Download or read book Amplifier and Data Converter Techniques for Low Power Sensor Interfaces written by Frank M. Yaul and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sensor interfaces circuits are integral components of wireless sensor nodes, and improvements to their energy-efficiency help enable long-term medical and industrial monitoring applications. This thesis explores both analog and algorithmic energy-saving techniques in the sensor interface signal chain. First, a data-dependent successive-approximation algorithm is developed and is demonstrated in a low-power analog-to-digital converter (ADC) implementation. When averaged over many samples, the energy per conversion and number of bitcycles per conversion used by this algorithm both scale logarithmically with the activity of the input signal, with each N-bit conversion using between 2 and 2N+1 bitcycles, compared to N for conventional binary SA. This algorithm reduces ADC power consumption when sampling signals with low mean activity, and its effectiveness is demonstrated on an electrocardiogram signal. With a 0.6V supply, the 10-bit ADC test chip has a maximum sample rate of 16 kHz and an effective number of bits (ENOB) of 9.73b. The ADC's Walden Figure of Merit (FoM) ranges from 3.5 to 20 fJ/conversion-step depending on the input signal activity. Second, an ultra-low supply voltage amplifier stage is developed and used to create an energy-efficient low-noise instrumentation amplifier (LNIA). This chopper LNIA uses a 0.2V-supply inverter-based input stage followed by a 0.8V-supply folded-cascode common-source stage. The high input-stage current needed to reduce the input-referred noise is drawn from the 0.2V supply, significantly reducing power consumption. The 0.8V stage provides high gain and signal swing, improving linearity. Biasing and common-mode rejection techniques for the 0.2V-stage are also presented. The analog front-end (AFE) test chip incorporating the chopper LNIA achieves a power-efficiency figure (PEF) of 1.6 with an input noise of 0.94 [mu]VRMS, integrated from 0.5 to 670 Hz. Human biopotential signals are measured using the AFE.

Download or read book Efficient Sensor Interfaces Advanced Amplifiers and Low Power RF Systems written by Kofi A.A. Makinwa and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-08-28 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is based on the 18 tutorials presented during the 24th workshop on Advances in Analog Circuit Design. Expert designers present readers with information about a variety of topics at the frontier of analog circuit design, including low-power and energy-efficient analog electronics, with specific contributions focusing on the design of efficient sensor interfaces and low-power RF systems. This book serves as a valuable reference to the state-of-the-art, for anyone involved in analog circuit research and development.

Download or read book Smart Sensor Interfaces written by Johan Huijsing and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Smart Sensor Interfaces brings together in one place important contributions and up-to-date research results in this fast moving area. Smart Sensor Interfaces serves as an excellent reference, providing insight into some of the most challenging research issues in the field.

Download or read book Analog Circuit Design written by Rudy J. van de Plassche and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today digital signal processing systems use advanced CMOS technologies requiring the analog-to-digital converter to be implemented in the same (digital) technology. Such an implementation requires special circuit techniques. Furthermore the susceptibility of converters to ground bounce or digital noise is an important design criterion. In this part different converters and conversion techniques are described that are optimized for receiver applications. Part II, Sensor and Actuator Interfaces, interfaces for sensors and actuators shape the gates through which information is acquired from the real world into digital information systems, and vice versa. The interfaces should include analog signal conditioning, analog-to-digital conversion, digital bus interfaces and data-acquisition networks. To simplify the use of data-acquisition systems additional features should be incorporated, like self-test, and calibration

