Download or read book Alumina titania Particles for the Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Oxidation of Ciprofloxacin written by Celina Susie-Marie Dozier and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global presence of xenobiotic organic compounds, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), in drinking water supplies and wastewater effluents has raised concerns regarding their potential effects on aquatic life, human health, and antibacterial resistance. Traditional treatment systems, not specifically designed to target removal of these compounds, vary with respect to their ability to remove PPCPs. Therefore, research focused on the development and optimization of treatment processes that can remove PPCPs is warranted. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) have been shown to be effective at degrading a number of pharmaceuticals. These processes are defined by the production of radicals, such as superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, which are highly reactive and can, therefore, oxidize target contaminants more effectively than common oxidants such as ozone and ultraviolet (UV) light. One such AOP is photocatalysis, in which the radicals are created by the illumination of a photocatalyst. Photocatalysis has been previously demonstrated for degradation of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, the selected pharmaceutical in this research. In this work, the impact of sorption on the photocatalysis of ciprofloxacin was studied by developing a mixed phase photocatalyst that optimized sorption. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a commonly used photocatalyst. However, TiO2 particles have limited surface area and varying affinity for ciprofloxacin as a function of pH. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) was chosen as the sorbent to mix with the TiO2 due to its ability to sorb ciprofloxacin over the pH range of natural waters and its ability to prevent the recombination of photo-generated electron-hole pairs, which are vital for the production of hydroxyl radicals. The particles were synthesized using pure TiO2 and other particles that ranged in aluminum oxide content (68% - 100% by mass) using a sol-gel process to achieve high surface areas. The 100% TiO2 particle was pure anatase, while the mixtures and the 100% Al2O3 particle consisted gamma-alumina and anatase when the titania was present. Sorption was found to be pH dependent for both Al2O3 and TiO2 with maximum adsorption at pH 6 and 7, respectively. The synthesized particles resulted in linear equilibrium sorption constants at fixed pH that varied with alumina content, with the 90% alumina material adsorbing the most at pH 8 due to its high surface area. Photocatalysis using the synthesized particles under UV irradiation at 365 nm effectively oxidized ciprofloxacin and the rates were faster than photolysis, but slower than the standard photocatalyst Degussa P25 TiO2 and synthesized pure TiO2. Sorption followed the Langmuir isotherm and oxidation followed first order kinetics if the assumption of low concentration (relative to the Langmuir sorption coefficient) was applied, typical of environmental conditions. Experiments revealed that rapid exchange of ciprofloxacin with pure TiO2 occurred as rate constants determined from aqueous phase concentrations were comparable to rate constants determined by monitoring the concentration of ciprofloxacin within the total reactor (surface and aqueous phases). In contrast, differences between rate constants measured by these two methods suggest that at high aluminum contents a fraction of the sorbed ciprofloxacin was not rapidly accessible to the oxidant. Nevertheless, the ability to temporally separate adsorption and photocatalysis was demonstrated which lays the foundation for optimizing this treatment scheme for ciprofloxacin removal from water.
Download or read book Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Oxidation of Nitrotoluenes in Aqueous Titanium Dioxide Suspensions written by Tiruvannamalai C. Shivakumar and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Heterogeneous Photocatalysis Using Inorganic Semiconductor Solids written by Umar Ibrahim Gaya and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-08 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book underscores the essential principles of photocatalysis and provides an update on its scientific foundations, research advances, and current opinions, and interpretations. It consists of an introduction to the concepts that form the backbone of photocatalysis, from the principles of solid-state chemistry and physics to the role of reactive oxidizing species. Having recognised the organic link with chemical kinetics, part of the book describes kinetic concepts as they apply to photocatalysis. The dependence of rate on the reaction conditions and parameters is detailed, the retrospective and prospective aspects of the mechanism of photocatalysis are highlighted, and the adsorption models, photocatalytic rate expressions, and kinetic disguises are examined. This book also discusses the structure, property, and activity relationship of prototypical semiconductor photocatalysts and reviews how to extend their spectral absorption to the visible region to enable the effective use of visible solar spectrum. Lastly, it presents strategies for deriving substantially improved photoactivity from semiconductor materials to support the latest applications and potential trends.
