Download or read book An Approach to Surface Modifications with Polymer Brushes Using Aqueous Synthetic Techniques and Characterization written by Roselynn Cordero and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis introduces a new emulsion polymerization technique called mini monomer encapsulated emulsion polymerization (mini ME emulsion) using activators regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET) atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) to form narrow dispersity poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA and polystyrene, PS. Subsequent chapters discuss use of this method to create polymer brushes on silica nanoparticles to form "hairy" nanoparticles, and the use of polymer brushes on silica and cellulose substrates to serve as an antibody sensor. "Hairy nanoparticles" use a combination of a polymer brush and an inorganic nanoparticle core to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of a film. Mini ME emulsion polymerization was created for the controlled polymerization of PMMA and PS in an aqueous medium. By guiding reaction localization with a phase transfer agent, tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) and with acetone to control their diffusion rate, continuous feeding of the reaction loci with monomer was employed to keep a constant concentration of propagating radicals. This reaction process leads to low dispersity polymers with a predetermined molecular weight in an emulsion polymerization. Once mini ME emulsion polymerization was established in aqueous media, the polymerization method was modified to grow polymer chains on a nanoparticle surface to obtain hairy nanoparticles. Within recent years, the study of polymer brushes, which is broadly defined as polymer chains bound to a surface, has enabled ground-breaking materials with tailored interfaces, finding applications in nonfouling biosurfaces and creating novel mechanical and optical nanocomposite materials. The particles were functionalized with a hydrophobic initiator to control the polymerization loci forcing initiation to occur only within the organic phase surrounding the nanoparticle and minimizing reaction in the aqueous medium. Results of the new reaction route are described. This technique was also employed to generate polymer brushes on surfaces such as those suitable for biosensing devices and is discussed. Reaction conditions and the results of preliminary testing to these new structures for antibody sensing are described. A poly(oligoethylene glycol) methacrylate (POEGMA) polymer brush, which is used to prevent non-specific adsorption of biomolecules, was grown from cellulose or silica microparticles under aqueous conditions. These brushes were then post-modified with a model antigen, dinitrophenyl (DNP) to increase the specificity of the sensor via specific antibody-antigen recognition. Preliminary results suggest that polymer brushes are needed to increase the sensitivity of the sensor by repelling molecules that would lead to a false positive result. A sensor based on the antibody catalyzed water oxidation pathway (ACWOP) eliminates the need for a secondary antibody, thus further increasing both the specificity and sensitivity of the device and is described in this thesis.
Download or read book Synthesis and Characterization of Useful Polymer based Surface Layers and Bulk Materials written by Xue Sha and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation describes four projects: 1) development of a procedure for quantifying multi-step reactions for the immobilization of protein on gold and silica surfaces; 2) demonstration that observation of three-regime kinetics of formation of polymer brushes by means of the grafting-to approach is dependent on grafting conditions; 3) development of a sensor that can be used for quantitative detection of Bisphenol A (BPA) in aqueous media; 4) development of a chondroitin sulfate-based synthetic hydrogel to mimic the mechanical properties of the nucleus pulposus (in human intervertebral discs). The first three above were projects in surface modification, and for these, the quartz crystal microbalance played a key role. The fourth project was synthesis of bulk polymers and for this, dynamic mechanical analysis played a key role. The existence of quantitative analysis methods for the immobilization of proteins is relevant, because proteins are used increasingly in immobilized form for research on their interactions with various ligands. The understanding of three-regime kinetics is important, because of its role in surface tailoring and the potential it offers for creating multifunctional surfaces. A sensor that measures the amount of BPA in aqueous media is relevant, because surface waters are still polluted with this endocrine-disrupting chemical. Finally, a hydrogel with properties that duplicate those of the human nucleus pulposus is important, because the health care establishment is currently considering implants that replace the nucleus pulposus.
Download or read book Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces written by Manfred Stamm and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-01-26 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In what is an extremely practical and applicable new work, experts provide concise explanations, with examples and illustrations, of the key techniques in this important field. In each case, after basic principles have been reviewed, applications of the experimental techniques are discussed and illustrated with specific examples. Scientists and engineers in research and development will benefit from an application-oriented book that helps them to find solutions to both fundamental and applied problems. They will know that the surfaces and interfaces of polymers play an important role in most of the application areas of polymers, from moulds, foils, and composites, to biomaterials and applications in micro- and nanotechnology.