Download or read book Op Amps for Everyone written by Ron Mancini and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2003 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The operational amplifier ("op amp") is the most versatile and widely used type of analog IC, used in audio and voltage amplifiers, signal conditioners, signal converters, oscillators, and analog computing systems. Almost every electronic device uses at least one op amp. This book is Texas Instruments' complete professional-level tutorial and reference to operational amplifier theory and applications. Among the topics covered are basic op amp physics (including reviews of current and voltage division, Thevenin's theorem, and transistor models), idealized op amp operation and configuration, feedback theory and methods, single and dual supply operation, understanding op amp parameters, minimizing noise in op amp circuits, and practical applications such as instrumentation amplifiers, signal conditioning, oscillators, active filters, load and level conversions, and analog computing. There is also extensive coverage of circuit construction techniques, including circuit board design, grounding, input and output isolation, using decoupling capacitors, and frequency characteristics of passive components. The material in this book is applicable to all op amp ICs from all manufacturers, not just TI. Unlike textbook treatments of op amp theory that tend to focus on idealized op amp models and configuration, this title uses idealized models only when necessary to explain op amp theory. The bulk of this book is on real-world op amps and their applications; considerations such as thermal effects, circuit noise, circuit buffering, selection of appropriate op amps for a given application, and unexpected effects in passive components are all discussed in detail. *Published in conjunction with Texas Instruments *A single volume, professional-level guide to op amp theory and applications *Covers circuit board layout techniques for manufacturing op amp circuits.

Download or read book Interfacing Sensors to the IBM PC written by Willis J. Tompkins and published by Pearson. This book was released on 1988 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume thoroughly explores all the principles and techniques necessary for connecting any type of sensor to the IBM PC or equivalent computers -- e.g., sensors, transducers, data conversion, and interface techniques.

Download or read book Low Power High Resolution Analog to Digital Converters written by Amir Zjajo and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-10-29 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the fast advancement of CMOS fabrication technology, more and more signal-processing functions are implemented in the digital domain for a lower cost, lower power consumption, higher yield, and higher re-configurability. This has recently generated a great demand for low-power, low-voltage A/D converters that can be realized in a mainstream deep-submicron CMOS technology. However, the discrepancies between lithography wavelengths and circuit feature sizes are increasing. Lower power supply voltages significantly reduce noise margins and increase variations in process, device and design parameters. Consequently, it is steadily more difficult to control the fabrication process precisely enough to maintain uniformity. The inherent randomness of materials used in fabrication at nanoscopic scales means that performance will be increasingly variable, not only from die-to-die but also within each individual die. Parametric variability will be compounded by degradation in nanoscale integrated circuits resulting in instability of parameters over time, eventually leading to the development of faults. Process variation cannot be solved by improving manufacturing tolerances; variability must be reduced by new device technology or managed by design in order for scaling to continue. Similarly, within-die performance variation also imposes new challenges for test methods. In an attempt to address these issues, Low-Power High-Resolution Analog-to-Digital Converters specifically focus on: i) improving the power efficiency for the high-speed, and low spurious spectral A/D conversion performance by exploring the potential of low-voltage analog design and calibration techniques, respectively, and ii) development of circuit techniques and algorithms to enhance testing and debugging potential to detect errors dynamically, to isolate and confine faults, and to recover errors continuously. The feasibility of the described methods has been verified by measurements from the silicon prototypes fabricated in standard 180nm, 90nm and 65nm CMOS technology.

Download or read book Incremental Data Converters for Sensor Interfaces written by Chia-Hung Chen and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-12-19 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive resource discussing operating principles, available architectures, and design of micropower incremental analog-to-digital converters (IADCs) Incremental Data Converters for Sensor Interfaces describes the motivation for using incremental analog-to-digital converters (IADCs), including the theoretical foundations of their operation, the trade-offs in their use, and the practical issues in the circuit analysis and design of IADCs. The text covers core foundational knowledge such as the key algorithms used, circuits for single-stage and multi-stage IADCs, the design of the digital post filters for single- and multi-stage IADCs, IADC applications in measurement and instrumentation, medicine, imagers, and IoT, and comparison of delta-sigma (D-S) and incremental ADCs (IADCs) in terms of accuracy, latency, and multiplexed operation. To aid in reader comprehension and serve as an excellent classroom learning resource, Incremental Data Converters for Sensor Interfaces includes in-text problems and homework for graduate studies, along with helpful computer codes in MATLAB and Simulink. Additional topics covered in Incremental Data Converters for Sensor Interfaces include: Sensors and sensor interfaces, mixed-mode (analog–digital) communication and consumer signal chains, and ADC algorithms Quantization errors vs. quantization noise, and performance parameters and figures of merit, including resolution, linearity, accuracy, bandwidth, latency, and power dissipation Nyquist-rate and oversampling data converters, noise-shaping ADCs, and basic architectures for IADCs, including single- and multi-stage designs and discrete vs. continuous-time operation Loop filter design, D/A converter design, dynamic element matching and digital calibration, and quantizer design With comprehensive coverage of foundational knowledge surrounding the subject, various real-world examples, and helpful learning aids, Incremental Data Converters for Sensor Interfaces is an essential resource for graduate students in electronics programs, along with industrial circuit design professionals.

