Download or read book Aircraft Fuel Tank Inerting by Means of Fuel Cell Fuel Fogging written by E. W. Wiggins and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inerting of aircraft fuel tanks to eliminate fires and explosions can be accomplished by a number of methods. Oxygen dilution with inert gases, flame arresting with open cell foam and chemical quenching using halogenated hydrocarbons are some of the more successful methods. Another approach, the subject of this report, is to maintain the ullage fuel rich by employing some of the liquid fuel itself in the form of a fog. The fuel fog system works on the principle that finely divided liquid fuel (fog) acts as if it were in the vapor state, adding to the natural fuel vapor concentration. The system consists of a distribution manifold with fog nozzles located to produce a uniform fog throughout the fuel cells under all degrees of ullage and dynamic flight conditions. Since the fuel itself is the inerting material; weight, volume and logistic penalties are low. The first phase of the program was to define the fuel fog concentration and distribution with respect to various nozzle configurations, grouping and flow rates. Qualitatively, it was concluded that a uniform fog distribution is no problem due to the high turbulence observed in the visualization chamber. Ignition studies have defined the dynamic flammability zones for JP-4 using the most effective fog inerting nozzle with three ignition sources; 14 joule capacitance spark, 23 joule induction spark, and incendiary, equivalent in weight and energy to a .50 caliber A.P.I. Pre- termination of the gunfire tests and the comparison of the subject system with other candidate systems was mutually agreed upon due to the limited inerting capabilities shown by the fuel fog system.
Download or read book Technical Information Indexes written by United States. Naval Air Systems Command and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Aircraft Fuel Tank Inerting Systems written by AE-5D Fuel Tank Flammability Reduction Systems Committee and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Aerospace Recommended Practices of this document are intended for nitrogen-based Flammability Reduction Means (FRM) implemented on transport category, turbine powered airplanes. The recommended practices herein, therefore, relate only to the transport category aircraft, and focus specifically on contemporary inerting systems equipment. Such systems are referred to a Fuel Tank Inerting Systems (FTIS) in this document. This document does not cover the following: Military aircraft applications Air separation technologies other than hollow fiber membrane (HFM) and pressure swing adsorption (PSA) Inerting of conventional unheated wing tanks or aircraft dry bays Expected future technology solutions for the generation of inert gas.The advice contained in this document is aimed towards providing aircraft manufacturers with guidance on the key issues associated with contemporary aircraft fuel tank inerting systems to supplement the guidance in FAA Advisory Circular AC 25.981-2. This document also provides system and component designers and manufacturers with advice on what aspects must be evaluated and addressed when designing a safe, low risk solution for transport aircraft fuel tank Flammability Reduction Means. As such, the information herein is intended as a guide for some system design aspects, but primarily identifies the issues which must be addressed in designing an inerting system for fuel tank flammability reduction. This document provides recommended practices for developing a non-aircraft specific commercially certifiable nitrogen based Flammability Reduction Means (FRM) including the applicable design considerations supporting Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations part 25, Appendix M, for Transport Category Airplanes" (Reference 14 CFR 25.981).
Download or read book Investigation of Aircraft Fuel Tank Explosions and Nitrogen Inerting Requirements During Ground Fires written by Richard Hill and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrogen inerting was investigated as a means of preventing or minimizing explosions and/or reactions in aircraft fuel tanks under simulated crash-fire conditions. Tests were conducted on both small and large volume tanks, inerted to various concentrations (expressed in terms of O2 concentration by volume), containing different amounts of Jet-A or JP-4 fuel and heated at different rates. Results of these tests indicated that internal fire or explosion would not result from external heating or internal high-energy spark when the tank was inerted to an oxygen concentration lower than 10 percent. (Author) Color illustrations reproduced in black and white.
Download or read book Government Reports Announcements written by and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 1018 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Directory of Fire Research in the United States written by and published by National Academies. This book was released on 1970 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Aircraft Fuel Tank Inerting System written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The program successfully demonstrated the feasibility of using permeable-membrane, hollow fibers to generate an inert gas to protect the aircraft fuel system against fire and explosion induced by natural sources or combat. The initial contract requirements included a flight demonstration of an onboard inert gas generator system (OBIGGS) using an Air Force KC-135A aircraft. The design of an inert gas generator (IGG) is highly dependent on the flight profile, engine characteristics, and fuel system designs. Mission analysis translated these parameters into an 8 lb/min inert gas generator that produced less than 9-percent oxygen. A life-cycle cost (LCC) analysis compared the state- of-the-art liquid nitrogen (LN2) system utilized on the C-5A aircraft against the IGG system designed for the KC-135A. Results showed the IGG system reduced LCC by 60 percent. Further, the IGG system eliminates the logistic constraints imposed by the use of LN2, thus allowing unrestricted deployment of the aircraft. A second LCC analysis was conducted in which the permeable-membrane system was compared against the blue foam design used on the C-130 aircraft. The LCC analysis shows great advantage for OBIGGS over blue foam. The externally pressurized polymethylene hollow fiber bundles are expected to exceed the 20- year life expectancy of the aircraft.