Download or read book Environmental Catalysis written by F J J G Janssen and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1999-04-14 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together highlights of a theme which is growing in interest: the creation of a sustainable society using catalysis as the main tool. Catalysts play key roles in the production of clean fuels, the conversion of waste and green raw materials into energy, clean combustion engines including control of NOx and soot production and reduction of greenhouse gases, production of clean water and of polymers, as well as reduction from polymers to monomers. Catalysts are also of prime importance in the developing H2 and syngas production technology, aimed at producing clean fuels for the coming decades. And catalysts can be recycled.
Download or read book Nanophotocatalysis and Environmental Applications written by Inamuddin and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-06-07 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book will be a guiding path to understand the photocatalytic process and mechanism for the deterioration of heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants and pathogens from wastewater. Environmental remediation is of crucial importance in the context of human sustainability in the present and future times. The unplanned anthropogenic activities and revolutionary industrialization end up in environmental contamination with noxious organic-inorganic and biogenic pollutants. The photocatalytic disinfection and detoxification is the only solution to preserve and restore the ecological balance. The main emphasis is to explore and enhance the photocatalytic potentials of solar active-materials.
Download or read book Photocatalytic Semiconductors written by Aracely Hernández-Ramírez and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-17 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This critical volume examines the different methods used for the synthesis of a great number of photocatalysts, including TiO2, ZnO and other modified semiconductors, as well as characterization techniques used for determining the optical, structural and morphological properties of the semiconducting materials. Additionally, the authors discuss photoelectrochemical methods for determining the light activity of the photocatalytic semiconductors by means of measurement of properties such as band gap energy, flat band potential and kinetics of hole and electron transfer. Photocatalytic Semiconductors: Synthesis, Characterization and Environmental Applications provide an overview of the semiconductor materials from first- to third-generation photocatalysts and their applications in wastewater treatment and water disinfection. The book further presents economic and toxicological aspects in the production and application of photocatalytic materials.
Download or read book Heterogeneous Photocatalysis written by Juan Carlos Colmenares and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-12-24 with total page 419 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book explains the principles and fundamentals of photocatalysis and highlights the current developments and future potential of the green-chemistry-oriented applications of various inorganic, organic, and hybrid photocatalysts. The book consists of eleven chapters, including the principles and fundamentals of heterogeneous photocatalysis; the mechanisms and dynamics of surface photocatalysis; research on TiO2-based composites with unique nanostructures; the latest developments and advances in exploiting photocatalyst alternatives to TiO2; and photocatalytic materials for applications other than the traditional degradation of pollutants, such as carbon dioxide reduction, water oxidation, a complete spectrum of selective organic transformations and water splitting by photocatalytic reduction. In addition, heterogeneized polyoxometalate materials for photocatalytic purposes and the proper design of photocatalytic reactors and modeling of light are also discussed. This book appeals to a wide readership of the academic and industrial researchers and it can also be used in the classroom for undergraduate and graduate students focusing on heterogeneous photocatalysis, sustainable chemistry, energy conversion and storage, nanotechnology, chemical engineering, environmental protection, optoelectronics, sensors, and surface and interface science. Juan Carlos Colmenares is a Professor at the Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland. Yi-Jun Xu is a Professor at the State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, China.