Download or read book Data Conversion Handbook written by Walt Kester and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2005 with total page 977 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This complete update of a classic handbook originally created by Analog Devices and never previously published offers the most complete and up-to-date reference available on data conversion, from the world authority on the subject. It describes in depth the theory behind and the practical design of data conversion circuits. It describes the different architectures used in A/D and D/A converters - including many advances that have been made in this technology in recent years - and provides guidelines on which types are best suited for particular applications. It covers error characterization and testing specifications, essential design information that is difficult to find elsewhere. The book also contains a wealth of practical application circuits for interfacing and supporting A/D and D/A converters within an electronic system. In short, everything an electronics engineer needs to know about data converters can be found in this volume, making it an indispensable reference with broad appeal. The accompanying CD-ROM provides software tools for testing and analyzing data converters as well as a searchable pdf version of the text. * brings together a huge amount of information impossible to locate elsewhere. * many recent advances in converter technology simply aren't covered in any other book. * a must-have design reference for any electronics design engineer or technician

Download or read book Precision Instrumentation Amplifiers and Read Out Integrated Circuits written by Rong Wu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-07-25 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents innovative solutions in the design of precision instrumentation amplifier and read-out ICs, which can be used to boost millivolt-level signals transmitted by modern sensors, to levels compatible with the input ranges of typical Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs). The discussion includes the theory, design and realization of interface electronics for bridge transducers and thermocouples. It describes the use of power efficient techniques to mitigate low frequency errors, resulting in interface electronics with high accuracy, low noise and low drift. Since this book is mainly about techniques for eliminating low frequency errors, it describes the nature of these errors and the associated dynamic offset cancellation techniques used to mitigate them.

