; worldwide environmental contrasts - north America; worldwide environmental contrasts - Japan.
Download or read book Environmental Regulation and Competitive Advantage written by D. M. W. N. Hitchens and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2000 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study focuses in detail on the environmental compliance/competitiveness relationship with respect to the regulation of packaging waste. It emphasizes backward and forward linkages. An entire supply chain is considered: packaging manufacturers and suppliers, food processors and the food retail sector, to study the competitiveness effects of environmental standards on manufacturing companies and the vertical links and supply responses. A variety of regulatory regimes is represented by including within the study companies from Germany, Italy, the Republic of Ireland and the UK. Analyses consider the response of individual firms to different levels of regulation; the cost of compliance; impact on employment; the influence of the supply chain on environmental and competitive performance; the importance of firm size and ownership; and the impact of regulation on competitiveness, and firm competitiveness on the efficiency of adjustment to regulation.
Download or read book Packaging in the Environment written by Geoffrey M. Levy and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concern about the harm that industrial activities may cause the environ ment, means that all are now being scrutinised to assess their impact. Packaging is no exception. It is now high on the political agenda, in terms of the environmental issues which are targeted for immediate attention in industrially developed countries and is often perceived as a wasteful drain on non-sustainable resources and an unnecessary indulgence on the part of affluent societies. This book seeks to understand and respond to the variety of pressures packaging now faces, and to review and correct the many misconceptions that exist in relation to its environmental impacts. It has been structured to address the topical and critical areas for attention; it identifies and explains what are seen to be the main issues and discusses the responses being made to them in different parts of the world. More specifically, this book is intended to: • clarify the facts and dispel many of the myths surrounding the environmental aspects of packaging • explain and emphasise packaging's essential role in the workings of human society • review legislative and regulatory developments, the trends and the extent to which they are converging • consider what constitutes environmentally responsible packaging manufacture • discuss and compare the relative environmental merits and differ ences between the various packaging materials and systems • address the requirements for identifying and controlling manufac turing impacts and the role of environmental auditing in this process
Download or read book The Potential Impact of Environmental Legislation on Export Packaging from Developing Countries written by International Trade Centre UNCTAD/GATT. Functional Advisory Services Section and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Problems in Packaging written by I. Boustead and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Packaging Law Europe written by Patricia M. Bailey and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this work is to assist those who are interested in the varying packaging legislation of the European Union, whether for business or academic purposes. In addition, it also analyzes the proposed EU directive on packaging waste which has been debated since the late 1980s.
Download or read book Manual of Environmental Management written by Adrian Belcham and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-09-25 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Manual of Environmental Management is a practical guide for those involved in the control and reduction of environmental impacts in organisations. This comprehensive and practical guide takes you through the main environmental challenges organisations face and the improvement strategies used to manage them. Chapter by chapter, Manual of Environmental Management discusses the fundamental issues and principles surrounding environmental policy, law and management and provides crucial information on how to respond and implement environmental programmes. This book is the perfect reference tool for the environmental professional and an invaluable study text for those preparing for professional examinations such as the NEBOSH Environmental Diploma and IEMA Associate Membership Exam.
Download or read book Strategic Management written by Jeffrey S. Harrison and published by Jossey-Bass. This book was released on 2003 with total page 896 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From internal resources such as people, knowledge, and capital to relationships with external stakeholders such as customers and suppliers - Strategic Management of Resources and Relationships provides students with one realistic, comprehensive, and highly effective approach to strategic management. Students will learn how to use the resource-based view to develop competitive advantages through the acquisition, development and management of resources. They'll also learn how to use stakeholder theory to determine when firms should form partnerships, the form they should take, and how to manage them to enhance their resource position. The text's unique blend of the resource-based approach with stakeholder theory and other relevant theories and models, helps students gain a complete, balanced understanding of the field.