Download or read book Photoelectrocatalysis written by Leonardo Palmisano and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-10-21 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Photoelectrocatalysis: Fundamentals and Applications presents an in-depth review of the topic for students and researchersworking on photoelectrocatalysis-related subjects from pure chemistry to materials and environmental chemistry inorder to propose applications and new perspectives. The main advantage of a photoelectrocatalytic process is the mildexperimental conditions under which the reactions are carried out, which are often possible at atmospheric pressure androom temperature using cheap and nontoxic solvents (e.g., water), oxidants (e.g., O2 from the air), catalytic materials (e.g.,TiO2 on Ti layer), and the potential exploitation of solar light. This book presents the fundamentals and the applications of photoelectrocatalysis, such as hydrogen production fromwater splitting, the remediation of harmful compounds, and CO2 reduction. Photoelectrocatalytic reactors and lightsources, in addition to kinetic aspects, are presented along with an exploration of the relationship between photocatalysisand electrocatalysis. In addition, photocorrosion issues and the application of selective photoelectrocatalytic organictransformations, which is now a growing field of research, are also reported. Finally, the advantages/disadvantages andfuture perspectives of photoelectrocatalysis are highlighted through the possibility of working at a pilot/industrial scale inenvironmentally friendly conditions. Presents the fundamentals of photoelectrocatalysis Outlines photoelectrocatalytic green chemistry Reviews photoelectrocatalytic remediation of harmful compounds, hydrogen production, and CO2 reduction Includes photocorrosion, photoelectrocatalytic reactors, and modeling along with kinetic aspects
Download or read book New and Future Developments in Catalysis written by Steven L Suib and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-07-19 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New and Future Developments in Catalysis is a package of seven books that compile the latest ideas concerning alternate and renewable energy sources and the role that catalysis plays in converting new renewable feedstock into biofuels and biochemicals. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts and catalytic processes will be discussed in a unified and comprehensive approach. There will be extensive cross-referencing within all volumes.The use of solar energy during various catalytic chemical processes for the production of an array of chemical products is the theme of this volume. Photocatalysis is a topic of increasing importance due to its essential role in many of today's environmental and energy source problems. The use of solar energy for catalytic reactions results in a carbon dioxide–neutral process. All photocatalytic processes and the future developments in this area are discussed, including an economic analysis of the various processes. - Offers in-depth coverage of all catalytic topics of current interest and outlines future challenges and research areas - A clear and visual description of all parameters and conditions, enabling the reader to draw conclusions for a particular case - Outlines the catalytic processes applicable to energy generation and design of green processes
Download or read book Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment written by Simon Parsons and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2004-03-01 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The suitability of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for pollutant degradation was recognised in the early 1970s and much research and development work has been undertaken to commercialise some of these processes. AOPs have shown great potential in treating pollutants at both low and high concentrations and have found applications as diverse as ground water treatment, municipal wastewater sludge destruction and VOCs control. Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment is an overview of the advanced oxidation processes currently used or proposed for the remediation of water, wastewater, odours and sludge. The book contains two opening chapters which present introductions to advanced oxidation processes and a background to UV photolysis, seven chapters focusing on individual advanced oxidation processes and, finally, three chapters concentrating on selected applications of advanced oxidation processes. Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment will be invaluable to readers interested in water and wastewater treatment processes, including professionals and suppliers, as well as students and academics studying in this area. Dr Simon Parsons is a Senior Lecturer in Water Sciences at Cranfield University with ten years' experience of industrial and academic research and development.
Download or read book Nanotechnology in Environmental Science 2 Volumes written by Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-05-29 with total page 898 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An overview of the current state of nanotechnology-based devices with applications in environmental science, focusing on nanomaterials and polymer nanocomposites. The handbook pays special attention to those nanotechnology-based approaches that promise easier, faster and cheaper processes in environmental monitoring and remediation. Furthermore, it presents up-to-date information on the economics, toxicity and regulations related to nanotechnology in detail. The book closes with a look at the role of nanotechnology for a green and sustainable future. With its coverage of existing and soon-to-be-realized devices this is an indispensable reference for both academic and corporate R&D.
Download or read book A New Generation Material Graphene Applications in Water Technology written by Mu. Naushad and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-20 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a unique collection of up-to-date applications of graphene for water science. Because water is an invaluable resource and the intelligent use and maintenance of water supplies is one of the most important and crucial challenges that stand before mankind, new technologies are constantly being sought to lower the cost and footprint of processes that make use of water resources as potable water as well as water for agriculture and industry, which are always in desperate demand. Much research is focused on graphene for different water treatment uses. Graphene, whose discovery won the 2010 Nobel Prize in physics, has been a shining star in the material science in the past few years. Owing to its interesting electrical, optical, mechanical and chemical properties, graphene has found potential applications in a wide range of areas, including water purification technology. A new type of graphene-based filter could be the key to managing the global water crisis. According to the World Economic Forum's Global Risks Report, lack of access to safe, clean water is the biggest risk to society over the coming decade. Yet some of these risks could be mitigated by the development of this filter, which is so strong and stable that it can be used for extended periods in the harshest corrosive environments, and with less maintenance than other filters on the market. The graphene-based filter could be used to filter chemicals, viruses, or bacteria from a range of liquids. It could be used to purify water, dairy products or wine, or in the production of pharmaceuticals. This book provides practical information to all those who are involved in this field.
