Download or read book An Analysis of the Relationship Between Urban Form and the Length of Commute Using Centrographic Measures written by Takatsugu Kobayashi and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Several interurban and intraurban commuting studies have examined the relationship between urban form and the length of commute. This relationship has been analyzed in terms of agglomeration externalities, competition for land rents, spatial distributions of residences and employment, and households' location decisions and mobility status, among other factors. Understanding the relationship of urban form and the length of commute is important because it enables planners and policy makers to forecast changes in commuting patterns.
Download or read book GIS Based Simulation and Analysis of Intra Urban Commuting written by Yujie Hu and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-11-20 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Commuting, the daily link between residences and workplaces, sets up the complex interaction between the two most important land uses (residential and employment) in a city, and dictates the configuration of urban structure. In addition to prolonged time and stress for individual commuters on traffic, commuting comes with additional societal costs including elevated crash risks, worsening air quality, and louder traffic noise, etc. These issues are important to city planners, policy researchers, and decision makers. GIS-Based Simulation and Analysis of Intra-Urban Commuting, presents GIS-based simulation, optimization and statistical approaches to measure, map, analyze, and explain commuting patterns including commuting length and efficiency. Several GIS-automated easy-to-use tools will be available, along with sample data, for readers to download and apply to their own studies. This book recognizes that reporting errors from survey data and use of aggregated zonal data are two sources of bias in estimation of wasteful commuting, it studies the temporal trend of intraurban commuting pattern based on the most recent period newly-available 2006-2010, and it focuses on commuting, and especially wasteful commuting within US cities. It includes ready-to-download GIS-based simulation tools and sample data, and an explanation of optimization and statistical techniques of how to measure commuting, as well as presenting a methodology that can be applicable to other studies. This book is an invaluable resource for students, researchers, and practitioners in geography, urban planning, public policy, transportation engineering, and other related disciplines.
Download or read book An Analysis of Relationships Between Urban Form density Mix and Jobs Housing Balance and Travel Behavior mode Choice Trip Generation Trip Length and Travel Time written by Lawrence D. Frank and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Mathematics of Urban Morphology written by Luca D'Acci and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-03-23 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume provides an essential resource for urban morphology, the study of urban forms and structures, offering a much-needed mathematical perspective. Experts on a variety of mathematical modeling techniques provide new insights into specific aspects of the field, such as street networks, sustainability, and urban growth. The chapters collected here make a clear case for the importance of tools and methods to understand, model, and simulate the formation and evolution of cities. The chapters cover a wide variety of topics in urban morphology, and are conveniently organized by their mathematical principles. The first part covers fractals and focuses on how self-similar structures sort themselves out through competition. This is followed by a section on cellular automata, and includes chapters exploring how they generate fractal forms. Networks are the focus of the third part, which includes street networks and other forms as well. Chapters that examine complexity and its relation to urban structures are in part four.The fifth part introduces a variety of other quantitative models that can be used to study urban morphology. In the book’s final section, a series of multidisciplinary commentaries offers readers new ways of looking at the relationship between mathematics and urban forms. Being the first book on this topic, Mathematics of Urban Morphology will be an invaluable resource for applied mathematicians and anyone studying urban morphology. Additionally, anyone who is interested in cities from the angle of economics, sociology, architecture, or geography will also find it useful. "This book provides a useful perspective on the state of the art with respect to urban morphology in general and mathematics as tools and frames to disentangle the ideas that pervade arguments about form and function in particular. There is much to absorb in the pages that follow and there are many pointers to ways in which these ideas can be linked to related theories of cities, urban design and urban policy analysis as well as new movements such as the role of computation in cities and the idea of the smart city. Much food for thought. Read on, digest, enjoy." From the foreword by Michael Batty
Download or read book The Effect of Housing Market Segmentation on Commuting written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study examines the role of urban spatial structure on commuting. Among the many forces that constitute the dimensions of urban structure, it is focused on the fragmentation of a metropolitan area into distinct housing submarkets. The study refers to this phenomenon as "housing market segmentation". Empirical analysis of the relationship between housing market segmentation and commute length in 85 metropolitan areas shows that housing market segmentation (as a component of urban spatial structure) lengthens commute distances. The operationalization of the IHMS rests on the definition of housing submarkets, which are derived by means of a fuzzy c -means algorithm. The performance of fuzzy clustering is evaluated in comparison with that of k -means methods. An F -test confirms that fuzzy clustering outperforms hard clustering. Fuzzy clustering is shown to be of great use in the classification of housing markets based on census data. The index of housing market segmentation is measured for 85 metropolitan areas. Housing market tends to be more segmented in large metropolitan areas while housing market segmentation is not correlated with geographic region. Complexity of industrial structure and racialized process of residential development seems to contribute to a high degree of housing market segmentation. Regression analysis of metropolitan-wide commute length shows that commute time is affected by labor market scale (e.g., the number of workers), labor market structure (e.g., composition of industry, specialization or diversification), labor market performance (e.g., unemployment), socioeconomic variables (e.g., income, age, ethnic composition), modal split, and urban form features (e.g., housing density). When commute length is defined in terms of vehicle miles, housing market segmentation is found to be an important contributing factor. The study indicates that disparity between residential neighborhoods (i.e., housing market segmentation as a component of urban structure) can impose negative impact on sustainable transportation.