Download or read book Tailoring Surfaces Modifying Surface Composition And Structure For Applications In Tribology Biology And Catalysis written by Nicholas D Spencer and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2011-03-08 with total page 690 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The focus of this book is surface modification, with the goal of tailoring materials for a specific application. By means of this approach, ideal bulk properties of a material, such as its tensile strength (temperature stability, density, or even cost) can be combined with optimized surface properties, such as hardness, biocompatibility, low or high friction or adhesion, water repellency or wettability, or catalytic activity.The works of the author — many of his crucial papers are included — deal with the understanding and modification of surfaces and span fields including catalysis, analytical surface science, self-assembled monolayers, tribology, biomaterials, superhydrophobicity and polymer coatings.
Download or read book Polymers for Biomedicine written by Carmen Scholz and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-06-28 with total page 719 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Highlighting dynamic developments in polymer synthesis, this book focuses on the chemical techniques to synthesize and characterize biomedically relevant polymers and macromolecules. • Aids researchers developing polymers and materials for biomedical applications • Describes biopolymers from a synthetic perspective, which other similar books do not do • Covers areas that include: cationically-charged macromolecules, pseudo-peptides, polydrugs and prodrugs, controlled radical polymerization, self-assembly, polycondensates, and polymers for surface modification
Download or read book Aqueous Lubrication Natural And Biomimetic Approaches written by Nicholas D Spencer and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2014-03-24 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Man lubricates mostly with oil. Nature lubricates exclusively with water. Pure water is a poor lubricant, but the addition of proteins, especially glycoproteins, can modify surfaces to make them far more lubricating at slow speeds. Understanding how nature does this, and the physical structures involved, is not only important for the understanding of diseases such as osteoarthritis, but also essential for the successful application of articulating implants, such as hips and knees, as well as the development of medical devices such as catheters and contact lenses. A host of important applications of water-based lubrication are already in place in the personal care and food industries, and further industrial applications of water-based lubrication could have a significant positive impact on the environment.This book is the first of its kind. It brings together the latest research in biological and biomimetic, water-based lubrication and is authored by the world's experts in the field.
Download or read book Handbook of Polymer Synthesis Characterization and Processing written by Enrique Saldivar-Guerra and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-03-04 with total page 660 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covering a broad range of polymer science topics, Handbook of Polymer Synthesis, Characterization, and Processing provides polymer industry professionals and researchers in polymer science and technology with a single, comprehensive handbook summarizing all aspects involved in the polymer production chain. The handbook focuses on industrially important polymers, analytical techniques, and formulation methods, with chapters covering step-growth, radical, and co-polymerization, crosslinking and grafting, reaction engineering, advanced technology applications, including conjugated, dendritic, and nanomaterial polymers and emulsions, and characterization methods, including spectroscopy, light scattering, and microscopy.
Download or read book Controlled and Living Polymerizations written by Krzysztof Matyjaszewski and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-09-28 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by a highly prestigious and knowledgeable team of top scientists in the field, this book provides an overview of the current status of controlled/living polymerization, combining the synthetic, mechanistic and application-oriented aspects. From the contents: * Anionic Vinyl Polymerization * Carbocationic Polymerization * Radical Polymerization * Coordinative Polymerization of Olefins * Ring-Opening Polymerization of Heterocycles * Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization * Macromolecular Architectures * Complex Functional Macromolecules * Synthesis of Block and Graft Copolymers * Bulk and Solution Structures of Block Copolymers * Industrial Applications While some of the material is based on chapters taken from the four-volume work "Macromolecular Engineering", it is completely updated and rewritten to reflect the focus of this monograph. Must-have knowledge for polymer and organic chemists, plastics technologists, materials scientists and chemical engineers.
