Download or read book Airways Smooth Muscle Modelling the Asthmatic Response In Vivo written by David Raeburn and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Building on the existing titles in the "Airways Smooth Muscle" sub-series, the sixth volume explores physiological and pharmacological processes in the lung in vivo. The various animal models available for studying the bronchospasm and inflammation associated with human asthma are thoroughly reviewed by internationally recognised scientists. Specific chapters focus on the problems of administering drugs to animal airways, the mechanics of assessing lung function in the models, and describe in detail the species used, from rodents to primates. The use of genetically altered animals, an area of particular interest to molecular biologists, is also considered in depth. This up-to-date and extensively referenced work will prove invaluable to pharmacologists, physiologists and other biological scientists at all levels in academia and in the pharmaceutical industry.
Download or read book Airway Smooth Muscle written by Devendra K. Agrawal and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1990-10-24 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Airway smooth muscle plays a dominant role in bronchial asthma, as well as a significant role in various pulmonary diseases, such as chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis and emphysema. Myogenic, neurogenic, and humoral factors control airway smooth-muscle tone. This text provides a state-of-the-art summary and critical discussion of airway smooth muscle from a multidisciplinary point of view. Topics discussed include morphology, biochemical regulation, mechanical and electrophysiological behavior and reflex control of smooth muscle; the epithelium-derived relaxing factor; and methods to measure smooth muscle function in vivo in humans and experimental animals, as well as in vitro in isolated airway tissues. Also discussed are calcium and potassium channels and receptors for adrenergic, cholinergic and histaminergic systems in modulating receptor-response coupling in airway smooth muscle. Airway Smooth Muscle: Modulation of Receptors and Response provides essential information for researchers, teachers, pulmonary specialists and allergists, and students interested in learning about airway smooth muscle.
Download or read book Airway Smooth Muscle in Health and Disease written by R.F. Coburn and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I organized this book because there is a need to put together in book form recent advances in our knowledge of how airway smooth muscle:works in health and in disease. After a period when it seemed that progress was very slow, there has been in the past few years an incredibly rapid gathering of knowledge in this area. In particular, our understanding has improved regarding the cascades of events that follow the initial binding of agonist to plasma membrane receptors and that lead to the cross-bridge movements that determine contraction. This advance in our knowledge was stimulated by use of single-and whole-cell channel recordings of plasma membrane currents and by description of the l3-receptor-GTP-binding protein-adenylate cyclase-cAMP coupling system, which serves as a model for other coupling mechanisms. The discovery of the receptor-activated inositol phospholipid transduction system has greatly stimulated research and led to advances in our understanding of mechanisms involved in smooth muscle con traction. Major advances were also triggered by the development of indicators for measuring free cytosolic calcium concentration and starting the unraveling of 2 the events involved in Ca + -dependent activation of contractile proteins. Al though most of the studies that led to our current understanding of these areas were performed on nonairway smooth muscle, these studies usually add to our understanding of airway smooth muscle, and there is an enlarging body of data that have been obtained on airway smooth muscle.
Download or read book Airway Remodeling written by Peter Howarth and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This landmark volume discusses the characteristics and impact of the remodeling process on airway function and clinical disease expression within the airway in asthma, covering pharmacological therapies and possible future targets relevant to regulating the remodeling process. Emphasizes the importance of treating underlying airway inflammation and the relevance of structural alterations to the airway wall, including glandular increases, enhanced collagen deposition within the submucosa, increased vasculature, smooth hypertrophy, and hyperplasias! Tracing the development and maintenance of bronchial hyperresponsiveness, decline in lung function, and loss of reversibility evident in chronic asthma, Airway Remodelingdescribes the contribution of inflammatory cells in the development of airway structural changes examines how pharmaceutical agents act and whether existing treatments modify or prevent remodeling in chronically inflamed asthmatic airways considers whether neural pathways initiate as well as contribute to the airway inflammatory cascade that leads to remodeling reviews the action of cytokines and growth factors on ASM signaling outlines novel approaches to regulating smooth muscle growth clarifies whether permanent ventilatory incapacity in asthma is caused by the uncoupling of the airway and the role of the lung parenchyma details high-resolution computerized tomography scan to measure the internal size of the airway at baseline, during challenge, or after bronchodilatation and more!Improving lung function and quality of life by reducing the need for emergency care, hospital admissions, and systemic steroid administration, Airway Remodeling is a superb reference for pulmonologists and respiratory system specialists; physiologists; pneumologists; allergists; pharmacologists; molecular, cellular, and lung biologists; and graduate and medical school students in these disciplines.