Download or read book New Environmental Policy Instruments in the European Union written by Ian Bailey and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of legislation by EU governments to define environmental standards for industry has been criticised for its poor track record in arresting the decline in the quality of Europe's environment. Environmental economists in particular have proposed that legislation should be supplemented or replaced by New Environmental Policy Instruments (NEPIs), such as eco-taxes, environmental charges, tradable permits and voluntary agreements. This book focuses on practical experiences with NEPIs in the EU and tests their application using the case study of the Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive. It traces the ways in which member states have adapted NEPIs to suit their preferred styles of environmental policy, then assesses their performance and how NEPIs have both assisted and hindered the EU environmental programme. It suggests options for ensuring that the environmental programme does not become fragmented by the use of NEPIs and discusses the implications of EU enlargement.
Download or read book The Impact of Environmental Concerns on the Public Enforcement Mechanism Under EU Law written by Levente Borzsák and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2011-01-01 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The European Union, with only 7.5% of the world's population, is responsible for a major part of the contamination of the planet, and is a major contributor to the problems of the global environment. Fortunately, Europe has both the capacity and the experience to fight effectively against these problems, even in this 'twenty-fifth hour' of environmental degradation. This timely book identifies some of the weaknesses of the public enforcement mechanism inherent in Articles 258-260 TFEU, and suggests how that mechanism could be improved in order to promote the overall effectiveness of EU law and environmental law in particular"--Provided by publisher.
Download or read book Voluntary Environmental Agreements written by Patrick ten Brink and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-08-25 with total page 565 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Voluntary environmental agreements (VEAs) – generally agreements between government and business – have been regarded by many as a key new instrument for meeting environmental objectives in a flexible manner. Their performance to date has, however, also led to considerable criticism, with several parties arguing that they are methods for avoiding real action that goes beyond "business-as-usual". Is either of these positions justified? The aim of this book is to highlight and learn the lessons from existing experience, looking not just at results but also at specific elements of agreements and also at the process of the agreement itself. Lessons are drawn from experience from across the world, covering the full range of environmental challenges, and from the perspective of key stakeholder groups. Importantly, the book also presents tools for assessing and improving existing agreements and includes recommendations and guidelines for future agreements in key areas such as climate change. It also deals at length with the problem of how such agreements might be used in developing and transitional economies. The overall view of the book is that there is a real potential for the future use of VEAs as part of the policy mix and as a tool for sharing the responsibility for meeting environmental objectives. For the agreements to play this role, however, significant steps are needed to ensure that they are effective, efficient, equitable and appropriately linked to a portfolio of other instruments. The book is divided into four sections. First, existing agreements, their development and efficacy are considered; second, the prospects for voluntary agreements in developing and transitional economies are discussed; third, a range of authors examine the role of VEAs as part of the policy mix to combat climate change; and, finally, the book concludes with an examination of how new tools for evaluating and improving VEAs could be utilized in the future. Voluntary Environmental Agreements will be of interest not only to academics, governments and businesses wishing to understand this specific instrument, but also to those already implementing or considering applying VEAs to meet their environmental objectives.
Download or read book Mapping the Influence of Food Waste in Food Packaging Environmental Performance Assessments written by Martin C. Heller and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scrutiny of food packaging environmental impacts has led to a variety of sustainability directives, but has largely focused on the direct impacts of materials. A growing awareness of the impacts of food waste warrants a recalibration of packaging environmental assessment to include the indirect effects due to influences on food waste. In this study, we model 13 food products and their typical packaging formats through a consistent life cycle assessment framework in order to demonstrate the effect of food waste on overall system greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and cumulative energy demand (CED). Starting with food waste rate estimates from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, we calculate the effect on GHG emissions and CED of a hypothetical 10% decrease in food waste rate. This defines a limit for increases in packaging impacts from innovative packaging solutions that will still lead to net system environmental benefits. The ratio of food production to packaging production environmental impact provides a guide to predicting food waste effects on system performance. Based on a survey of the food LCA literature, this ratio for GHG emissions ranges from 0.06 (wine example) to 780 (beef example). High ratios with foods such as cereals, dairy, seafood, and meats suggest greater opportunity for net impact reductions through packaging-based food waste reduction innovations. While this study is not intended to provide definitive LCAs for the product/package systems modeled, it does illustrate both the importance of considering food waste when comparing packaging alternatives, and the potential for using packaging to reduce overall system impacts by reducing food waste.
