Download or read book Aerosol Microphysics II written by W. H. Marlow and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-08 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aerosols, which are gas-phase dispersions of particulate matter, draw upon and con tribute to multidisciplinary work in technology and the natural sciences. As has been true throughout the history of science with other fields of interest whose un derlying disciplinary structure was either unclear or insufficiently well developed to contribute effectively to those fields, "aerosol science" has. developed its own methods and lore somewhat sequestered from the main lines of contemporary physical thought. Indeed, this independent development is the essential step in which syste matic or phenomenological descriptions are evolved with validity of sufficient gen erality to suggest the potential for development of a physically rigorous and gen eralizable body of knowledge. At the same time, the field has stimulated many ques tions which, limited to its own resources, are hopelessly beyond explanation. As Kuhn pointed out in The Structure of Scientific Revolution [2nd enlarged edition (University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1970) Chapter II and Postscript-1969) this is a very common juncture in the development of a science. In brief, the transition from this earlier stage to the mature stage of the science involves a general re cognition and agreement of what the foundations of the field consist of. By this critical step, a field settles upon a common language which is well defined rather than the ambiguous, and often undefined descriptors prevalent at the earlier stage.

Download or read book Aerosol Microphysics II written by W. H. Marlow and published by Springer. This book was released on 2011-12-25 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aerosols, which are gas-phase dispersions of particulate matter, draw upon and con tribute to multidisciplinary work in technology and the natural sciences. As has been true throughout the history of science with other fields of interest whose un derlying disciplinary structure was either unclear or insufficiently well developed to contribute effectively to those fields, "aerosol science" has. developed its own methods and lore somewhat sequestered from the main lines of contemporary physical thought. Indeed, this independent development is the essential step in which syste matic or phenomenological descriptions are evolved with validity of sufficient gen erality to suggest the potential for development of a physically rigorous and gen eralizable body of knowledge. At the same time, the field has stimulated many ques tions which, limited to its own resources, are hopelessly beyond explanation. As Kuhn pointed out in The Structure of Scientific Revolution [2nd enlarged edition (University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1970) Chapter II and Postscript-1969) this is a very common juncture in the development of a science. In brief, the transition from this earlier stage to the mature stage of the science involves a general re cognition and agreement of what the foundations of the field consist of. By this critical step, a field settles upon a common language which is well defined rather than the ambiguous, and often undefined descriptors prevalent at the earlier stage.

Download or read book Aerosol Microphysics II written by Heinrich P. Baltes and published by Springer Verlag. This book was released on 1982 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Aerosol Microphysics II Chemical Physics of Microparticles Volume 29 written by Marlow WH. and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Aerosol Microphysics II Chemical Physics of Microparticles written by William Henry Marlow and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Aerosol Microphysics I written by W. H. Marlow and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-08 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The suggestion by Dr. Franklin S. Harris, Jr. , that these books be written arose pursuant to the editor's plaints that despite the implicitly or explicitly ack nowledged importance of both aerosols and particulate matter in innumerable domains of technology and human welfare, investigations of these subjects were generally not supported independently of the narrowest conceivable domains of their appli cations. Frank Harris, who has long been a contributor in one of the important domains of aerosol macrophysics, atmospheric optics, challenged the editor to elaborate his views. Ideally, they would have taken the form of a monograph; however, there is as yet an insufficient body of information to present a unified treatment. At the same time, substantial efforts are in progress in the component fields to hold the promise for the emergence of unifying elements which will even tually facilitate their presentation to be made with a high degree of integrity. There are numerous pertinent and systematic tie-ins between project-oriented aerosol work and basic physical investigations which are themselves quite closely akin to much classical and current work in physical science. The most significant aspect of these tie-ins is their potential for making substantial contributions to the functional needs of the applications areas while stimulating significant questions of basic physics. For this to be possible, it is necessary that the most relevant areas of physics be identified in such a manner as to make clear their re levance for aerosol-related studies and vice versa.