Download or read book Airway Smooth Muscle and Airway Wall Coupled Dynamics written by Anand K. Rampadarath and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Primarily, asthma is a disease of reversible airway constriction which is characterized by airways that constrict too easily and too much. These processes are modulated via a layer of airway smooth muscle (ASM) which surrounds each airway in the lung, wherein its activation leads to airway narrowing and potentially, closure. As a result, understanding the interaction between the ASM and the airway wall is crucial to understanding the reversible airway obstruction central to asthma. Although cross-bridge theory is a well-studied representation of complex smooth muscle dynamics, and can be coupled to the airway wall, this comes at significant computational cost, even for isolated airways. Because many phenomena of interest in pulmonary physiology cannot be adequately understood by studying isolated airways, this presents a significant limitation.We present a distribution moment (DM) approximation for the coupled system consisting of the ASM and the airway wall. Specifically, we first derive a reduced DM system for the cross-bridge theory which capture the macroscopic characteristics of the original full ASM theory. We then study the validity of the reduced coupled system when the airway is subjected to periodic pressure oscillations and show that in most cases, the DM system is valid. We also explore the region of breakdown. These results show that in many situations within physiological ranges, the DM approximation provides an orders-of-magnitude reduction in computational complexity relative to the full cross-bridge-airway coupled system. Deep inspirations (DI) are a widely studied topic due to their varied effectiveness as a bronchodilator in asthmatic and non-asthmatic patients. Specifically, it is known to be effective at reversing bronchoconstriction in non-asthmatic patients but may fail to prevent bronchoconstriction in asthmatic patients. Inspired by a recent study on the effect of deep inspirations on the rate of re-narrowing of an isolated airway, we investigate whether latch-bridge dynamics of the cross-bridge theory, coupled with non-linear compliance of the airway wall, can fully account for the reported results. We develop and present length-and pressure-controlled protocols which mimic both the experiments performed in the study, as well as simulate in vivo conditions respectively. The protocols are modelled using the DM approximation and show qualitative agreement with the results reported by the experiments, suggesting that latch-bridge dynamics coupled with airway wall non-compliance is sufficient to explain these results. As a secondary study, we also show that the DM approximated method is a suitable method to further investigate DIs on isolated (or branched) airways, as it is both qualitatively and quantitatively similar to the full cross-bridge model under equivalent conditions, and is less computationally intensive than traditional methods. We also study clustered ventilation defects, which are a hallmark of asthma characterized by the emergence of spatially organised regions of hypo- and hyper-ventilated airways.These regions (clusters) can vary from event to event and as such are considered to be partially dynamic rather than purely structural. We investigate these defects by incorporating rich ASM dynamics to systems of symmetrically branched coupled airways via the DM method, and compare the qualitative and quantitative behaviour of this system to a full ASM model, as well as to a simplified ASM model. We study the distribution of clusters of closed airways as a result of randomly perturbed initial airway radii for increasing ASM activation at static pressures. Our results show that the inclusion of rich ASM dynamics via the DM approximation leads to clustering distributions that are qualitatively similar to the highly simplified model as well as to the full ASM model. We also show that the DM model is less computationally intensive for both large and small numbers of coupled branched airways, and suggests that this model represents a viable option for the inclusion of rich ASM dynamics in whole lung models in future studies.
Download or read book Airway Wall Remodelling in Asthma written by A. G. Stewart and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-10-28 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Asthma is a disease of high prevalence that has shown a trend toward increasing incidence, morbidity, and mortality over the last three decades despite apparently effective drug treatments and increasing awareness of the need for better disease management. Often the inflammatory component of asthma is studied; however, the tissue remodelling process is a significant process that should not be overlooked. This valuable reference synthesizes current data and concepts developed to determine the relationship between airway wall remodelling and the pathogenesis of asthma. It discusses evidence for structural changes in asthmatic airway, the relationship between airway thickening and hyperresponsiveness, the relationship between cytokine production and tissue remodelling and inflammation, the significance of epithelial changes and the extracellular matrix, and in vivo and in vitro experimental approaches to the assessment of remodelling. Pharmacological and biochemical mechanisms that control cell proliferation are also examined. The consequences of airway wall remodelling for airway hyperresponsiveness is the unique focus of this volume, offering a fresh perspective of advances in asthma research.