Download or read book Applied Materials and Methods for Surface Modification written by Lin Chen and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Surface modification is very important in tailoring materials properties. Various methods and materials have been explored and developed to provide unique properties on different substrates for practical applications. One of the most effective methods is to use surface-grafting procedures to introduce functional coatings on various substrates. Here in this thesis, grafting techniques are applied to grow polymer brushes on substrates with selected surface morphologies, e.g. flat and spherical surfaces. By tailoring the functionalities of the polymers, desirable properties such as antifouling behavior and enhanced solubility can be specifically designed and achieved. These as-modified functional materials can be successfully applied to complex working environments, indicating the methods and materials can be used for additional promising surface modification processes. The first example is to functionalize reverse osmosis membranes with antifouling polymer brushes using a 'layer-by-layer' mediated method. This specific method not only protects the membrane surface from potential chemical damage, but also amplifies the reaction sites on the surface. Different antifouling polymer brushes were successfully grown on the flat membrane surfaces through both 'grafted to' and 'grafted from' approaches. The membrane exhibits improved antifouling properties against different kinds of bio-foulants with no change of water flux and salt rejection ratios. The second example is the synthesis of hybrid nanoparticles as potential tracers for enhanced oil recovery and carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration. Fluorinated polymers were modified onto different nanoparticle spherical cores through a surface-initiated atomic transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) reaction. Incorporation of fluorescent labels makes the nanoparticles easy to be detected. The as-prepared nanohybrids have diameters around 40 nanometers and the solubility of these nanoparticles in scCO2 has been significantly improved. Further application of the nanopraticles in diffusion tests shows that they can be applied as potential tracers in real geological oil fields. While surface-grafting techniques are one type of modification method, which in principal is to add coatigs on the substrates, another kind of modification methods is to remove coatings from a substrate using methods such as plasma or chemical etching. In this thesis, new etching processes are also investigated. Supercritical carbon dioxide is used as a processing medium to remove post-etch organic residue on silicon wafers and to etch titanium nitride (TiN) as well. scCO2 compatible quaternary ammonium salts were synthesized and applied with co-solvents to enhance the cleaning efficiency. Strong organic acids and peroxides, together with alcohols as stabilizers, were used to successfully etch TiN from silicon surfaces in both organic solvents and scCO2.
Download or read book Polymer Functionalized Graphene written by Arun Kumar Nandi and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2021-06-18 with total page 457 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is an immense variety of research on polymer functionalized graphene (PFG). Functionalization of graphene is necessary for improvement of the compatibility with polymers. Applications of these graphene polymer hybrids include in chemical and biological sensing, photovoltaic devices, supercapacitors and batteries, dielectric materials and drug/gene delivery vehicles. This book will shed light on the synthesis, properties and applications of these new materials, covering two methods (covalent and noncovalent) for producing polymer functionalized graphene. Chapters cover physical, optical, mechanical and electronic properties, applications of polymer functionalized graphene in energy harvesting and storage, and uses in biomedicine and bioengineering. Written by an expert in the field, Polymer Functionalized Graphene will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in polymer chemistry and nanoscience.
Download or read book Functionalization of Silica Micro capillaries and Silica Nanoparticles Via Polymber Brushes written by Andrew N. Constable and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Polymer brushes were synthesized on the interior of micro-capillaries to study the influence of brushes on solvent flow through a confined space. The synthesis of several polymer brush coatings was performed in fused silica micro-capillary tubing by atom transfer radical polymerization using the grafting from approach. Characterization of the polymer coatings inside of the capillaries was challenging due to inaccessibility of the sample geometry. Fluorescence spectroscopy was used as a technique to verify that covalently-attached polymer brushes were present. Capillary rise measurements demonstrated that the Zisman critical surface energy changes as the polymer coatings were modified from either a hydrophilic or a hydrophobic surface. The hydrophilic and hydrophobic nature of polymers leads to flow in micro-capillaries that can be manipulated and controlled in a passive fashion without external stimulus. Backpressure measurements were performed to show how selective solvents can be used to alter the backpressure required for flow. The measurements were used to correlate the flow of good/bad solvents with different polymer coatings; we speculate how these solvents alter brush conformation as an explanation for differentiated backpressure measurements. An analogous study involved capillaries functionalized with small molecule silanes which supported the hypothesis that the polymer brush is in an extended (solvated) state in good solvent and in a collapsed stated in bad solvent. Preferential flow experiments were designed to measure the preferred path an aqueous solvent would take when comparing two capillaries containing polymer coatings of different surface energies. Water flow preferred the hydrophilic, higher surface energy coated capillary when comparing capillaries of the same internal diameter. When the difference in internal size became too large, the surface energy effect was overwhelmed and the aqueous solvent flowed down the larger, hydrophobic capillary. The second portion of this dissertation describes the in situ formation of functionalized silica nanoparticles. The reactive stabilizers used in the study were (3-(2-bromoisobutyryl)propyl)triethoxysilane and (3-(2-bromoisobutyryl)propyl)ethoxy-dimethylsilane. Both stabilizers have an ATRP initiator at the non-condensable end yielding an initiator-immobilized silica nanoparticle. With the initiator-functionalized silica nanoparticles, ATRP synthesis was performed with styrene, tert-butyl acrylate and methyl acrylate. The size of these functionalized silica nanoparticles was controlled by varying the reactive stabilizer concentration and the time of addition. This work was extended by using preformed polymer chains as the reactive stabilizer. The polymer chain contained a monoethoxysilane-functional group which condensed to form hybrid polymer/silica nanoparticles. The relationships among the molecular weight, time of addition and concentration of the polymeric stabilizer to the nature of the resulting nanoparticle were studied. The large polymer reactive stabilizers did not afford the control in particle size observed with the small molecule reactive stabilizers."--Abstract.