Download or read book Aerosol Microphysics I written by W. H. Marlow and published by Springer. This book was released on 1980-04-01 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The suggestion by Dr. Franklin S. Harris, Jr. , that these books be written arose pursuant to the editor's plaints that despite the implicitly or explicitly ack nowledged importance of both aerosols and particulate matter in innumerable domains of technology and human welfare, investigations of these subjects were generally not supported independently of the narrowest conceivable domains of their appli cations. Frank Harris, who has long been a contributor in one of the important domains of aerosol macrophysics, atmospheric optics, challenged the editor to elaborate his views. Ideally, they would have taken the form of a monograph; however, there is as yet an insufficient body of information to present a unified treatment. At the same time, substantial efforts are in progress in the component fields to hold the promise for the emergence of unifying elements which will even tually facilitate their presentation to be made with a high degree of integrity. There are numerous pertinent and systematic tie-ins between project-oriented aerosol work and basic physical investigations which are themselves quite closely akin to much classical and current work in physical science. The most significant aspect of these tie-ins is their potential for making substantial contributions to the functional needs of the applications areas while stimulating significant questions of basic physics. For this to be possible, it is necessary that the most relevant areas of physics be identified in such a manner as to make clear their re levance for aerosol-related studies and vice versa.

Download or read book Superconductivity in Ternary Compounds II written by Merrill B. Maple and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Applications of the Monte Carlo Method in Statistical Physics written by K. Binder and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Monte Carlo computer simulations are now a standard tool in scientific fields such as condensed-matter physics, including surface-physics and applied-physics problems (metallurgy, diffusion, and segregation, etc. ), chemical physics, including studies of solutions, chemical reactions, polymer statistics, etc. , and field theory. With the increasing ability of this method to deal with quantum-mechanical problems such as quantum spin systems or many-fermion problems, it will become useful for other questions in the fields of elementary-particle and nuclear physics as well. The large number of recent publications dealing either with applications or further development of some aspects of this method is a clear indication that the scientific community has realized the power and versatility of Monte Carlo simula tions, as well as of related simulation techniques such as "molecular dynamics" and "Langevin dynamics," which are only briefly mentioned in the present book. With the increasing availability of recent very-high-speed general-purpose computers, many problems become tractable which have so far escaped satisfactory treatment due to prac tical limitations (too small systems had to be chosen, or too short averaging times had to be used). While this approach is admittedly rather expensive, two cheaper alternatives have become available, too: (i) array or vector processors specifical ly suited for wide classes of simulation purposes; (ii) special purpose processors, which are built for a more specific class of problems or, in the extreme case, for the simulation of one single model system.

Download or read book Persistent Spectral Hole Burning Science and Applications written by William E. Moerner and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Almost fifteen years have now elapsed since the first observations of per sistent spectral hole-burning in inhomogeneously broadened absorption lines in solids. The fact that the spectral shape of an inhomogeneously broadened line can be locally modified for long periods of time has led to a large number of investigations of low-temperature photophysics and photochemistry that would not have been possible otherwise. Using hole burning, important information has been obtained about a variety of in teractions, including excited-state dephasing processes, host-guest dynam ics, proton tunnelling, low-frequency excitation in amorphous hosts, relaxation mechanisms for vibrational modes, photochemical mechanisms at liquid helium temperatures, and external field perturbations. At the same time, the possibility that persistent spectral holes might be used to store digital information has led to the study of materials and configura tions for frequency-domain optical storage and related possible applica tions. This is the first full-length book on persistent spectral hole-burning. The goal is to provide a broadly based survey of the scientific principles and applications of persistent spectral hole-burning. Since the topic is quite interdisciplinary, the book is intended for researchers, graduate stu dents, and advanced undergraduates in the fields of chemical physics, solid-state physics, laser spectroscopy, solid-state photochemistry, and high-performance optical storage and optical processing.

