Download or read book Advancing Airborne Remote Sensing of CO2 and CH4 Emissions from Point Sources written by Jakob Borchardt and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global mean surface temperature (GMST) on Earth in the period 2011 - 2020 has increased ∼ 1.1 °C above preindustrial temperatures. This temperature change results mainly from the increased radiative forcing due to increased levels of anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, especially CO2 and CH4. For an efficient reduction of CO2 and CH4 emissions, their locations and emission strengths have to be known. Additionally, emission reductions must be monitored, and new satellite sensors must be validated. Airborne remote sensing instruments allow observing dedicated regions for source detection, emission monitoring, and satellite validation. However, new instruments and methods to infer gas concentrations from the acquired data are needed to advance the airborne remote sensing of greenhouse gases. In this thesis, three research questions were studied: Is it possible to apply the weighting function modified differential optical absorption spectroscopy (WFM-DOAS) retrieval method to hyperspectral data to infer greenhouse gas emissions? Is the observation and quantification of emissions improved with a new imaging instrument specifically designed for that task? And can the retrieval of greenhouse gases from airborne remote sensing measurements be improved by taking scattering in the atmosphere into account? The first question was studied by applying the WFM-DOAS retrieval to AVIRIS-NG hyperspectral data (spectral resolution ∼ 5.5 nm) acquired during the ABoVE measurement campaign in Canada and a data set containing the observation of a coal mine ventilation shaft plume. In the data set, multiple methane emission plumes could be detected, and the emissions were estimated for five of them. Additionally, the influence of different surface types on the retrieval results was studied. For some surface types, the biases reached ±5 - 10 %, while the retrieval precision was 2 - 5% total column increase. The second question was examined by developing, building, and deploying the MAMAP2DLight instrument successfully. It is an imaging airborne remote sensing spectrometer with ∼ 1.1nm spectral resolution covering the absorption bands of CO2 and CH4 between 1560 and 1690 nm. It observes 28 ground scenes with a spatial resolution of 22 × 6m2, creating an image of the ground while flying over it. The total column precision was 0.28% after binning to 100×100m2 ground scenes, and 0.7% unbinned. During the first measurement flight over the coal-fired power plant Jänschwalde in Eastern Germany in June 2021, the CO2 emission plume was mapped successfully, and emissions of 10.3 Mt CO2 yr-1 were estimated, which were close to the emission estimate based on activity data of 11.6 Mt CO2 yr-1. For the third question, a forward model adapted to the airborne geometry was implemented in the optimal estimation-based Fast atmOspheric traCe gAs retrievaL (FOCAL AIR). It included a parametrized treatment of scattering. Nevertheless, the Jacobian of the forward model could be calculated analytically for all atmospheric parameters, reducing the computational resources needed for the retrieval. In synthetic measurements, treating scattering parametrized reduced errors compared to an absorption-only forward model by up to 50 %. Additionally, applying the FOCAL AIR retrieval and the WFM-DOAS on the MAMAP data set acquired over the power plant Jänschwalde in May 2018, different FOCAL AIR retrieval configurations were tested. With the best retrieval configuration, an emission of 18.6 Mt CO2 yr-1 was estimated for the power plant Jänschwalde, close to the emission estimate from WFM-DOAS retrieval results of 19.4 Mt CO2 yr-1.
Download or read book Using Airborne Remote Sensing and In situ Observations to Assess Emissions of Complex CH4 Sources written by Sven Krautwurst and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Springer Handbook of Atmospheric Measurements written by Thomas Foken and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-11-09 with total page 1761 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This practical handbook provides a clearly structured, concise and comprehensive account of the huge variety of atmospheric and related measurements relevant to meteorologists and for the purpose of weather forecasting and climate research, but also to the practitioner in the wider field of environmental physics and ecology. The Springer Handbook of Atmospheric Measurements is divided into six parts: The first part offers instructive descriptions of the basics of atmospheric measurements and the multitude of their influencing factors, fundamentals of quality control and standardization, as well as equations and tables of atmospheric, water, and soil quantities. The subsequent parts present classical in-situ measurements as well as remote sensing techniques from both ground-based as well as airborn or satellite-based methods. The next part focusses on complex measurements and methods that integrate different techniques to establish more holistic data. Brief discussions of measurements in soils and water, at plants, in urban and rural environments and for renewable energies demonstrate the potential of such applications. The final part provides an overview of atmospheric and ecological networks. Written by distinguished experts from academia and industry, each of the 64 chapters provides in-depth discussions of the available devices with their specifications, aspects of quality control, maintenance as well as their potential for the future. A large number of thoroughly compiled tables of physical quantities, sensors and system characteristics make this handbook a unique, universal and useful reference for the practitioner and absolutely essential for researchers, students, and technicians.