Download or read book Airway Smooth Muscle Cell Responses in Relation to Mediators of Asthma written by Sue MacKay and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Investigating the Integrative Role of Substrate Stiffness Strain and Tone on the Functional and Phenotypic Response of Airway Smooth Muscle in Asthmatic Airways written by Rachel Wise and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Air Pollution the Automobile and Public Health written by Sponsored by The Health Effects Institute and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1988-01-01 with total page 703 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The combination of scientific and institutional integrity represented by this book is unusual. It should be a model for future endeavors to help quantify environmental risk as a basis for good decisionmaking." â€"William D. Ruckelshaus, from the foreword. This volume, prepared under the auspices of the Health Effects Institute, an independent research organization created and funded jointly by the Environmental Protection Agency and the automobile industry, brings together experts on atmospheric exposure and on the biological effects of toxic substances to examine what is knownâ€"and not knownâ€"about the human health risks of automotive emissions.
Download or read book Studies on the Growth of Smooth Muscle from the Airways of Hyperresponsive Rats written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Eosinophils in Health and Disease written by James J. Lee and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-11-02 with total page 679 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Eosinophils in Health and Disease provides immunology researchers and students with a comprehensive overview of current thought and cutting-edge eosinophil research, providing chapters on basic science, disease-specific issues, therapeutics, models for study and areas of emerging importance.
Download or read book The Implication of Tone on Airway Responsiveness in Vivo in Mice and on the Contractile Capacity of Airway Smooth Muscle written by Audrey Lee-Gosselin and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To understand and better define the pathophysiology of asthma is essential for the development of more effective treatments. Airway hyperresponsiveness and an elevated airway smooth muscle tone are two common features of asthma. Whether causality exists between these two characteristics is unknown. The work presented in this Master's thesis describes how a tone induced by a spasmogen affects airway responsiveness in vivo in mice to a spasmogenic challenge. The contractile capacity of excised murine tracheas was also measured to evaluate whether the obtained response in vivo involved airway smooth muscle. The results presented in this Master's thesis demonstrate that mice exposed to tone in vivo have an increased response to a high dose of a spasmogen, compared to control mice. The results also show that this response is caused, at least partly, by an increase in airway smooth muscle contractile capacity. Following these results, molecular mechanisms possibly involved in the gain in force induced by tone were investigated. It was hypothesized that signaling pathways downstream of G protein-coupled receptors were responsible for the increase in airway smooth muscle contractile capacity. Therefore, the inhibition of actin polymerization, the activation of myosin lightchain, the activation of G proteins, and the inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases were evaluated to assess whether they mediate the gain in force induced by tone. The results show that none of the pathways studied were implicated in the gain in force induced by tone elicited by the continuous presence of a spasmogen. These latter results demonstrate that the mechanisms leading to a gain in airway smooth muscle force following an induced tone are complex and will require further investigation.
