Download or read book Adverse Birth Outcomes and Associated Risk Factors written by Ingrid Mburia and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The cause for adverse birth outcomes such as prematurity, low birth weight, small for gestational age, among others, is not clearly understood. Despite medical advancements, infants that overcome poor birth outcomes face significant cognitive, behavioral, and developmental challenges in their childhood and throughout their lifespan. It has been established that some race/ethnic groups and populations in the lower economic strata are disproportionately affected by adverse birth outcomes. It is of utmost importance to continue exploring factors that contribute to race/ethnic disparities in order to develop targeted intervention strategies. In Nevada, several initiatives have been developed to address disparities in poor birth outcomes, however, the state faces challenges such as: provider shortages, long distance to hospitals and/or areas that offer health care services, low high school graduation rates, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke among casino workers, a growing prescription and illicit drug use problem, among others. The goals of this epidemiological study were to: 1) determine whether distance was a barrier in obtaining specialized care for very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, 2) asses the association between working in the service industry and preterm birth among Hispanic women and 3) evaluate the relationship between depression, substance use, and low birth weight. In study one, distance of more than 50 miles was found to be associated with delivery of a VLBW infant in a non-level III hospital. Study two revealed that Hispanic women working in the service industry had increased odds of preterm birth compared to those working in administrative support positions. Results of study three showed that mothers who used prescription drugs during pregnancy had higher odds of delivering a low birth weight baby. Additionally, women with a clinical diagnoses of depression prior to becoming pregnant had higher odds of using substances during pregnancy (OR: 3.51; 95% CI = 3.46-3.56) compared to women who did not have a clinical diagnoses of depression prior to pregnancy. The findings of this dissertation support avenues to further explore factors associated with adverse birth outcomes and barriers to accessing health care services among pregnant women.

Download or read book Preterm Birth written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-05-23 with total page 791 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increasing prevalence of preterm birth in the United States is a complex public health problem that requires multifaceted solutions. Preterm birth is a cluster of problems with a set of overlapping factors of influence. Its causes may include individual-level behavioral and psychosocial factors, sociodemographic and neighborhood characteristics, environmental exposure, medical conditions, infertility treatments, and biological factors. Many of these factors co-occur, particularly in those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged or who are members of racial and ethnic minority groups. While advances in perinatal and neonatal care have improved survival for preterm infants, those infants who do survive have a greater risk than infants born at term for developmental disabilities, health problems, and poor growth. The birth of a preterm infant can also bring considerable emotional and economic costs to families and have implications for public-sector services, such as health insurance, educational, and other social support systems. Preterm Birth assesses the problem with respect to both its causes and outcomes. This book addresses the need for research involving clinical, basic, behavioral, and social science disciplines. By defining and addressing the health and economic consequences of premature birth, this book will be of particular interest to health care professionals, public health officials, policy makers, professional associations and clinical, basic, behavioral, and social science researchers.

Download or read book Reducing Birth Defects written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-10-27 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Each year more than 4 million children are born with birth defects. This book highlights the unprecedented opportunity to improve the lives of children and families in developing countries by preventing some birth defects and reducing the consequences of others. A number of developing countries with more comprehensive health care systems are making significant progress in the prevention and care of birth defects. In many other developing countries, however, policymakers have limited knowledge of the negative impact of birth defects and are largely unaware of the affordable and effective interventions available to reduce the impact of certain conditions. Reducing Birth Defects: Meeting the Challenge in the Developing World includes descriptions of successful programs and presents a plan of action to address critical gaps in the understanding, prevention, and treatment of birth defects in developing countries. This study also recommends capacity building, priority research, and institutional and global efforts to reduce the incidence and impact of birth defects in developing countries.