Download or read book Improving Characterization of Anthropogenic Methane Emissions in the United States written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-08-25 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding, quantifying, and tracking atmospheric methane and emissions is essential for addressing concerns and informing decisions that affect the climate, economy, and human health and safety. Atmospheric methane is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) that contributes to global warming. While carbon dioxide is by far the dominant cause of the rise in global average temperatures, methane also plays a significant role because it absorbs more energy per unit mass than carbon dioxide does, giving it a disproportionately large effect on global radiative forcing. In addition to contributing to climate change, methane also affects human health as a precursor to ozone pollution in the lower atmosphere. Improving Characterization of Anthropogenic Methane Emissions in the United States summarizes the current state of understanding of methane emissions sources and the measurement approaches and evaluates opportunities for methodological and inventory development improvements. This report will inform future research agendas of various U.S. agencies, including NOAA, the EPA, the DOE, NASA, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the National Science Foundation (NSF).
Download or read book Hyperspectral Remote Sensing as a Monitoring Tool for Geologic Carbon Sequestration written by Gabriel John Bellante and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The contemporary global climate crisis demands mitigation technologies to curb atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions, principally carbon dioxide (CO2). Geologic carbon sequestration (GCS) is a method by which point source CO2 emissions are purified and deposited in subsurface geologic formations for long-term storage. Accompanying this technology is the inherent responsibility to monitor these large-scale subsurface reservoirs for CO2 leaks to ensure safety to local environments and inhabitants, as well as to alleviate global warming. Elevated CO2 levels in soil are known to cause anoxic conditions in plant roots, thereby interfering with plant respiration and inducing a stress response that could possibly be remotely sensed using aerial imagery. Airborne remote sensing technology has the potential to monitor large land areas at a relatively small cost compared to alternative methods. In 2010, an aerial campaign was conducted during the height of the growing season to obtain an image time series that could be used to identify and characterize CO2 stress in vegetation from a simulated CO2 leak. An unsupervised classification was performed to classify CO2 stressed vegetation as a result of the subsurface injection. Furthermore, a spectral index was derived to amplify the CO2 stress signal and chart vegetation health trajectories for pixels affected by the CO2 release. A theoretical framework was developed for analysis strategies that could be implemented to detect a CO2 leak using aerial hyperspectral imagery with minimal a priori knowledge. Although aerial detection of CO2 stressed vegetation was possible while no other physiological plant stressors were present, the spectral distinction between vegetation stress agents would have important implications for the appropriate timing that GCS monitoring using remote sensing data could commence. A greenhouse experiment was devised to compare the spectral responses of alfalfa plants to CO2 and water stress in order to reveal whether CO2 leak detection is possible when soil water availability is highly variable or during periods of drought. Spectral discernment of a CO2 leak appears to be possible when soil water is spatially variable and during moderate drought conditions with remote sensing instruments that are sensitive to reflectance in the short wave infrared, where water absorption features related to leaf water content occur.
Download or read book Lamto written by Luc Abbadie and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-11-22 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Synthesizing 40 years of ongoing ecological research, this book examines the structure, function, and dynamics of the Lamto humid savanna. From the history of the Lamto ecology station, to an overview of enivronmental conditions of the site, and examining the integrative view of energy and nutrient fluxes relative to the dynamics of the region's vegetation, this exacting work is as unique and treasured as Lamto itself.
Download or read book Verifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-07-28 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world's nations are moving toward agreements that will bind us together in an effort to limit future greenhouse gas emissions. With such agreements will come the need for all nations to make accurate estimates of greenhouse gas emissions and to monitor changes over time. In this context, the present book focuses on the greenhouse gases that result from human activities, have long lifetimes in the atmosphere and thus will change global climate for decades to millennia or more, and are currently included in international agreements. The book devotes considerably more space to CO2 than to the other gases because CO2 is the largest single contributor to global climate change and is thus the focus of many mitigation efforts. Only data in the public domain were considered because public access and transparency are necessary to build trust in a climate treaty. The book concludes that each country could estimate fossil-fuel CO2 emissions accurately enough to support monitoring of a climate treaty. However, current methods are not sufficiently accurate to check these self-reported estimates against independent data or to estimate other greenhouse gas emissions. Strategic investments would, within 5 years, improve reporting of emissions by countries and yield a useful capability for independent verification of greenhouse gas emissions reported by countries.
Download or read book Climate Intervention written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-06-17 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The signals are everywhere that our planet is experiencing significant climate change. It is clear that we need to reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from our atmosphere if we want to avoid greatly increased risk of damage from climate change. Aggressively pursuing a program of emissions abatement or mitigation will show results over a timescale of many decades. How do we actively remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to make a bigger difference more quickly? As one of a two-book report, this volume of Climate Intervention discusses CDR, the carbon dioxide removal of greenhouse gas emissions from the atmosphere and sequestration of it in perpetuity. Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration introduces possible CDR approaches and then discusses them in depth. Land management practices, such as low-till agriculture, reforestation and afforestation, ocean iron fertilization, and land-and-ocean-based accelerated weathering, could amplify the rates of processes that are already occurring as part of the natural carbon cycle. Other CDR approaches, such as bioenergy with carbon capture and sequestration, direct air capture and sequestration, and traditional carbon capture and sequestration, seek to capture CO2 from the atmosphere and dispose of it by pumping it underground at high pressure. This book looks at the pros and cons of these options and estimates possible rates of removal and total amounts that might be removed via these methods. With whatever portfolio of technologies the transition is achieved, eliminating the carbon dioxide emissions from the global energy and transportation systems will pose an enormous technical, economic, and social challenge that will likely take decades of concerted effort to achieve. Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration will help to better understand the potential cost and performance of CDR strategies to inform debate and decision making as we work to stabilize and reduce atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide.