Download or read book Photoacoustic Photothermal and Photochemical Processes at Surfaces and in Thin Films written by Peter Hess and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Review articles by leading scientists in their fields are brought together in this volume to provide a comprehensive treatment of photoacoustic, photothermal and photochemical processes at surfaces and in thin films. The articles introduce the fields, review present knowledge and conclude with latest developments and future prospects. Topics covered include laser-induced desorption, ablation and surface damage; surface acoustic waves; photothermal and photoacoustic characterization of thin films and interfaces; depth profiling in the frequency and time domains; remote testing and nondestructive evaluation; materials characterization; and new theoretical approaches using fractals. The book will interest newcomers to photoacoustics, since it gives an overview of current research and details of experimental methods. It will also be a source of information for those already in the field due to its clear presentation of theory and experimental results. All relevant literature references in this rapidly expanding field are included.

Download or read book Microscopic Methods in Metals written by Ulrich Gonser and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Methods of scientific investigation can be divided into two categories: they are either macroscopic or microscopic in nature. The former are generally older, classical methods where the sample as a whole is studied and various local prop erties are deduced by differentiation. The microscopic methods, on the other hand, have been discovered and developed more recently, and they operate for the most part on an atomistic scale. Glancing through the shelves of books on the various scientific fields, and, in particular, on the field of physical metallurgy, we are surprised at how lit tle consideration has been given to the microscopic methods. How these tools provide new insight and information is a question which so far has not at tracted much attention. Similar observations can be made at scientific confer ences, where the presentation of papers involving microscopic methods is often pushed into a far corner. This has led users of such methods to organize their own special conferences. The aim of this book is to bridge the present gap and encourage more interaction between the various fields of study and selected microscopic meth ods, with special emphasis on their suitability for investigating metals. In each case the principles of the method are reviewed, the advantages and successes pointed out, but also the shortcomings and limitations indicated.

Download or read book Coherent Radiation Sources written by A.W. Saenz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Energetic electromagnetic radiation finds frequent uses in science (e. g. , for expe riments in nuclear and elementary - particle physics), in technology (for materials testing), and in medicine (for medical X-rays). The most common method of genera ting such radiation is via the process of "bremsstrahlung" (a German term coined by A. Sommerfeld, meaning "braking radiation") in which a beam of electrons is direc ted into matter (e. g. , a metal target), losing energy during its collisions with the atoms and releasing this energy in the form of emitted radiation. The character of such radiation may be drastically changed by the use of a tar get with periodic structure (most commonly, a crystal target). The coherent waves emitted from individual crystal atoms interfere with each other, monochromatizing and polarizing the radiation and often increasing its intensity manifold, thereby creating a powerful radiation source of high quality for purposes of scientific and technical applications. This is true both for the well - established "coherent bremsstrahlung" process in which the interfering radiation is emitted while the electrons cross a succession of crystal planes, as well as for the more recently discovered process of "channeling radiation" (generating radiation of even higher intensity, but lower energy) in which the radiation is emitted while the electrons propagate along a crystal plane, or a crystal axis, in an oscillatory fashion.

Download or read book Thin Film and Depth Profile Analysis written by H. Oechsner and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-08 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The characterization of thin films and solid interfaces as well as the determina tion of concentration profiles in thin solid layers is one of the fields which re quire a rapid transfer of the results from basic research to technological applica tions and developments. It is the merit of the Dr. Wilhelm Heinrich and Else Heraeus-Stiftung to promote such a transfer by organizing high standard seminars mostly held at the "Physikzentrum" in Bad Honnef near Bonn. The present book has been stimulated by one of these seminars assembling most of the invited speakers as co-authors. The editor appreciates the cooperation of his colleagues contributing to this book. H. Oechsner Kaiserslautern, April 1984 v Contents 1. Introduction. ByH. Oechsner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 1 Requirements for Thin Film and In-Depth Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1. 2 Object and Outl i ne of the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 References 2. The Application of Beam and Diffraction Techniques to Thin Film and Surface Micro-Analysis. By H. W. Werner (With 25 Fi gures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. 1 Methods to Determine Chemical Structures in Material Research 5 2. 2 Selected Analytical Features Used to Determine Chemical Structures 9 2. 2. 1 Depth Profi 1 ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 9 a) Destructive Depth Profiling b) Nondestructive Methods for Depth and Thin Film Analysis 15 19 2. 2. 2 Microspot Analysis and Element Imaging 2. 3 Determining Physical Structures in Material Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2. 3. 1 X-Ray Diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2. 3. 2 X-Ray Double Crystal Diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2. 3.