Download or read book Birth Settings in America written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-05-01 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The delivery of high quality and equitable care for both mothers and newborns is complex and requires efforts across many sectors. The United States spends more on childbirth than any other country in the world, yet outcomes are worse than other high-resource countries, and even worse for Black and Native American women. There are a variety of factors that influence childbirth, including social determinants such as income, educational levels, access to care, financing, transportation, structural racism and geographic variability in birth settings. It is important to reevaluate the United States' approach to maternal and newborn care through the lens of these factors across multiple disciplines. Birth Settings in America: Outcomes, Quality, Access, and Choice reviews and evaluates maternal and newborn care in the United States, the epidemiology of social and clinical risks in pregnancy and childbirth, birth settings research, and access to and choice of birth settings.

Download or read book Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes written by Wei Wu and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-06-13 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More than 10% of the global burden of disease is due to pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes. Despite recent advances in obstetric medicine, pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes are a growing public health concern and economic burden on the healthcare system. This book will focus on the pregnancy complications and birth outcomes, from the aspects of gestational age, environmental, genetic, epigenetic risk factors, and delivery room management.

Download or read book Spatial Analysis of Risk Factors Associated with Adverse Birth Outcomes written by Chunfu Liu and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Health Insurance is a Family Matter written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-09-18 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Health Insurance is a Family Matter is the third of a series of six reports on the problems of uninsurance in the United Sates and addresses the impact on the family of not having health insurance. The book demonstrates that having one or more uninsured members in a family can have adverse consequences for everyone in the household and that the financial, physical, and emotional well-being of all members of a family may be adversely affected if any family member lacks coverage. It concludes with the finding that uninsured children have worse access to and use fewer health care services than children with insurance, including important preventive services that can have beneficial long-term effects.

Download or read book Relationships Between Maternal Risk Factors and Adverse Birth Outcomes in Westchester County written by Jessy Ayala and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Impact of Maternal Nutrition on the Offspring written by Gerard Hornstra and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2005-01-01 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maternal nutritional status affects the offsprings health development significantly during early embryogenesis, pregnancy, birth and lactation, and subsequently determines health during growth and even throughout adulthood. On the other end of the human lifetime scale, the importance of maternal nutrition expands into the time period before conception: Pre-conception nutritional status not only influences fertility, but also embryogenesis and life-long health. Predisposition for coronary heart diseases, Type-2 diabetes mellitus, and hypertension can be caused by intrauterine adaptations to fetal malnutrition. Hence, optimizing nutrition for women during their reproductive period can be expected to have a great impact on the well being of the next generation. This workshop dealt with the effects of maternal nutrition on fetal growth, metabolic programming, energy and nutrient requirements, as well as under- and over-nutrition during pregnancy. Finally, it addressed the question of whether a distinct diet during pregnancy could reduce food allergy in the progeny. This book is a valuable and complete source of knowledge for all professionals involved in pediatrics, nutrition policy, womens health, immunology, epidemiology and public health.

Download or read book The Role of Environmental Hazards in Premature Birth written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-11-17 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Each year in the United States approximately 440,000 babies are born premature. These infants are at greater risk of death, and are more likely to suffer lifelong medical complications than full-term infants. Clinicians and researchers have made vast improvements in treating preterm birth; however, little success has been attained in understanding and preventing preterm birth. Understanding the complexity of interactions underlying preterm birth will be needed if further gains in outcomes are expected. The Institute of Medicine's Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine sponsored a workshop to understand the biological mechanism of normal labor and delivery, and how environmental influences, as broadly defined, can interact with the processes of normal pregnancy to result in preterm birth. This report is a summary of the main themes presented by the speakers and participants.

Download or read book Improving Birth Outcomes written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-11-28 with total page 373 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Birth outcomes have improved dramatically worldwide in the past 40 years. Yet there is still a large gap between the outcomes in developing and developed countries. This book addresses the steps needed to reduce that gap. It reviews the available statistics of low birth weight, prematurity, and birth defects; reviews current knowledge and practices of a healthy pregnancy, identifies cost-effective opportunities for improving birth outcomes and supporting families with an infant handicapped by birth problems, and recommens priority research, capacity building, and institutional and global efforts to reduce adverse birth outcomes in developing countries. The committee has based its study on data and information from several developing countries, and provides recommendations that can assist the March of Dimes, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and NIH in tailoring their international program and forging new partnerships to reduce the mortality and morbidity associated with adverse birth outcomes.