Download or read book Climate Change 2014 written by Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 948 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Volcanic Eruptions and Their Repose Unrest Precursors and Timing written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-07-24 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volcanic eruptions are common, with more than 50 volcanic eruptions in the United States alone in the past 31 years. These eruptions can have devastating economic and social consequences, even at great distances from the volcano. Fortunately many eruptions are preceded by unrest that can be detected using ground, airborne, and spaceborne instruments. Data from these instruments, combined with basic understanding of how volcanoes work, form the basis for forecasting eruptionsâ€"where, when, how big, how long, and the consequences. Accurate forecasts of the likelihood and magnitude of an eruption in a specified timeframe are rooted in a scientific understanding of the processes that govern the storage, ascent, and eruption of magma. Yet our understanding of volcanic systems is incomplete and biased by the limited number of volcanoes and eruption styles observed with advanced instrumentation. Volcanic Eruptions and Their Repose, Unrest, Precursors, and Timing identifies key science questions, research and observation priorities, and approaches for building a volcano science community capable of tackling them. This report presents goals for making major advances in volcano science.
Download or read book Deep Carbon written by Beth N. Orcutt and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-10-17 with total page 687 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive guide to carbon inside Earth - its quantities, movements, forms, origins, changes over time and impact on planetary processes. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Download or read book Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-04-08 with total page 511 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To achieve goals for climate and economic growth, "negative emissions technologies" (NETs) that remove and sequester carbon dioxide from the air will need to play a significant role in mitigating climate change. Unlike carbon capture and storage technologies that remove carbon dioxide emissions directly from large point sources such as coal power plants, NETs remove carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere or enhance natural carbon sinks. Storing the carbon dioxide from NETs has the same impact on the atmosphere and climate as simultaneously preventing an equal amount of carbon dioxide from being emitted. Recent analyses found that deploying NETs may be less expensive and less disruptive than reducing some emissions, such as a substantial portion of agricultural and land-use emissions and some transportation emissions. In 2015, the National Academies published Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration, which described and initially assessed NETs and sequestration technologies. This report acknowledged the relative paucity of research on NETs and recommended development of a research agenda that covers all aspects of NETs from fundamental science to full-scale deployment. To address this need, Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda assesses the benefits, risks, and "sustainable scale potential" for NETs and sequestration. This report also defines the essential components of a research and development program, including its estimated costs and potential impact.
Download or read book Urban Climates written by T. R. Oke and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-09-14 with total page 549 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Urban Climates is the first full synthesis of modern scientific and applied research on urban climates. The book begins with an outline of what constitutes an urban ecosystem. It develops a comprehensive terminology for the subject using scale and surface classification as key constructs. It explains the physical principles governing the creation of distinct urban climates, such as airflow around buildings, the heat island, precipitation modification and air pollution, and it then illustrates how this knowledge can be applied to moderate the undesirable consequences of urban development and help create more sustainable and resilient cities. With urban climate science now a fully-fledged field, this timely book fulfills the need to bring together the disparate parts of climate research on cities into a coherent framework. It is an ideal resource for students and researchers in fields such as climatology, urban hydrology, air quality, environmental engineering and urban design.
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 936 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Lagrangian Modeling of the Atmosphere written by John Lin and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-05-09 with total page 591 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 200. Trajectory-based (“Lagrangian”) atmospheric transport and dispersion modeling has gained in popularity and sophistication over the previous several decades. It is common practice now for researchers around the world to apply Lagrangian models to a wide spectrum of issues. Lagrangian Modeling of the Atmosphere is a comprehensive volume that includes sections on Lagrangian modeling theory, model applications, and tests against observations. Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series. Comprehensive coverage of trajectory-based atmospheric dispersion modeling Important overview of a widely used modeling tool Sections look at modeling theory, application of models, and tests against observations
Download or read book Thriving on Our Changing Planet written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-01-20 with total page 717 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We live on a dynamic Earth shaped by both natural processes and the impacts of humans on their environment. It is in our collective interest to observe and understand our planet, and to predict future behavior to the extent possible, in order to effectively manage resources, successfully respond to threats from natural and human-induced environmental change, and capitalize on the opportunities â€" social, economic, security, and more â€" that such knowledge can bring. By continuously monitoring and exploring Earth, developing a deep understanding of its evolving behavior, and characterizing the processes that shape and reshape the environment in which we live, we not only advance knowledge and basic discovery about our planet, but we further develop the foundation upon which benefits to society are built. Thriving on Our Changing Planet presents prioritized science, applications, and observations, along with related strategic and programmatic guidance, to support the U.S. civil space Earth observation program over the coming decade.
