Download or read book Age Differences and Similarities in the Influence of Bias on Memory Performance written by Sandra Hessels and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Age Differences in Familiarity and Recollection written by Daniela Czernochowski and published by Universal-Publishers. This book was released on 2005 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Is there a qualitative difference between memory functions in adults and children? Given the relevance of memory processes for virtually every aspect of everyday life and the complex interactions between memory development and general cognitive abilities, surprisingly little is known about memory abilities in childhood. In four experiments with children aged 6-12 years and young adults, the developmental trajectories of two separate mechanisms underlying recognition memory - familiarity and recollection - were examined using event-related potentials (ERPs). Developmental changes were evident in both mechanisms of recognition memory. The data also revealed some surprising similarities across the life-span and emphasize the importance of strategic modulation of memory retrieval. Furthermore, the present investigation of memory development highlights age-related changes in cognitive processes and the maturation of the brain structures underlying these developmental changes.
Download or read book Effects of Elaboration on Age Differences in Memory Performance written by Wythe L. Whiting (IV) and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Elements of Cognitive Aging written by Paul Verhaeghen and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: " ... Provides a quantitative overview of the vast literature on aging and speeded tasks based on a large number of meta-analyses, many of them new to this book. This volume thus brings together, for the first time, almost everything we know about aging and processing speed"--Jacket, page [2].
Download or read book Influence of Type of Material to be Remembered on Adult Age Differences in Memory Performance written by Julie Lynn Earles and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Mythomanias written by Michael S. Myslobodsky and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2013-06-17 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recently, there has been a renewal of interest in the broad and loosely bounded range of phenomena called deception and self-deception. This volume addresses this interest shared by philosophers, social and clinical psychologists, and more recently, neuroscientists and cognitive scientists. Expert contributors provide timely, reliable, and insightful coverage of the normal range of errors in perception, memory, and behavior. They place these phenomena on a continuum with various syndromes and neuropsychiatric diseases where falsehood in perception, self-perception, cognition, and behaviors are a peculiar sign. Leading authorities examine the various forms of "mythomania," deception, and self-deception ranging from the mundane to the bizarre such as imposture, confabulations, minimization of symptomatology, denial, and anosognosia. Although the many diverse phenomena discussed here share a family resemblance, they are unlikely to have a common neurological machinery. In order to reach an explanation for these phenomena, a reliable pattern of lawful behavior must be delineated. It would then be possible to develop reasonable explanations based upon the underlying neurobiological processes that give rise to deficiencies designated as the mythomanias. The chapters herein begin to provide an outline of such a development. Taken as a whole, the collection is consistent with the emerging gospel indicating that neither the machinery of "nature" nor the forces of "nurture" taken alone are capable of explaining what makes cognition and behaviors aberrant.
Download or read book Aging and Decision Making written by Thomas M. Hess and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-02-17 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Decisions large and small play a fundamental role in shaping life course trajectories of health and well-being: decisions draw upon an individual's capacity for self-regulation and self-control, their ability to keep long-term goals in mind, and their willingness to place appropriate value on their future well-being. Aging and Decision Making addresses the specific cognitive and affective processes that account for age-related changes in decision making, targeting interventions to compensate for vulnerabilities and leverage strengths in the aging individual. This book focuses on four dominant approaches that characterize the current state of decision-making science and aging - neuroscience, behavioral mechanisms, competence models, and applied perspectives. Underscoring that choice is a ubiquitous component of everyday functioning, Aging and Decision Making examines the implications of how we invest our limited social, temporal, psychological, financial, and physical resources, and lays essential groundwork for the design of decision supportive interventions for adaptive aging that take into account individual capacities and context variables. - Divided into four dominant approaches that characterize the current state of decision-making science and aging neuroscience - Explores the impact of aging on the linkages between cortical structures/functions and the behavioral indices of decision-making - Examines the themes associated with behavioral approaches that attempt integrations of methods, models, and theories of general decision-making with those derived from the study of aging - Details the changes in underlying competencies in later life and the two prevailing themes that have emerged—one, the general individual differences perspective, and two, a more clinical focus