Download or read book Assessing the Relationship Between Urban Form and Travel Requirements written by James W. Clark and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Connection of Urban Form and Travel Behaviour written by Markus Otto Botte and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: [Truncated] A renewed interest in public transport, and particularly rail, has sparked a renaissance of Transit Oriented Development (TOD), with the aim of creating more liveable urban environments and fostering more sustainable travel behaviour. But without in-depth knowledge of the complex interactions between urban form, human activities and travel behaviour, the risk of mismatched urban planning outcomes, failing to adequately address human needs and desires, appears obvious. Hence, a debate on the relative roles of built environment and personal preferences and attitudes in shaping travel behaviour has been ongoing; however, the related empirical and theoretical research has often remained inconclusive in its findings. This research further adds to the discourse on the associations between different TOD opportunities and households' travel behaviour. There are a number of contributions that this research is making: 1) it compares various geometries and highlights the benefits of kernel density as the most appropriate spatial tool for Activity Spaces for a one-day travel diary; 2) through a data enrichment methodology, it reveals the potential for GPS methods to enhance the Activity Space measures; 3) it analyses changes in Activity Spaces as a result of changes in urban form and development of TODs; 4) it evaluates in a structural equation model the connections between TODs and travel behaviour after accounting for household preferences and self-selection; and 5) it validates findings of the multivariate model with an Artificial Neural Network for enhanced credibility and confidence in the findings. These contributions are explained briefly in the following paragraphs. After investigating the potential of Activity Space Analysis and adopting the concept as a central research element for the behavioural analysis of activity-travel patterns, Activity Space analysis was systematically examined in terms of methodology, visualisation, and practical application and subsequently deployed to evaluate urban form implications on household travel behaviour, with the aim to measure TOD success. The examination of a new public transport railway line, crossing the southern suburbs of Perth, Western Australia (WA), along a 72km long network spine, provided a real world scenario for measuring realised Activity Spaces and validation of the holistic modelling approach developed for this research.
Download or read book The Link Between Urban Form and Travel written by Niovi Karathodorou and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis is concerned with the link between urban form and travel behaviour. We focus on two issues that have been overlooked in the existing empirical literature: the measurement of land use mix and the relation between urban structure and city-wide public transport patronage. In the last twenty years, there has been a substantial interest on the effects of land use mix on travel behaviour. The literature uses a variety of metrics to measure land use mix, but there is limited understanding of how the choice of metric affects estimates of the link between land use mix and travel. Researchers also measure urban form, and in particular land use mix, at various geographical scales. Past studies examining the effects of spatial scale on estimates of the urban form-travel demand relationship, offer limited evidence on land use mix measures. The first part of this thesis examines how the metric and spatial scale used in land use mix measurement affect our understanding of the relation between land use mix and travel, employing both simulation and empirical econometric analyses. The simulation analysis uses randomly generated data to construct and test alternative land use mix measures. The empirical analysis tests alternative metrics and alternative spatial scales in the context of public transport trip frequency in London. The last part of the thesis, presents some further econometric models of public transport demand, to investigate the effect of city structure on city-wide public transport patronage. The study extends previous work on the topic in a number of ways. These include considering more detailed measures of urban from; dealing with methodological issues related to endogeneity and experimenting with various functional forms.
Download or read book Validating the Relationship Between Urban Form and Travel Behavior with Vehicle Miles Travelled written by Rajanesh Kakumani and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The validity of the influence of urban form on travel behavior has been a topic of interest in travel behavior research. Empirical research shows that urban form influences travel behavior causing less travel impacts. However, according to the conventional travel impact assessment following the ITE's (Institute of Transportation Engineers) Trip Generation Handbook, developments with higher levels of urban form measures will generate a greater travel impacts because they generate higher number of trips. The ITE Trip Generation Handbook is typically used as a guideline to estimate the number of trips generated by a development. The hypothesis made in the present research is that a development defined with higher levels of land use mix, street connectivity and residential density will generate a higher number of trips because of the greater accessibility but they will be shorter in length. Therefore, the effective distance travelled will be less even though higher numbers of trips are generated. Considering the distance travelled on a roadway will be an appropriate unit for measuring the travel impacts, the research argues that VMT (Vehicle Miles Travelled) can be a better measurement unit than the number of trips to validate the influence of urban form on travel behavior.
