Download or read book Air Toxic Emissions from Snowmobiles in Yellowstone National Park written by Yong Zhou and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A study on emissions associated with oversnow travel in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) was conducted for the time period of February 13?16, 2002 and February 12?16, 2003. Whole air and exhaust samples were characterized for 85 volatile organic compounds using gas chromatography. The toxics including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (p-, m-, and o-xylene), and n-hexane, which are major components of two-stroke engine exhaust, show large enhancements during sampling periods resulting from increased snowmobile traffic. Evaluation of the photochemical history of air masses sampled in YNP revealed that emissions of these air toxics were (i) recent, (ii) persistent throughout the region, and (iii) consistent with the two-stroke engine exhaust sample fingerprints. The annual fluxes were estimated to be 0.35, 1.12, 0.24, 1.45, and 0.36 Gg yr?1 for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and n-hexane, respectively, from snowmobile usage in YNP. These results are comparable to the flux estimates of 0.23, 0.77, 0.17, and 0.70 Gg yr?1 for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes, respectively, that were derived on the basis of (i) actual snowmobile counts in the Park and (ii) our ambient measurements conducted in 2003. Extrapolating these results, annual emissions from snowmobiles in the U.S. appear to be significantly higher than the values from the EPA National Emissions Inventory (1999). Snowmobile emissions represent a significant fraction (14?21%) of air toxics with respect to EPA estimates of emissions by nonroad vehicles. Further investigation is warranted to more rigorously quantify the difference between our estimates and emission inventories. --Abstract.
Download or read book Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Toxic Air Pollutants from Winter Snowmobile Use in Yellowstone National Park written by Norman Y. Kado and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effects of Snowmobile Use on Snowpack Chemistry in Yellowstone National Park 1998 written by George P. Ingersoll and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks N P Winter Use Plans written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Blowing Smoke in Yellowstone Air Quality Impacts of Oversnow Motorized Recreation in the Park written by David Shively and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Snowmobile use in Yellowstone National Park has been shown to impact air quality, with implications for the safety and welfare of Park staff and other Park resource values. Localized impacts have been documented at several high-use sites in the Park, but the broader spatial variability of snowmobile emissions and air quality was not understood. Measurements of 87 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were made for ambient air sampled across the Park and West Yellowstone, Montana, during 2 days of the 2002?2003 winter use season, 1 year before the implementation of a new snowmobile policy. The data were compared with similar data from pristine West Coast sites at similar latitudes. Backward trajectories of local air masses, alkyl nitrate-parent alkane ratios, and atmospheric soundings were used to identify the VOC sources and assess their impact. Different oversnow vehicle types used in the Park were sampled to determine their relative influence on air mass pollutant composition. VOCs were of local origin and demonstrated strong spatiotemporal variability that is primarily influenced by levels of snowmobile traffic on given road segments at different times of day. High levels of snowmobile traffic in and around West Yellowstone produced consistently high levels of benzene, toluene, and carbon monoxide.
Download or read book Occupational Exposures to Snowmobile Emissions in Yellowstone National Park 1997 2005 written by Wendy Campbell and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Snowmobile Exhaust Emissions in the Snowpack of Yellowstone National Park written by Jason Douglas Young and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks N P Winter Use Plans written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Spatial Variation of Volatile Organic Compounds Associated with Snowmobile Emissions in Yellowstone National Park written by Barkley C. Sive and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 97 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Occupational Exposure to Snowmobile Emissions at Yellowstone National Park written by Wendy Campbell and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, regulations regarding snowmobile recreation in Yellowstone National Park have become more restrictive. New regulations limit the number of snowmobiles entering the park, restrict the engine type, and require that all riders must utilize a licensed guide. Given these regulations, it is hypothesized that occupational exposures to the combustion products from snowmobile exhaust have decreased. This research project performed occupational exposure monitoring of National Park Service Employees while working at the West Entrance to Yellowstone National Park during the 2004-2005 winter season. Products of snowmobile exhaust including carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides, volatile organic compounds, fine particulates, and noise were sampled and the analytical results compared to the occupational exposures during previous years. The purpose of this research is to determine if compliance with current regulations regarding snowmobile recreation in Yellowstone National Park has any affect on the occupational exposures received by park employees during the performance of their normal job tasks.
Download or read book Winter Air Quality in Yellowstone National Park 2007 2008 written by John D. Ray, Ph.d. and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2008-11 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effects of winter vehicle exhaust, primarily from snowmobiles, on air quality became an issue in the later 1990's at Yellowstone National Park, WY. For the last several years, ambient air quality monitoring has been conducted at two locations in the Park, as part of the adaptive management plan. The plan is to determine the impact on air quality of implementing the 2004 temporary plan and now the 2007 Yellowstone Winter Use Plan (Federal Register 2007, NPS 2007). This report is an annual update that summarizes the carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5) monitoring data from winter 2007-2008 and provides a historical perspective of monitoring data at the park. The primary interest is trends in air quality that might reflect on winter use policy and the present conditions as compared to the national standards (EPA 2008) set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Download or read book Portable Emission Measurements of Yellowstone Park Snowcoaches and Snowmobiles written by Gary Allen Bishop and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As part of the National Park Service's Temporary Winter Use Plans Environmental Assessment, the University of Denver has been collecting in-use tailpipe emissions data from snowcoaches and snowmobiles in Yellowstone National Park. During the winter of 2006, using a portable emissions monitoring system, tailpipe data were collected from 10 snowcoaches and 2 four-stroke snowmobiles. These vehicles were operated over a standard route within the park, and the snowcoaches all carried identical passenger loads. These snowcoaches were newer in age with more advanced fuel management technology than those studied earlier, and average emissions were lower as a result (120, 1.7, and 11 g/mi for carbon monoxide [CO], hydrocarbons [HC], and oxides of nitrogen [NOx]). Large emissions variability was still observed despite using a standardized route and equal passenger loading. A comparison between five nearly identically equipped snowcoaches that had CO emissions ranging between 12 and 310 g/mi suggests that snow and road conditions are the most important factors behind the large emissions variability observed between modern snowcoaches. The first comprehensive emission measurements, using a portable emissions measurement system, on two snowmobiles showed that computer-controlled fuel management systems have increased fuel economy (>25 mpg) and are a major reason that emissions from these winter vehicles have dropped so dramatically. Using all of the tailpipe emissions data collected to date shows that the two primary winter vehicles in Yellowstone National Park are now very similar in their per-passenger emissions.
Download or read book Exposure Of Snowmobile Riders To Carbon Monoxide written by Lori Marie Snook Fussell and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Article expressing need to regulate and identify health consequences of snowmobiles in Yellowstone National Park. Includes emission and exposure study and results.
Download or read book Final Report written by Gary Allen Bishop and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Record of the Snowmobile Effects on Wildlife Monitoring Protocols Workshop April 10 12 2001 Denver Colorado written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Winter Air Quality in Yellowstone National Park 2006 2007 written by John D. Ray, Ph.d. and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2007-11 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report summarizes the carbon monoxide and particulate matter of 2.5 micrometers or less monitoring data from winter 2006-2007 and gives historical perspective of monitoring data at the park. The primary interest is trends in air quality that might reflect winter use policy and current conditions compared to the national standards set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Download or read book Real time Remote Sensing of Snowmobiles Emissions at Yellowstone National Park an Oxygenated Fuel Study 1999 written by Jerome A. Morris and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