Download or read book Modulating Effects of Time of Day on Age Differences in Memory Performance written by Iwona Chelminski and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors Influencing the Positive Memory Bias in Aging written by Kylee Tamera Ack Baraly and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emotional experiences are more likely to be remembered than more neutral, mundane ones. In young adults, negative information may be particularly memorable. Yet, an interesting change seems to happen in aging: As adults grow older, they may start remembering positive information more often than negative information. This positive memory bias in aging is commonly observed and is often explained in terms of changing time perspectives and motivation across the lifespan (i.e., Socioemotional Selectivity Theory; Carstensen, Isaacowitz, & Charles, 1999). However, few studies have considered the basic interactions between memory and emotion that could influence this positivity bias. In this thesis, I examine whether certain factors partially independent of aging (i.e., semantic relatedness and distinctiveness, Study 1; mood, Studies 2-4), might influence the presence and magnitude of the positivity bias in memory. In Study 1, I explore the cognitive mechanisms required to produce the positivity bias and apply what is learned in this paper to investigate, in Studies 2-4, whether differences in mood could explain why the positivity bias occurs. In all studies, memory is measured using immediate free recall of positive, negative, and neutral pictures. In Study 1, I manipulate item interrelatedness (i.e., the extent of relatedness among pictures of a same category) and relative distinctiveness (i.e., the processing of a picture category at the same time as or in isolation from the others) to show that older adults' emotional memory can be entirely explained by these two factors. The distinctive processing of positive pictures relative to other pictures is necessary for producing a positivity bias in older adults, which completely disappears when the distinctive processing of positive pictures is removed. Therefore, in subsequent studies I encourage the distinctive processing of items to increase the likelihood of observing a positivity bias and its possible interaction with mood. In Study 2, I test whether differences in mood predict differences in emotional memory bias in young and older adults using a video mood induction technique validated in a separate pilot study. In Studies 3 and 4, I further test the effect of mood on the positivity bias beyond any age-specific factors, by examining young adults only. This serves to reduce the likelihood of confounds that might exist between age groups (i.e., related to neurocognitive changes or decline), in order to study the true effects of mood on the positivity bias. In Study 3, I use a written priming task to experimentally manipulate mood and time perspective in young adults. In Study 4, I compare differences in naturally occurring moods and emotional memory in two separate young adult samples: university students and non-students. The experimental mood manipulations have minimal influence on the presence of a negativity bias in young adults (Studies 2 and 3), and influence to a small extent the memory advantage of positive over neutral material in older adults (Study 2). Non-student young adults show a similar preferential memory for positive material that is different from what is observed in university students, but this is not easily attributed to differences in mood (Study 4). In light of these results, I argue that the positivity effect in aging memory reflects a temporary contextual advantage for positive information that is not permanent or irreversible. Rather, it seems to depend in varying degrees on the context of study (i.e., relatedness and distinctiveness), mood, and the young-adult reference group. This has implications for how future research defines and studies the positivity effect in aging.
Download or read book Aging and Biases in Spatial Memory written by Gregory J. DeGirolamo and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spatial cognition encompasses a wide variety of abilities and requires the interaction of several regions of the brain, including the hippocampus, striatum, and pre-frontal cortex (PFC). (Packard & McGaugh, 1996; Reuter-Lorenz et al., 2000). Given that these areas atrophy in later adulthood (Golomb et al., 1993; Raz et al., 2003; Aizenstein et al., 2006), it raises the question of how spatial cognition changes with age. It has been found that increased task complexity leads to an age-related decline in performance (Nagel et al., 2009). Other factors that lead to a decline in memory performance in older adults include whether the memory task involves allocentric or egocentric memory (Desrocher & Smith, 1998). This study developed a computational model of spatial working memory recall and recognition abilities for young adulthood to late adulthood using a type of neural network---dynamic field theory. This model was used to generate hypotheses of how spatial working memory recall and recognition abilities change from young adulthood to late adulthood. This model also influenced the development of hypotheses of how long-term memory performance changes with age, and how working memory abilities predict long-term memory abilities. Some of the hypotheses were supported, such as performance declined as task complexity increased, and, compared to younger adults, older adults had a greater level of error on the long-term memory task. Other models and hypotheses, such as the prediction that there would not be a significant difference in performance between the two age groups on a spatial working memory recall task, were not supported.
Download or read book Reading Faces written by Leslie Zebrowitz and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-02-12 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Do we read character in faces? What information do faces actually provide? What are the social and psychological consequences of reading character in faces? Zebrowitz unmasks the face and provides the first systematic, scientific account of our tendency to judge people by their appearance. Offering an in-depth discussion of two appearance qualities that influence our impressions of others—“baby-faceness” and “attractiveness”—and an analysis of these impressions, Zebrowitz has written an accessible and valuable book for professionals and general readers alike.
