Download or read book Aerial Spray Adjuvants for Herbicidal Drift Control written by H. Gratkowski and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increased public concern about pesticides requires that foresters reduce drift and insure precise application of herbicides to the areas requiring treatment. Drift control is necessary near waterways and other ecologically sensitive areas. This publication discusses available drift control adjuvants for herbicidal sprays. These include invert emulsions, thickening agents, particulating agents, and foam sprays. Commercially available adjuvants are described and their use, advantages, and disadvantages are discussed. Thickening agents and foam sprays show special promise for drift reduction in aerial application of herbicides on forest lands.
Download or read book Aerial Spray Adjuvants for Herbicidal Drift Control written by H. Gratkowski and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Herbicidal Drift Control written by H. Gratkowski and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Public concern over environmental pollution requires increasingly sophisticated procedures when herbicides are used in silviculture. Many specialized aerial application systems and spray additives have been developed to reduce drift of herbicidal sprays. This publication provides forest-land managers with a brief description of these aerial spray systems and additives. Personnel and supervision to insure proper use of equipment and additives are also discussed.
Download or read book Aerial Application Equipment for Herbicidal Drift Reduction written by R. E. Stewart and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication provides silviculturists and managers of utility rights-of-way with a description and evaluation of available helicopter spray application equipment. Modified conventional equipment will reduce drift of sprays in normal carriers and apply various high-viscosity sprays. Specialized spray systems have found limited use in forestry; they are more commonly used on utility rights-of-way. Most of the available spray systems or spray adjuvants reduce but do not completely eliminate drift. Maximum drift reduction with present equipment and adjuvants is obtained with the Microfoil Boom.
Download or read book Drift Control Adjuvant Benchmarking in Agricultural Spray Applications written by Kevin Penfield and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drifting of fine droplets during the application of pesticides is an issue of increasing commercial and regulatory importance. Spray drift damages susceptible crops, wastes resources, and results in inconsistent weed control. Several strategies are currently used to mitigate this problem. These include enhanced nozzle technology, improved application techniques, and inclusion of drift control additives in the final tank mix. Elimination of small diameter droplets ("driftable fines") is a key goal. Measurements were made of droplet size distributions of sprayed pesticide formulations containing commercial products representative of the leading drift control technologies, including guar, polyacrylamides, lecithin, and oil/surfactant mixtures. Effects of spray nozzle and pressure were also evaluated. Nozzle technology plays a large role in determining the spray droplet size spectrum. However, there is a strong interplay between nozzle design and formulation variables. We found that drift control agents have greater impact on spray from flat fan nozzles. Also, the ranking of adjuvants depends on the nozzle technology in use: for glyphosate/ammonium sulfate solutions, polymers were more effective in reducing fines from a flat fan nozzle, while surfactant-based products were marginally superior when an air induction nozzle was used. The regulatory community is currently focused on mitigating the generation of small droplets. However, the generation of oversized droplets also effects spray efficacy. The impact of drift control agents on the breadth of the droplet size spectrum is an aspect of drift control which is often overlooked. We found that emulsion-based products tighten the droplet size distribution, while the polymer-based products shift the mean droplet diameter up, broadening the distribution in the process: while the latter effect may earn better ratings from regulatory agencies concerned exclusively with spray drift mitigation, it may be less helpful in enhancing application efficacy.
Download or read book Spray Drift Management written by Primary Industries Standing Committee and published by CSIRO PUBLISHING. This book was released on 2002 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This practical guide focuses on managing the risks of spray drift and includes information on appropriate handing practices to ensure a safe workplace.
Download or read book Forestry Pesticide Aerial Spraying written by J.J. Picot and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduced to the technical aspects of forestry aerial spraying in the mid-1970's, we were immediately impressed by the complexity of the process of delivering pesticide to foliage. At that time, there was a vigorous public debate in New Brunswick about the ecological and public h~alth impacts of the annual spray program for the control of defoliation of spruce and fir trees by the spruce budworm. The forest industry is important to the province and changes to the established procedures of budworm control could have major economic implications. A rational debate required reliable information about the mechanics of the spraying process. There was a need to supply missing information as to required pesticide application rates, atomizer performance, off-target drift and deposit, and the effects of weather and aircraft operating factors. We were invited to initiate a research program in this domain by New Brunswick forest management officials, and what follows in this book is a logical and quantitative description of the overall process based on our own research and that of others over the intervening years. After a short introduction to aerial spraying, we begin (Chapter 2) by describing forest stands in terms of their interaction with suspended atmospheric particulate material carried along by the wind and susceptible to deposition on foliage. We introduce foliage simulators and their use in measuring the deposit of sprayed pesticide on foliage, the "biological interface" between pest and pesticide.