Download or read book Real Space Renormalization written by T.W. Burkhardt and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The renormalization-group approach is largely responsible for the considerable success which has been achieved in the last ten years in developing a complete quantitative theory of phase transitions. Before, there was a useful physical picture of phase transitions, but a general method for making accurate quantitative predictions was lacking. Existent theories, such as the mean-field theory of Landau, sometimes reproduce phase diagrams reliably but were known to fail qualitatively near critical points, where the critical behavior is particularly interesting be cause of its universal character. In the mid 1960's Widom found that the singularities in thermodynamic quanti ties were well described by homogeneous functions. Kadanoff extended the homogeneity hypothesis to correlation functions and linked it to the idea of scale invariance. In the early 1970's Wilson showed how Kadanoff's rescaling could be explicitly carried out near the fixed point of a flow in Hamiltonian space. He made the first practical renormalization-group calculation of the flow induced by the elimination of short-wave-length Fourier components of the order-parameter field. The univer sality of the critical behavior emerges in a natural way in this approach, with a different fixed point for each universality class. The discovery by Wilson and Fisher of a systematic expansion procedure in E for a system in d = 4 - E dimen sions was followed by a cascade of calculations of critical quantities as a function of d and of the order-parameter dimensionality n.

Download or read book Molecular Collision Dynamics written by J.M. Bowman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This monograph covers a broad spectrum of topics in the very broad field of gas phase molecular collision dynamics. The Introduction previews each of the four fol lowing topics and attempts to sew them together with a common thread. In addition, a brief review of quantum reactive scattering is given there along with some gen eral remarks which highlight the difficulties in doing quantum reactive scatter ing calculations. The chapters are all written by theoreticians who are, of course, experts in the subjects they have written about. Three chapters, the ones by Secrest, Schatz, and the one by Schinke and Bowman deal with non-reactive atom-molecule scattering. Col lectively, they describe nearly the full breadth of scattering methods in use to day, from fully quantum mechanical to semiclassical and quasiclassical. The chapter by Baer is the only one dealing with quantum reactive scattering with the additional complexity of the coupling of two potential energy surfaces. The one simplifying feature of the treatment is that the reaction is constrained to be collinear. Overall, this monograph is mainly a review of the recent advances in the field of molecular collision dynamics, with, however, a considerable amount of new material. It is hoped that workers and students in the field will find reading the mono graph both enlightening and enjoyable.

Download or read book Superconductivity in Ternary Compounds I written by O. Fischer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The structural. electronic and lattice properties of superconducting ternary com pounds are the subject of this Topics volume. Its companion volume (Topics in Cur rent Physics. Volume 34) deals primarily with the mutual interaction of supercon ductivity and magnetism in ternary compounds. These two volumes are the culmination of a project. started nearly two years ago. that was inspired by the intense re search effort. both experimental and theoretical. then being expended to explore and develop an understanding of the remarkable physical properties of ternary super conductors. Research activity on this subject has increased in the meantime. The interest in ternary superconductors originated in 1972. when B.T. Matthias and his co-workers first discovered superconductivity in several ternary molybdenum sulfide compounds that had been synthesized in 1971 by R. Chevrel. M. Sergent. and J. Prigent. The superconducting critical temperature Tc of one of the compounds. PbMo S • was reported to be ~ 15 K. This value is sufficiently high that there was g 6 (and still is) reason to expect that other ternary compounds would be found with superconducting transition temperatures rivaling those of the A15 compounds. of which Nb Ge has the record high Tc of 23 K. The interest in ternary superconductors 3 received further impetus when several of the ternary molybdenum sulfides were found to have exceptionally high upper critical magnetic fields. some of them in the neighborhood of 50 Tesla or more. An immense amount of research on ternary molybdenum chalcogenides then followed.