Download or read book Assessing Risk Factors for Adverse Birth Outcomes and Early Childhood Respiratory Illness an Examination of Supplement Initiation and Participation in Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women Infants and Children During Pregnancy written by Vivian Alfonso and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, rate of preterm birth peaked in 2006 and little progress has been made to date despite ambitious Healthy People 2020 goals. Infants born premature are at higher risk of death and disability, including psychological conditions, learning difficulties and medical disabilities, than term newborns. Additionally, adverse birth outcomes are associated with asthma, the leading cause of chronic childhood illness and disability. According to the 'Barker hypothesis', intrauterine exposures may serve as a programming stimulus that alters the development of biologic systems and the risk or susceptibility to future disease. One such programming stimulus is maternal nutrition in pregnancy as previous research has shown associations between prenatal nutrition (such as vitamin supplement use and Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children enrollment (WIC)) and birth and early childhood respiratory health outcomes. Through this dissertation, we address gaps in knowledge regarding supplement use in pregnancy and prenatal enrollment in the nutrition program among low-income, minority women, allowing for better informed public health messages. In the first study, we identified WIC eligible parous women who gave birth to first and second siblings between 2007 and 2011 from California electronic birth records to assess the impact of program enrollment on recurrent preterm birth. WIC eligibility in the second pregnancy was based upon both an income criteria (assessed through Medi-Cal as the second pregnancy primary payer for prenatal care) and "nutritional risk" (assessed through a premature first birth). We found that eligible second pregnancy non-enrollees had a higher risk of recurrent preterm birth than program participants among both first pregnancy WIC non-enrollees and first pregnancy WIC enrollees. These findings suggest that the benefits provided by WIC to patrons, including vouchers for food supplementation, counseling and referrals to health and social services, may improve birth outcomes of the women electing to enroll in the program. In sensitivity analyses, we also found the magnitude of this association was strongest for the following high risk subgroups of eligible women: first pregnancy Medi-Cal participants, younger, and Black or Hispanic mothers with the shortest time between births. The second study used data from a Los Angeles based case-control study nested within the 2003 birth cohort to assess the relationship between the timing of pre-natal supplement initiation and birth outcomes. This study limited analyses to non-Hispanic white and Hispanic women, the predominant racial/ethnic groups among respondents. Among Hispanic mothers, we observed an increased odds of preterm birth the later a woman initiated pre-natal supplement use in pregnancy and the magnitude of the association was larger in US-born compared to foreign-born women. The case-control respondents were followed approximately three years later to assess offspring respiratory outcomes. The third study objective was to assess whether adverse early childhood respiratory health is associated with the timing of folic acid supplement initiation in pregnancy. Among all study participants, timing of folic acid use (derived from reports of both folic acid and pre-natal supplements) was not associated with wheeze in the first three years of life, current wheeze, or lower respiratory tract infection in offspring even after re-weighing the population to account for premature birth and censorship. Among mothers with a history of eczema, hay fever or asthma, we found late folic acid supplement initiators had between 1.7-1.9 times the risk of adverse respiratory health outcomes compared to their first trimester initiating counterparts. No association was found among non-atopic mothers. In conclusion, our results support that prenatal nutrition in pregnancy may serve as a programming stimulus as timing of supplement initiation and nutrition program enrollment were found to be associated with offspring health. Both are potentially modifiable factors and the information obtained through these studies highlights the importance of tailored public health interventions for those at highest risk of adverse birth and childhood respiratory health outcomes.