Download or read book Effects of Spray Adjuvants on Spray Droplet Size from a Rotary Atomizer written by Chenghai Yang and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rotary atomizers are used in a number of aerial applications, such as forest pest spraying and mosquito control sprays. These types of atomizers have a rotating cage at speeds of 2,000 to 10,000 revolutions per minute (rpm) through which a spray is emitted and atomized. Many applicators routinely add spray adjuvants to change the droplet size, reduce drift potential, or to reduce evaporative effects of a particular spray solution; therefore, six commonly used classes of spray adjuvants were evaluated to determine their effects on droplet size. If an applicator's only concern was minimizing spray drift, the applicator could choose a polymer or high surfactant oil concentrate for helicopter speeds and a polymer for fixed-wing applications. For applicators working under hot, dry conditions where evaporation is a concern, choosing an oil-based adjuvant to help get better coverage by creating smaller droplets that do not evaporate would be recommended. Understanding the role the different adjuvant types play in the final droplet size of the spray is key to successfully setting up and making applications with rotary atomizers.
Download or read book Effects of Adjuvants and Dynamic Surface Tension on Spray Properties Under Simulated Aerial Conditions written by WR. Dexter and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The literature on the effects of active ingredients, adjuvants and surface active agents on the droplet size of agricultural sprays is reviewed. The effects of various agricultural adjuvants on the droplet size distributions of a herbicide sprayed in a wind tunnel simulating an aerial application were determined using a Malvern laser diffraction instrument. All adjuvants caused a decrease in droplet size, which varied with adjuvant type and concentration. Measurements of equilibrium surface tension, dynamic surface tension at 20 ms, density, and viscosity were recorded. Droplet size did not correlate linearly with equilibrium surface tension: only at the lowest surface tensions was any significant decrease in droplet size observed. Droplet size correlated better with dynamic surface tension for each adjuvant over most of the surface tension range, but with different slopes for each adjuvant. At high concentrations of surfactant, bubbles of air were observed within captured droplets and the size distribution became bimodal.
Download or read book Methods of Applying Herbicides written by C. G. McWhorter and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: This reference book covers the technological advances made in herbicide application methods in a system that stresses the equal importance of herbicide chemical and physical properties, plant morphology, pesticide application accuracy and pesticide distribution. Chapters specifically focus on spray application, aerial application, chemigation, electrostatic enhancement, controlled release materials, pre- and postemergence treatment and injection. Safety and environmental issues are discussed.
Download or read book Herbicide written by Jens C. Streibig and published by Springer. This book was released on 1993 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Effect of Adjuvants at High Spray Pressures for Aerial Applications written by W. Clint Hoffmann and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Controlling droplet size is a critical part of making any successful agrochemical spray application. This is particularly true for higher-speed aerial applications where secondary atomization from air shear becomes the most dominant factor driving spray droplet size. Previous research has shown that higher spray pressures can result in larger droplet-sized sprays by increasing the exit velocity of the spray liquid from the nozzles, which in turn decreases the differential velocity between the spray liquid and surrounding airstream, reducing secondary breakup. This work explores the effects of higher-than-normal spray pressures on two typical aerial application nozzles in the presence of a formulated herbicide spray solution, with and without additional adjuvants. Generally, the spray solution effects followed trends seen in previous studies, with crop oil-containing adjuvants resulting in the largest droplet-sized sprays and the silicones and polymers the smallest. Increasing spray pressure increased droplet size across all combinations of nozzle, airspeed, and spray solution, without exception. The most promising results from this work showed that for typical high-end application airspeeds, increasing spray pressure from the lowest to highest pressures tested generally resulted in spray classifications increasing at least one size coarser. The results from this work demonstrate that larger, faster-flying agricultural aircraft can adopt current methods, with potentially minor equipment adjustments, to generate medium and larger spray qualities and to allow for more efficient applications while meeting agrochemical product label requirements.