Download or read book Organic Inorganic Hybrid Nanomaterials written by Susheel Kalia and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-12-04 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Polymer Science enjoys a longstanding tradition and good reputation in its community. Each volume is dedicated to a current topic, and each review critically surveys one aspect of that topic, to place it within the context of the volume. The volumes typically summarize the significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years and discuss them critically, presenting selected examples, explaining and illustrating the important principles, and bringing together many important references of primary literature. On that basis, future research directions in the area can be discussed. Advances in Polymer Science volumes thus are important references for every polymer scientist, as well as for other scientists interested in polymer science - as an introduction to a neighboring field, or as a compilation of detailed information for the specialist.
Download or read book Polymer and Biopolymer Brushes written by Omar Azzaroni and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-01-11 with total page 840 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Serves as a guide for seasoned researchers and students alike, who wish to learn about the cross-fertilization between biology and materials that is driving this emerging area of science This book covers the most relevant topics in basic research and those having potential technological applications for the field of biopolymer brushes. This area has experienced remarkable increase in development of practical applications in nanotechnology and biotechnology over the past decade. In view of the rapidly growing activity and interest in the field, this book covers the introductory features of polymer brushes and presents a unifying and stimulating overview of the theoretical aspects and emerging applications. It immerses readers in the historical perspective and the frontiers of research where our knowledge is increasing steadily—providing them with a feeling of the enormous potential, the multiple applications, and the many up-and-coming trends behind the development of macromolecular interfaces based on the use of polymer brushes. Polymer and Biopolymer Brushes: Fundamentals and Applications in Materials offers chapters on: Functionalization of Surfaces Using Polymer Brushes; Polymer Brushes by ATRP and Surface-Mediated RAFT Polymerization for Biological Functions; Electro-Induced Copper Catalyzed Surface Modification with Monolayer and Polymer Brush; Polymer Brushes on Flat and Curved Substrates; Biomimetic Anchors for Antifouling Polymer Brush Coating; Glycopolymer Brushes Presenting Sugars in Their Natural Form; Smart Surfaces Modified with Phenylboronic Acid-Containing Polymer Brushes; DNA Brushes; Polymer Brushes as Interfacial Materials for Soft Metal Conductors and Electronics; and more. Presents a comprehensive theory/simulation section that will be valuable for all readers Includes chapters not only on the biological applications of polymer brushes but also on biological systems that resemble polymer brushes on flat surfaces Addresses applications in coatings, friction, sensors, microelectromechanical systems, and biomaterials Devotes particular attention to the functional aspects of hybrid nanomaterials employing polymer brushes as functional units Polymer and Biopolymer Brushes: Fundamentals and Applications in Materials is aimed at both graduate students and researchers new to this subject as well as scientists already engaged in the study and development of polymer brushes.