Download or read book Memory and Aging written by Moshe Naveh-Benjamin and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2012-05-04 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current demographical patterns predict an aging worldwide population. It is projected that by 2050, more than 20% of the US population and 40% of the Japanese population will be older than 65. A dramatic increase in research on memory and aging has emerged to understand the age-related changes in memory since the ability to learn new information and retrieve previously learned information is essential for successful aging, and allows older adults to adapt to changes in their environment, self-concept, and social roles. This volume represents the latest psychological research on different aspects of age-related changes in memory. Written by a group of leading international researchers, its chapters cover a broad array of issues concerning the changes that occur in memory as people grow older, including the mechanisms and processes underlying these age-related memory changes, how these changes interact with social and cultural environments, and potential programs intended to increase memory performance in old age. Similarly, the chapters draw upon diverse methodological approaches, including cross-cultural extreme group experimental designs, longitudinal designs assessing intra-participant change, and computational approaches and neuroimaging assessment. Together, they provide converging evidence for stability and change in memory as people grow older, for the underlying causes of these patterns, as well as for the heterogeneity in older adults’ performance. Memory and Aging is essential reading for researchers in memory, cognitive aging, and gerontology.
Download or read book Age Differences in Aspects of Memory Performance written by A. M. Foulds and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Age Differences in Aspects of Memory Performance written by Alison M. Foulds and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Relationship Between Verbal intelligence Age and Verbal Memory in Healthy Individuals in Their Eighties written by Meagan E. Lentz and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Verbal intelligence has been shown to affect performance on verbal memory tests for healthy young adults. However, it is not clear that the association between verbal intelligence and memory is the same for healthy older adults because, while performance on verbal intelligence measures remains relatively stable in older age, there is significant normal age-related memory decline. In fact, the magnitude of age-related decline in verbal memory performance is so substantial that there may be a significant difference between the memory performance of individuals in their early (i.e. 80 to 84) versus late (i.e. 85 to 89) eighties. This raises the possibility of an interactive effect between verbal intelligence and age on verbal memory for individuals in their 9th decade. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of verbal intelligence and age on verbal memory test performance in the elderly. One hundred thirty-nine healthy participants aged 80-89 were divided into four groups based on Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - III (WAIS-III) Vocabulary scaled score: average/below average (11) and above average ( 12); and age: early 80's (80 to 84) and late 80's (85 to 89). The groups were compared on Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) total and delayed recall scores. Results from two-way ANOVA indicated a significant interaction effect between age and Vocabulary score for the RAVLT total score. ANOVA pairwise comparisons revealed a between groups difference that is inconsistent with the established presence of age-related memory decline that yields the current data invalid and ungeneralizable: for individuals in the average and below intelligence group, the younger age group performed worse than the older age group. Two-way ANOVA results indicated no interaction or main effects for age or Vocabulary score on RAVLT delay score. Other significant and marginal findings are discussed which argue for further research on the use of different norms for people aged 80-84 and 85-89, though no finding on the applicability of the IQ - memory relationship can be discussed due to selection bias.
Download or read book Developing Theories of Mind written by Janet W. Astington and published by CUP Archive. This book was released on 1988 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A collection of empirical reports and conceptual analyses written by leading researchers in an exciting new area of the cognitive sciences. The book examines a fundamental change that occurs in children's cognition between the ages of two and six.
Download or read book Age Differences in Proactive Interference and Facilitation written by Christopher Nathan Wahlheim and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A common finding is that specific types of memory performance decline as a function of age. Among the situations that produce these differences are those in which proactive interference (PI) occurs. PI refers to impaired memory for new information as a result of previous learning of competing information. However, research has shown that PI situations can sometimes be facilitative to memory performance for both young and older adults when information is integrated effectively. One potential integration mechanism is the retrieval of earlier competing information during study of new information. Such instances have been referred to as "remindings", and they serve to preserve the temporal order of information. In the current experiments, I explored the role of remindings in age differences in memory performance in PI situations. A-B, A-D paired-associate learning paradigms were used to examine age differences in the effects of learning two responses (B and D) in association with one stimulus (A) on later memory for the response presented more recently (D). In addition, age differences in the occurrence of remindings were examined by comparing the tendency for responses that occurred first (B) to come to mind first at retrieval when participants were instructed to recall the response that occurred more recently (D). Results revealed that young adults were reminded more than older adults and that memory performance benefitted from remindings for each group. In addition, the deleterious effects of PI were observed when remindings did not occur. Finally, participants were sensitive to the effects of remindings, and there were individual differences in the extent to which remindings could be cognitively-controlled. Together, these findings illuminate the mechanisms underlying age differences in memory performance in PI situations, and potentially inform training regimens aimed at remediating age-related deficits produced by PI.