Download or read book The Low Power Interface Circuits for Energy Constrained Sensing Applications written by Aili Wang and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the emerging applications of the Internet of Things (IoT) -- the vision of ubiquitous and pervasive sensing, collecting, and managing data through various sensors, communication technologies, and data analytic techniques, billions of sensors are attached to different objects. The power consumption of the analog front-end circuits in a sensor system is one of the most stringent requirements. The low-power consumption not only can be environment-friendly but also can benefit the customers economically. This thesis presents a suite of design on the low power interface circuits for the energy-constrained sensing applications. First, an always-on input-biased sub-nanowatt millivolt hysteretic threshold detector for near-zero energy sensing applications is introduced. The threshold detector compares two pA currents generated by current mirrors biased by the mV-range input signal. With the input signal near zero at the standby mode, the threshold detector consumes near-zero energy. Positive feedback is introduced to accelerate the output signal transition and generate the hysteresis to tolerate the noise in the input signal. Designed and fabricated in a standard 65 nm CMOS process, the proposed threshold detector achieved programmable thresholds from 27 to 46.5 mV with energy per switching from 1.9 to 2.4 nJ using four control bits with a 10 Hz input. While the static power consumption is 270 pW measured at the input signal of 0.1 mV with a frequency of 10 Hz. Second, a resistor-based highly-digital temperature sensor with a SAR-quantization embedded differential low-pass filter is presented for integrated SoC thermal detection. It has three unique features: (1) the use of a differential low-pass RC filter (DLPF) for thermal sensing, which reduces the area; (2) SAR-quantization embedded in the DLPF, which reuses the DLPF capacitor for capacitive digital to analog conversion (CDAC), eliminates the CDAC references, and utilizes the full sensing range for quantization; and (3) a highly-digital circuit architecture, which can be easily implemented using a standard digital design flow and migrated to different processes. The temperature sensor was fabricated in a 65nm CMOS technology occupying 8400 [micro]m2 silicon area. It achieves 0.38 °C resolution at room temperature. After a 2-point calibration, the sensor achieves a 3[sigma] inaccuracy of ±1.2 °C from -30 to 100 °C. It consumes 35.3 [micro]W power from a 1.1 V supply. With a 2.5 [micro]W conversion time, the sensor achieves an 88 pJ/Conversion energy efficiency, which yields a 12.7 pJ·K2 resolution figure-of-merit (FoM). Finally, we move on to another interface circuit, analog-to-digital converter (ADC). An energy-efficient, area-compact successive-approximation-register (SAR) ADC based on passive charge sharing is introduced. For each bit decision, a bit reference capacitor with capacitance [Beta] times larger than that of the bit weight capacitor and precharged to the reference level is introduced to replace the precise reference source. Closed-form analytic expressions of ADC transfer functions are derived based on charge conservation and validated by behavioral and schematic simulations. Based on the derived results, and using the bitwise passive charge sharing technique, an 11-bit segmented SAR ADC that comprises a 5-bit coarse ADC and a 12-bit fine ADC has been designed and fabricated in a 65~nm CMOS technology, occupying 0.076 mm2. The fabricated ADC has been measured to achieve a peak SNDR of 60.6 dB and SFDR of 72 dB, and to dissipate 240 [micro]W under 1.2 V supply at 25 MS/s, including 70 [micro]W used by on-chip reference charge reservoir drivers, leading to a Figure of Merit (FoM) of 11.8 fJ/conversion-step at the input frequency of 2.43 MHz.

Download or read book Sigma Delta Converters Practical Design Guide written by Jose M. de la Rosa and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-11-05 with total page 581 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thoroughly revised and expanded to help readers systematically increase their knowledge and insight about Sigma-Delta Modulators Sigma-Delta Modulators (SDMs) have become one of the best choices for the implementation of analog/digital interfaces of electronic systems integrated in CMOS technologies. Compared to other kinds of Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs), Σ∆Ms cover one of the widest conversion regions of the resolution-versus-bandwidth plane, being the most efficient solution to digitize signals in an increasingly number of applications, which span from high-resolution low-bandwidth digital audio, sensor interfaces, and instrumentation, to ultra-low power biomedical systems and medium-resolution broadband wireless communications. Following the spirit of its first edition, Sigma-Delta Converters: Practical Design Guide, 2nd Edition takes a comprehensive look at SDMs, their diverse types of architectures, circuit techniques, analysis synthesis methods, and CAD tools, as well as their practical design considerations. It compiles and updates the current research reported on the topic, and explains the multiple trade-offs involved in the whole design flow of Sigma-Delta Modulators—from specifications to chip implementation and characterization. The book follows a top-down approach in order to provide readers with the necessary understanding about recent advances, trends, and challenges in state-of-the-art Σ∆Ms. It makes more emphasis on two key points, which were not treated so deeply in the first edition: It includes a more detailed explanation of Σ∆Ms implemented using Continuous-Time (CT) circuits, going from system-level synthesis to practical circuit limitations. It provides more practical case studies and applications, as well as a deeper description of the synthesis methodologies and CAD tools employed in the design of Σ∆ converters. Sigma-Delta Converters: Practical Design Guide, 2nd Edition serves as an excellent textbook for undergraduate and graduate students in electrical engineering as well as design engineers working on SD data-converters, who are looking for a uniform and self-contained reference in this hot topic. With this goal in mind, and based on the feedback received from readers, the contents have been revised and structured to make this new edition a unique monograph written in a didactical, pedagogical, and intuitive style.