Download or read book Aerial Pesticide Spray Drift Models for Use in Regulatory Applications written by B. L. Taylor and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Quantification of Spray Drift from Aerial Applications of Pesticide written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With widespread use of pesticides in modern agriculture, the impacts of spray drift have become a topic of considerable interest. The drifting of sprays is a highly complex process influenced by many factors. Advances in aerial application technology and in our ability to measure drift, coupled with the adoption of new technologies for regulating pesticide application have necessitated further research in the pesticide application process. Experiments were conducted to quantify spray drift and describe its movement from aerial applications of pesticide. The effects of spray quality, atomizer type and ground cover were examined. Initial airborne drift amounts were greater than downwind deposits, thus not all of the drifting spray was deposited in the measuring area. Total off-target movement of spray was significantly greater for Fine compared to Coarse sprays. Rotary and hydraulic atomizers, both producing Fine sprays, produced statistically similar off-target movement of sprays. Similarly, no significant statistical differences in spray drift between applications to bare ground and applications to a headed barley crop canopy were not identified. Contrary to expectations, aerial application to bare ground seemed to result in less off-target movement than application to a crop canopy. The vertical spray cloud profiles were similar for all applications with the greatest amount of spray present at the height of release. Spray concentrations diminished from that height upward with diffusion and downward with deposition. The empirical data disagreed with the mechanistic model AgDISP which is currently used in the Canadian regulatory process. The model over-predicted drift deposition by a factor of two to five. Variability in spray deposit values could not be attributed to average differences in meteorological conditions at the time of application. Experiments with appropriate protocols for increased sensitivity may be required to more accurately report subtle differences.
Download or read book Spray Adjuvant Effects on Droplet Size Spectra Measured by Three Laser Based Systems in a High Speed Wind Tunnel written by J. B. Ross and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spray droplet size has long been recognized as the most important variable that aerial applicators can influence to mitigate spray drift from the application site. There are several different technologies that are used by researchers to measure droplet size from spray nozzles. The objective of these studies was to determine the influence of eight spray adjuvants on the droplet size spectrum produced by two nozzles in a high-speed wind tunnel when characterized using three different droplet size measurement systems. The adjuvant, nozzles, and airspeeds used in these studies are commonly used by aerial applicators. Three droplet sizing systems (Malvern laser diffraction, PMS optical array probe, and LaVision laser imaging) were simultaneously operated to measure the spray droplet size spectra for each adjuvant, airspeed, and nozzle combination. Two spray nozzles (a D6-46 nozzle and a D2 straight stream nozzle) were evaluated in a high-speed wind tunnel at airspeeds of 45 and 58 m/sec. There were significant differences in the droplet size spectra produced by the eight spray adjuvants tested. There were also significant differences between the droplet size values reported by the three measurement systems (Malvern, LaVision, and PMS) evaluated; however, there was considerable agreement trendwise. In general, the Malvern reported smaller spray droplet size spectra values than the LaVision, while the PMS system generally reported the largest spray droplet size spectra values. These tests are the first reported studies where all three droplet sizing systems were operated simultaneously.
Download or read book Aerial Application of Herbicides written by M. S. McLaughlan and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Novel Penetrator Adjuvant with Drift Reduction Properties written by Jinxia S. Sun and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using activator adjuvants with agrochemicals to improve their bioefficacy is an important practice in agriculture. Adjuvants--mostly crop oil concentrates--are needed to ensure the bioefficacy of herbicides from the class of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Accase) inhibitors. Because of regulatory pressure from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the development and testing of drift technologies has come to the forefront of U.S. application research in the past few years. However, the majority of the drift control agents on the market aim only to reduce the percentage of fine droplets in the spray spectra. There is a strong market need to combine both activator and delivery technology to develop a dual-function adjuvant. The objective of this research was to develop a novel penetrator adjuvant with built-in drift control properties. The adjuvant was based on a crop oil concentrate (COC). Spray droplet spectra for the new adjuvant were determined in still-air conditions using a Sympatec Helos laser diffraction particle size analyzer. The biological effects of this new adjuvant were investigated in comparison to a commercial COC, Agri-Dex, in greenhouse bioassays using fluazifop on green foxtail (Setaria viridis) and clethodim on barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli). The novel COC affected green foxtail and barnyardgrass similarly as the traditional COC, but at half the typical COC rate. In addition, the new adjuvant significantly reduced the percentage of fine droplets (