Download or read book Aircraft Fuel Tank Inerting by Catalytic Fuel Combustion written by J. Rousseau and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Generation of Inerting Gases for Aircraft Fuel Tanks by Catalytic Combustion Techniques written by R. B. Wainright and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Aircraft Fuel Tank Inerting Program Volume 1 Data written by and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sorbent Based Aircraft Fuel Tank Inerting System written by Gilbert E. Limberg and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An analytical study of a new concept for inerting aircraft fuel tanks was performed. The Sorbent-Based Aircraft Fuel Tank Inerting System studied makes use of the solid sorbent fluomine to inert air by the absorption of oxygen. Various pressure and temperature conditioning schemes are considered to obtain a high inerting performance capability. A vapor cycle refrigerator (heat pump) system is used to thermally condition the sorbent beds, a bootstrap turbocompressor is employed to boost the engine bleed air pressure to the absorbing bed, and stripping air at near-ambient pressure accomplishes the desorption process. The system meets the desired performance and weight objectives for application to the B-1 aircraft. In addition, the system compares favorably with the stored liquid nitrogen and the catalytic reactor inerting concepts. The basic concept is so similar to the sorbent-based oxygen generator systems for crew breathing that it is advantageous to integrate the two concepts into a single system. (Author).
Download or read book Bibliography on Aircraft Fire Hazards and Safety Safety written by and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Influence of Fuel Slosh Upon the Effectiveness of Nitrogen Inerting for Aircraft Fuel Tanks written by Edwin E. Ott and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tests were conducted to determine the influence of sloshing fuel within an aircraft fuel tank upon the effectiveness of nitrogen inerting. These tests were performed in a closed combustion chamber partially filled with JP-8 fuel. The fuel was severely agitated by a rocking motion of the chamber. The flammability of the tank ullage at various concentrations of air, nitrogen, and fuel vapor was tested by exposure to an electric arc. The sloshing fuel did not alter the maximum concentration of oxygen that could be allowed for inerting of all fuel vapor concentrations. For JP-8 fuel vapor exposed to an electric arc this maximum allowable oxygen concentration was found to be 12% by volume. Slosh did extend the flammable region for oxygen concentrations greater than the maximum allowable for inerting. These conclusions, it is believed, are valid for any mode or level of fuel agitation that may be experienced by aircraft fuel tanks.
Download or read book Integrated Aircraft Fuel Tank Fire and Explosion Protection Systems Phase I and II written by Q. C. Malmberg and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aircraft fuel tank fire and explosion protection techniques are described in this two part report which covers both state-of-the-art and advanced concepts. The state-of-the-art section reviews, in handbook form, the fire and explosion protection techniques currently available for immediate aircraft incorporation. These fire protection techniques include open celled flexible foam, closed cell rigid foam, purge mats, and fire extinguishing systems. Both fully packed and voided reticulated foam, nitrogen inerting, fuel fogging, and extinguisher type explosion suppression systems are discussed under the heading of explosion protection techniques. The advanced explosion protection technique section includes descriptions of on-board nitrogen generating concepts and combination systems of foam/nitrogen/fuel-air fog. In addition, the data and results from a small scale test program evaluating the combination type protection concepts is presented.
Download or read book Inerting conditions for aircraft fuel tanks written by Paul Bennett Stewart and published by . This book was released on 1955 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Feasibility Study and Demonstration of Nitrogen Generation for Fuel Tank Inerting written by and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrogen fuel tank inerting has been shown to be an effective means of providing aircraft explosion prevention by reducing the O2 concentration below the lower limit for fuel vapor ignition. A program for the feasibility study and laboratory demonstration of fuel tank inerting by nitrogen generation was conducted. Typical system requirements have been defined using the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 as a transport aircraft representative of potential applications. The study concluded that both the catalytic combustion of air with turbine engine fuels and air separation by hollow fiber permeable membranes are viable candidates. A preliminary design for a DC-10 system based on hollow fiber permeable membranes has been established. Data from laboratory testing demonstrate system operation as an inert gas generator and good compliance with performance predictions.
Download or read book Aircraft Fuel Cell Explosion Suppression Systems and Their Applicability to Army Aircraft written by George H. Custard and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study covered by this report has focused attention upon the potential means of protecting the vapor spaces of Army aircraft fuel systems from the threat of fire and explosions caused by incendiary ammunition hits. As a means of implementing and quantifying passive defense data, the fuel containment of 16 models of Army aircraft has been studied and their capacity, location, shape, surface area, empty weight, and tank material determined. These data have been used in conjunction with the parameters of the potential vapor space protection techniques to provide estimates of the weight penalties and dollar costs associated with the passive defense measures applied to the aircraft of interest. Data relative to the fuel systems of the following aircraft are presented: UH-1B, UH-1D, U-1A, U-6A, U-8D, U-8F, OH-6, OH-13, 01-F, OV-1A, OV-1B, OV-1C, CH-34, CH-37, CH-47, and CH-54. The passive defense measures which have been reviewed and considered by the study include: inert gas purging, fire detection and suppression by chemical means, collapsible internal tank bladders, reticulated foam tank fillers, and the direct addition of halocarbons to fuel.