Download or read book Family Problems and Adverse Birth Outcomes in Westchester County written by Karen M. Fragano and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Social and Spatial Determinants of Adverse Birth Outcome Inequalities in Socially Advanced Societies written by Gang Meng and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The incidence of adverse birth outcomes, such as low birth weight and preterm births, has steadily risen in recent years in Canada. Despite the fact that numerous individual and neighbourhood risk factors for low birth weight and preterm births have been identified and various person-oriented intervention strategies have been implemented, uncertainties still exist concerning the role that place and space play in determining adverse birth outcomes. In order to succeed in producing community-oriented health policy and planning guidelines to reduce both the occurrence and inequalities of adverse birth outcomes, the research presented in this thesis provides an approach to examining the pathways of various socio-economic, environmental, and psycho-social risks to LBW and preterm births. Using a modified multilevel binary-outcome mediational analysis method, case studies are conducted within three public health units in Ontario, namely the Wellington-Dufferin-Guelph Health Unit, the Windsor-Essex County Health Unit, and the Halton Region Health Unit. Different pathways are investigated given the available data and the theoretical assumptions of three health inequality pathway models, namely the behavioural model, the psycho-social model, and the materialist model, and the geographical and planning perspectives of health inequalities. A local spatial analysis process is also used to identify spatial clusters of incidence and to assess possible associated reasons in order to support public health polices and planning in community-oriented health interventions. Using Bayesian spatial hierarchical analysis and spatial clustering analysis, local clustering of high risks of adverse birth outcomes and spatial variations of associated individual risks within the study areas are identified. The analysis is framed around five hypotheses that examine personal vs. spatial, compositional vs. contextual, psycho-social vs. material, personal vs. cultural, and global vs. local effects on the determinants of adverse birth outcomes. The results of testing these hypotheses provide evidence to assist with multi-component multi-level community-oriented interventions.

Download or read book Prenatal Contributors to Adverse Birth Outcomes written by Marci Lobel and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 574 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Registries for Evaluating Patient Outcomes written by Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality/AHRQ and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2014-04-01 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This User’s Guide is intended to support the design, implementation, analysis, interpretation, and quality evaluation of registries created to increase understanding of patient outcomes. For the purposes of this guide, a patient registry is an organized system that uses observational study methods to collect uniform data (clinical and other) to evaluate specified outcomes for a population defined by a particular disease, condition, or exposure, and that serves one or more predetermined scientific, clinical, or policy purposes. A registry database is a file (or files) derived from the registry. Although registries can serve many purposes, this guide focuses on registries created for one or more of the following purposes: to describe the natural history of disease, to determine clinical effectiveness or cost-effectiveness of health care products and services, to measure or monitor safety and harm, and/or to measure quality of care. Registries are classified according to how their populations are defined. For example, product registries include patients who have been exposed to biopharmaceutical products or medical devices. Health services registries consist of patients who have had a common procedure, clinical encounter, or hospitalization. Disease or condition registries are defined by patients having the same diagnosis, such as cystic fibrosis or heart failure. The User’s Guide was created by researchers affiliated with AHRQ’s Effective Health Care Program, particularly those who participated in AHRQ’s DEcIDE (Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions About Effectiveness) program. Chapters were subject to multiple internal and external independent reviews.

Download or read book Children of Immigrants written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-11-12 with total page 673 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Immigrant children and youth are the fastest-growing segment of the U.S. population, and so their prospects bear heavily on the well-being of the country. Children of Immigrants represents some of the very best and most extensive research efforts to date on the circumstances, health, and development of children in immigrant families and the delivery of health and social services to these children and their families. This book presents new, detailed analyses of more than a dozen existing datasets that constitute a large share of the national system for monitoring the health and well-being of the U.S. population. Prior to these new analyses, few of these datasets had been used to assess the circumstances of children in immigrant families. The analyses enormously expand the available knowledge about the physical and mental health status and risk behaviors, educational experiences and outcomes, and socioeconomic and demographic circumstances of first- and second-generation immigrant children, compared with children with U.S.-born parents.