Download or read book The Impact of Urban Spatial Structure on Travel Demand in the United States written by Antonio M. Bento and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2003 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Modeling Commute Time in New York City written by Benjamin Berkman and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper seeks to determine whether income as well as other socioeconomic variables are strong determinants of commute time in New York City. Using both linear and spatial regression analysis, we test and visualize United States Census Bureau data of commute time, income, and other select economic indicators. We begin with a review of the wealth of literate on the relationship between income and commute time, then highlight more specific studies conducted in New York City. We next apply ordinary least squares regression analysis, and Geographically Weighted Regression tools via geographic information system software to understand whether the projected results based on previous research match the observed outcomes in the parameters of this study. We find that while income doesnt explain commute time linearly, it does so in many cases spatially localized regressions of neighboring census tracts do effectively model commute time. We further conclude that education rate, the non-minority rate, and population density are relatively strong determinants of commute time in New York City at the census tract level.
Download or read book A Quantitative Method to Study the Relationship Between Urban Form and City Liveability Indexes written by Alessandro Venerandi and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Spatially Disaggregated Commuting Efficiency and Urban Structure written by Michael A. Niedzielski and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Theoretically, if the distribution of work trips is reshuffled so that regional commuting costs are minimized, the optimized journey-to-work pattern based on the actual urban structure of homes and jobs suggests people may engage in efficient commuting. Commuting efficiency measures the extent that the observed work travel pattern is greater than the commuting pattern when trip lengths are minimized. Accurate estimates of commuting efficiency depend on the spatial and structural factors that influence the level of the theoretical minimum commute, thereby, under or over stating commuting efficiency. This thesis considers an alternative approach to commuting efficiency assessments based on spatially disaggregated commute components. A spatially disaggregated approach involves the calculation of commuting efficiency metrics on a zonal basis from the viewpoint of the origins and the destinations. Existing measures are estimated from the residential and employment perspectives allowing an analysis of intra-urban (inter-zonal) commuting efficiency from two viewpoints. The primary attempt of this research is the spatial variation of commuting efficiency for job-seekers and job-demanders at the sub-regional scale. Spatially disaggregated metrics are formulated and applied to commuting data for a sample of cities in Poland. The urban spatial structure in Poland has evolved from different political and economic processes. An intra-zonal typology is developed to arrange zones in groups by means of relationships between their corresponding origin and destination commute components. The results indicate that the amount of commuting efficiency is varied for residents and employers in various areas of the city. In addition, the results show that there is a relationship between the zonal jobs-housing balance and accessibility (as captured by the theoretical minimum commute) and the zonal observed commute. However, the relationship between commuting efficiency and jobs-housing balance is counter-intuitive due to the impact of the minimum commute variation on the efficiency metrics.
Download or read book A Quantitative Method to Study the Relationship Between Urban Form and City Liveability Indexes written by A. Venerandi and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Capturing the Impacts of Land Use on Travel Behavior written by Veronica Adelle Hannan and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most urban planning literature suggests that compact and mixed-use neighborhoods correlate with lower vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT), and accordingly, lower energy consumption and transportation-related emissions. However, many of these studies also find that the relationship between urban form and travel behavior is marginal at best, and several commit analytical errors, which may compromise the robustness of parameter estimates. This thesis examines daily travel behavior in Santiago de Chile to understand how demographic structure, neighborhood design, and regional accessibility influence travel behavior as measured through emitted grams of five criteria pollutants (C0 2, VOCs, PM10, CO and NO,). To answer this question, two different modeling techniques are employed to investigate the variables related to car ownership and travel behavior. The first analysis uses a discrete-continuous choice model to understand the attributes that influence car-ownership and travel emissions. The second study uses structural equation modeling to simultaneously estimate latent urban form factors, car-ownership and emitted pollutants. The advantage of each technique is that they both offer the flexibility to address the four major methodological errors identified in the literature review: inulticollinearity, spatial auto-correlation, the modifiable areal unit problem and self-selection. After controlling for the four methods-related gaps, both models find that, although economic and demographic characteristics dominate in explaining travel decisions, the built environment plays a small, but significant, role. The discrete-continuous choice model uses two classes of measures to capture urban form: local attributes and regional accessibility. It finds that neighborhood-level and regional characteristics have an equally important impact on 2 or 3-plus vehicle ownership.Furthermore, the model suggests that regional accessibility attributes dominate among the built environment measures in explaining variations in emitted travel pollutants. The structural equation model uses three latent urban form factors to characterize the built environment: a high-intensity, mixed-use factor; a high-income residential factor; and a non-gridded street factor. It finds that the high-density, mixed-use factor decreases the utility of owning a vehicle, and reduces the likelihood of travel emissions. The latter two factors, on the other hand, both increase the probability of owning a car. Lastly, the non-gridded street factor has a consistently positive effect on travel emissions.
Download or read book The Relationship Between Urban Form and Travel Behaviour written by Paulus Teguh Aditjandra and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Relationships Between Neighborhood scale Urban Form Travel Behavior and Residential Location written by Kevin J. Krizek and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