Download or read book VLSI Modulation Circuits Signal Processing Data Conversion and Power Management written by Hongjiang Song and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2014-05-24 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a texbook developed for a VLSI circuit design course series (EEE598) that the author has been offering in the Schools of Engineering at Arizona State University. The materials are organized into eighteen special topics covering the principles, the circuit design techniques and the applications of VLSI modulation in signal processing, data conversion, power amplification and power management.

Download or read book Nyquist AD Converters Sensor Interfaces and Robustness written by Arthur H.M. van Roermund and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-11-26 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is based on the 18 presentations during the 21st workshop on Advances in Analog Circuit Design. Expert designers provide readers with information about a variety of topics at the frontier of analog circuit design, including Nyquist analog-to-digital converters, capacitive sensor interfaces, reliability, variability, and connectivity. This book serves as a valuable reference to the state-of-the-art, for anyone involved in analog circuit research and development.

Download or read book Wireless Sensors and Instruments written by Halit Eren and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-10-03 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances such as 3-G mobile communications networks demonstrate the increasing capability of high-quality data transmission over wireless media. Adapting wireless functionality into instrument and sensor systems endows them with unmatched flexibility, robustness, and intelligence. Wireless Sensors and Instruments: Networks, Design, and Applications explains the principles, state-of-the-art technologies, and modern applications of this burgeoning field. From underlying concepts to practical applications, this book outlines all the necessary information to plan, design, and implement wireless instrumentation and sensor networks effectively and efficiently. The author covers the basics of instruments, measurement, sensor technology, communication systems, and networks along with the theory, methods, and components involved in digital and wireless instruments. Placing these technologies in context, the book also examines the principles, components, and techniques of modern communication systems followed by network standards, protocols, topologies, and security. Building on these discussions, the book uses examples to illustrate the practical aspects of constructing sensors and instruments. Finally, the author devotes the closing chapter to applications in a broad array of fields, including commercial, human health, and consumer products applications. Filled with up-to-date information and thorough coverage of fundamentals, Wireless Sensors and Instruments: Networks, Design, and Applications supplies critical, hands-on tools for efficiently, effectively, and immediately implementing advanced wireless systems.

Download or read book Analog Circuit Design Volume 2 written by Bob Dobkin and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2012-12-31 with total page 1269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analog circuit and system design today is more essential than ever before. With the growth of digital systems, wireless communications, complex industrial and automotive systems, designers are being challenged to develop sophisticated analog solutions. This comprehensive source book of circuit design solutions aids engineers with elegant and practical design techniques that focus on common analog challenges. The book's in-depth application examples provide insight into circuit design and application solutions that you can apply in today's demanding designs. - This is the companion volume to the successful Analog Circuit Design: A Tutorial Guide to Applications and Solutions (October 2011), which has sold over 5000 copies in its the first 6 months of since publication. It extends the Linear Technology collection of application notes, which provides analog experts with a full collection of reference designs and problem solving insights to apply to their own engineering challenges - Full support package including online resources (LTSpice) - Contents include more application notes on power management, and data conversion and signal conditioning circuit solutions, plus an invaluable circuit collection of reference designs

Download or read book CMOS Analog and Mixed Signal Circuit Design written by Arjuna Marzuki and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-05-12 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this book is to provide a complete working knowledge of the Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) analog and mixed-signal circuit design, which can be applied for System on Chip (SOC) or Application-Specific Standard Product (ASSP) development. It begins with an introduction to the CMOS analog and mixed-signal circuit design with further coverage of basic devices, such as the Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET) with both long- and short-channel operations, photo devices, fitting ratio, etc. Seven chapters focus on the CMOS analog and mixed-signal circuit design of amplifiers, low power amplifiers, voltage regulator-reference, data converters, dynamic analog circuits, color and image sensors, and peripheral (oscillators and Input/Output [I/O]) circuits, and Integrated Circuit (IC) layout and packaging. Features: Provides practical knowledge of CMOS analog and mixed-signal circuit design Includes recent research in CMOS color and image sensor technology Discusses sub-blocks of typical analog and mixed-signal IC products Illustrates several design examples of analog circuits together with layout Describes integrating based CMOS color circuit