Download or read book Photocatalysts in Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment written by Elvis Fosso-Kankeu and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-06-10 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Photocatalysts in Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment comprehensively covers a range of topics aiming to promote the implementation of photocatalysis at large scale through provision of facile and green methods for catalysts synthesis and elucidation of pollutants degradation mechanisms. This book is divided into two main parts namely “Synthesis of effective photocatalysts” (Part I) and “Mechanisms of the photocatalytic degradation of various pollutants” (Part II). The first part focuses on the exploration of various strategies to synthesize sustainable and effective photocatalysts. The second part of the book provides an insights into the photocatalytic degradation mechanisms and pathways under ultraviolet and visible light irradiation, as well as the challenges faced by this technology and its future prospects.
Download or read book Advances in Wastewater Treatment II written by Kinjal J. Shah and published by Materials Research Forum LLC. This book was released on 2021-06-20 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book reviews advanced methods of wastewater treatments. Included are oxidation processes for the degradation of organic molecules; applications of nanomaterials and nanocomposites in membrane-based processes; design of adsorption columns; photocatalytic degradation processes; and the removal of dyes, pesticides and pharmaceutical compounds. Keywords: Degradation of Organic Molecules, Nano Filtration, Ultrafiltration, Microfiltration, Nanomaterial-based Membranes, Adsorption Columns, Nano Carbon Cage, Photocatalytic Degradation, Dyes, Pesticides, Pharmaceutical Compounds, Advanced Oxidation Processes, Complex Organic Molecules, Perfluorooctanoic Acid, Hydrolytic Acidification, Levofloxacin Degradation, Catalytic Degradation, Energy Storage.
Download or read book Electro Fenton Process written by Minghua Zhou and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-25 with total page 437 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume discusses the theoretical fundamentals and potential applications of the original electro-Fenton (EF) process and its most innovative and promising versions, all of which are classified as electrochemical advanced oxidation processes. It consists of 15 chapters that review the latest advances and trends, material selection, reaction and reactor modeling and EF scale-up. It particularly focuses on the applications of EF process in the treatment of toxic and persistent organic pollutants in water and soil, showing highly efficient removal for both lab-scale and pre-pilot setups. Indeed, the EF technology is now mature enough to be brought to market, and this collection of contributions from leading experts in the field constitutes a timely milestone for scientists and engineers.
Download or read book Reaction Kinetics and the Development and Operation of Catalytic Processes written by G.F. Froment and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2001-04-03 with total page 663 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reaction Kinetics and the Development and Operation of Catalytic Processes is a trendsetter. The Keynote Lectures have been authored by top scientists and cover a broad range of topics like fundamental aspects of surface chemistry, in particular dynamics and spillover, the modeling of reaction mechanisms, with special focus on the importance of transient experimentation and the application of kinetics in reactor design. Fundamental and applied kinetic studies are well represented. More than half of these deal with transient kinetics, a new trend made possible by recent sophisticated experimental equipment and the awareness that transient experimentation provides more information and insight into the microphenomena occurring on the catalyst surface than steady state techniques. The trend is not limited to purely kinetic studies since the great majority of the papers dealing with reactors also focus on transients and even deliberate transient operation. It is to be expected that this trend will continue and amplify as the community becomes more aware of the predictive potential of fundamental kinetics when combined with detailed realistic modeling of the reactor operation.
Download or read book Regulatory Toxicology written by Franz-Xaver Reichl and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-03-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book will be written by experts for professionals, scientists and all those involved in toxicological data generation and decision-making. It is the updated and expanded version of a monograph published in German in 2004. Chemical safety is regulated on various levels including production, storage, transport, handling, disposal or labelling. This book deals comprehensively with the safety-ensuring methods and concepts employed by regulatory agencies, industry and academics. Toxicologists use experimental and scientific approaches for data collection, e.g. about chemical hazards, physicochemical features or toxicokinetics. The respective experimental methods are described in the book. Toxicologists also deal with much insecurity in the exposure and effect scenarios during risk assessment. To overcome these, they have different extrapolation methods and estimation procedures at their disposal. The book describes these methods in an accessible manner. Differing concepts from one regulation area to another are also covered. Reasons and consequences become evident when reading the book. Altogether, the book Regulatory Toxicology will serve as an excellent reference.