Download or read book Multifunctional Polymeric Nanocomposites Based on Cellulosic Reinforcements written by Debora Puglia and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2016-07-11 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multifunctional Polymeric Nanocomposites Based on Cellulosic Reinforcements introduces the innovative applications of polymeric materials based on nanocellulose, and covers extraction methods, functionalization approaches, and assembly methods to enable these applications. The book presents the state-of-the-art of this novel nano-filler and how it enables new applications in many different sectors, beyond existing products. With a focus on application of nano-cellulose based polymers with multifunctional activity, the book explains the methodology of nano-cellulose extraction and production and shows the potential performance benefits of these particular nanostructured polymers, for applications across different sectors, including food active packaging, energy-photovoltaics, biomedical, and filtration. The book describes how the different methodologies, functionalization, and organization at the nano-scale level could contribute to the design of required properties at macro level. The book studies the interactions between the main nano-filler with other active systems and how this interaction enables multi-functionality in the produced materials. The book is an indispensable resource for the growing number of scientists and engineers interested in the preparation and novel applications of nano-cellulose, and for industrial scientists active in formulation and fabrication of polymer products based on renewable resources. Provides insight into nanostructure formation science, and processing of polymeric materials and their characterization Offers a strong analysis of real industry needs for designing the materials Provides a well-balanced structure, including a light introduction of basic knowledge on extraction methods, functionalization approaches, and assembling focused to applications Describes how different methodologies, functionalization, and organization at the nano-scale level could contribute to the design of required properties at macro level
Download or read book Polymer Brushes written by Rigoberto C. Advincula and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-03-06 with total page 501 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Materials scientists, polymer chemists, surface physicists and materials engineers will find this book a complete and detailed treatise on the field of polymer brushes, their synthesis, characterization and manifold applications. In a first section, the various synthetic pathways and different surface materials are introduced and explained, followed by a second section covering important aspects of characterization and analysis in both flat surfaces and particles. These specific surface initiated polymerization (SIP) systems such as linear polymers, homopolymers, block copolymers, and hyperbranched polymers are unique compared to previously reported systems by chemisorption or physisorption. They have found their way in both large-scale and miniature applications of polymer brushes, which is covered in the last section. Such 'hairy' surfaces offer fascinating opportunities for addressing numerous problems of both academic and, in particular, industrial interest: high-quality, functional or protective coatings, composite materials, surface engineered particles, metal-organic interfaces, biological applications, micro-patterning, colloids, nanoparticles, functional devices, and many more. It is the desire of the authors that this book will be of benefit to readers who want to "brush-up on polymers".
Download or read book Synthetic Methodologies and Characterization of Small Molecules and Polymers for Surface Modification written by David R. Calabrese and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A major problem of naval vessels is the surface fouling caused by marine organisms on any surface exposed to the marine environment. Biofouling leads to increased weight, drag, and noise when ships are underway creating an energy and security penalty. Instead of the toxic paints used currently to partially control fouling, we seek to develop new non-toxic, anti-fouling coatings by controlling the surface energy. In the last few years, there is an increasing amount of evidence that surfaces with amphiphilic character can confer both enhanced resistance to biofouling and improved fouling release. Such an approach is finding its way into commercial coatings. We are designing, preparing, and testing "ambiguous surfaces" chemically patterned at various length scales with different moieties whose chemical functions are selected to hinder settlement and improve fouling release, creating materials that can exceed the current performance of fouling release silicone coatings. Our approach has been to make amphiphilic polymers from block copolymers to which functional groups have been attached. In this dissertation, we discuss different strategies for designing new block copolymers for antifouling applications in terms of synthesizing new side groups, using different block copolymers, and changing the architecture of the surface. These structures were then tested against two different biofouling species to determine the effectiveness for their antifouling and fouling release properties. With these results we can iii gain some insight into creating a more optimized surface, and gain a greater understanding of the mechanisms of biofouling. iv.
Download or read book Surface Modifications of Nanocellulose written by Ning Lin and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2024-06-01 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Surface Modifications of Nanocellulose: Strategies, Methods, and Applications establishes the basic framework of nanocellulose. This book systemically summarizes the strategy and protocols of surface modifications on nanocellulose and comprehensively analyzes the relationship between surface modifications and their functional applications. It provides a one-stop reference for researchers engaged in biopolymer research with a commitment to the development of highly-valued functional polymers, nanomaterials, and green chemistry. Systemically summarizes the strategy and protocols of surface modifications on nanocellulose Includes a database for the modified species as a reference book for surface modification on nanocellulose Illustrates the relationship between modification and applications of nanocellulose Provides inspiration for the development of potential functional modification in this field