Download or read book Mathematical Modelling of Airway Smooth Muscle written by Kate O'Byrne and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The bronchial tree consists of thousands of airways, from the trachea down to the small terminal bronchioles. Surrounding each airway is a layer of Airway Smooth Muscle (ASM) tissue. It is thought that abnormalities in the properties of the muscle play a key role in the pathogenesis of asthma and airway hyper-responsiveness. Specifically, stiffening of the ASM tissue or a weakened sensitivity in its response to stretch can lead to sustained airway narrowing, one of the major characteristics of airway diseases. A long-term goal is to learn more about the effects of increased muscle mass or changes in the heterogeneity of the lung response on diseases such as asthma. This entails the formulation of a mathematical representation of the entire bronchial tree. The first step towards this goal is to represent a single airway. By coupling a model of the airway radius with a model of its ASM lining, a description of the response of a single airway under various chemical and mechanical stimuli can be obtained. The force generated by the muscle will determine the extent to which the airway will narrow. A sophisticated ASM model developed previously is capable of reproducing many of the observed properties from tissue strip experiments but is difficult to analyse and computationally expensive to solve. Employing such a complex model to describe the ASM generated force would make a representation of the entire tree almost impossible. As such, our goal is to determine whether this model could be replaced with a vastly simplified model. We demonstrate that, under some circumstances, complex ASM properties at the tissue level can have a profound impact on the airway response. Naturally, we want to further our understanding of these properties, particularly passive mechanisms such as cytoskeletal remodelling. Our interest in these processes stems from the roles they are likely to play in increasing the cell's resistance, stiffening the muscle to prevent airway relaxation and modulating the sensitivity of the cell to stretch. We are particularly concerned with how this behaviour is regulated, its implications in airway disorders and how such passive dynamics interact with their active counterparts. It is found that a simplified model can be employed to describe the ASM generated force for large airways. However, for a small range of parameter values, the small airway response to imposed pressure oscillations varies significantly depending upon the complexity of the model used to describe the ASM force.In addition, we find that both crosslinkers and latchbridges are needed to provide a complete representation of ASM contraction. Specifically, latchbridges are required to explain the decrease in phosphorylation following muscle activation while crosslinkers are required to explain the independence of passive stiffness on myosin light chain kinase activity as well as the passive length-tension curves observed by Naghshin et. al. [93]. A constitutive formulation, typical of that found in the complex fluids literature, can be employed as a method of combining the active and passive sides of ASM contraction. In addition, this formulation improves upon the predicted force-length relationship observed experimentally by several groups.
Download or read book Modeling Aspects of Airway Smooth Muscle Dynamics written by Nichole Caisse and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Smooth muscle is made up of highly organized cells arranged in sheets lining the walls of hollow organs and vessels. They are mechanistically distinct from skeletal and cardiac muscle cells with respect to contractile processes. Despite using most of the same motor proteins as the striated skeletal and cardiac muscles, the organization of the non-striated smooth muscle contractile structure (sarcomeres) has not been resolved. I am interested in determining what alterations need to be made in both mechanistic and kinetic models describing skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction to make them accurately applicable to the unique properties associated with smooth muscle. Of particular interest is how the mechanics of airway smooth muscle, (ASM) play an integral role in the pathophysiology of the respiratory system. Once precise mechanics of airway smooth muscle are understood we will have the ability to model its function in a more accurate way. Establishing a robust model for smooth muscle function will provide the framework for predicting for example, functional defects that lead to disease. Also, mathematical models can be used to guide the development of improved treatments for respiratory diseases such as asthma. In this thesis I explore various ideas of how to implement properties of airway smooth muscle into models of skeletal and cardiac muscle. I utilize both the known mechanics and kinetics of airway smooth muscle contraction to suggest a way in which a model for cardiac muscle contraction could be adapted to model smooth muscle contraction. Finally I suggest ways in which this model may effectively assist in further understanding asthma.
Download or read book The Pediatric Lung written by R.W. Wilmott and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focussed specifically on children and pediatric respiratory diseases, "The Pediatric Lung+" reviews the current status of pharmacological therapy for asthma, viral pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and acute respiratory failure. A review of aerosol delivery systems in children and an up-to-date treatise on mucolytic agents is also included. The chapters are written by leading specialists in the field and summarize the latest developments in pediatric pulmonology, as well as covering a comprehensive range of respiratory diseases in children. Pediatric pulmonologists, allergologists, intensivists, neonatologists and general pediatricians will find "The Pediatric Lung" an invaluable source of reference. Clinicians will be particularly interested in the new information concerning aerosol delivery systems, gene therapy for cystic fibrosis, new modalities of therapy for asthma, the emerging role of nitric oxide and a treatise on modern mycolytic agents.
Download or read book Rhinitis Immunopathology and Pharmacotherapy written by David Raeburn and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Continuing the Respiratory Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy series, this volume explores the pathophysiology and therapy of rhinitis. The volume is introduced by a chapter describing the normal anatomy and physiology of the nose and sinuses. Against this background the contributing authors describe and discuss the immunological and pathological changes which occur in rhinitis. The various causes and the types of rhinitis - such as allergic, vasomotor, and infectious - are discussed as are the treatments available (pharmacotherapy, immunotherapy, surgery). The book concludes with a description of the animal models of rhinitis which are now available. This book will be of interest to bench scientists and clinicians alike.
Download or read book In Vitro Studies of Airways Smooth Muscle in Relation to Asthma written by Brian Ronald Creese and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
