Download or read book Adhesive Properties of Ice written by Hans Helmut Gunter Jellinek and published by . This book was released on 1957 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Adhesive properties of ice 2 1960 written by H. H. Jellinek and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Adhesive Properties of Ice Part 2 written by U.S. Army Snow, Ice, and Permafrost Research Establishment and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The results of shear tests on the system ice/stainless steel and ice/ optically flat fused quartz as a function of the rate of shear and roughness of the steel surface are reported. The adhesive strength decreased with decreasing roughness of steel surfaces, and the force-vs-time curves for smooth steel plates resembled those of 2 solids sliding over each other with a liquid layer between. This behavior was especially evident in the case of quartz. The adhesive strength as a function of rate of shear was linear for both ice/ stainless steel and ice/quartz, but there were indications of yield values. The results agree with the assumption of a liquid-like layer on ice. Ratios of viscosity coefficient to layer thickness were evaluated for both systems, and viscosity coefficients are estimated. The importance of interfacial free-energy considerations is pointed out.
Download or read book Adhesive Properties of Ice written by H. H. G. Jellinek and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Ice Adhesion written by K. L. Mittal and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-12-15 with total page 704 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique book presents ways to mitigate the disastrous effects of snow/ice accumulation and discusses the mechanisms of new coatings deicing technologies. The strategies currently used to combat ice accumulation problems involve chemical, mechanical or electrical approaches. These are expensive and labor intensive, and the use of chemicals raises serious environmental concerns. The availability of truly icephobic surfaces or coatings will be a big boon in preventing the devastating effects of ice accumulation. Currently, there is tremendous interest in harnessing nanotechnology in rendering surfaces icephobic or in devising icephobic surface materials and coatings, and all signals indicate that such interest will continue unabated in the future. As the key issue regarding icephobic materials or coatings is their durability, much effort is being spent in developing surface materials or coatings which can be effective over a long period. With the tremendous activity in this arena, there is strong hope that in the not too distant future, durable surface materials or coatings will come to fruition. This book contains 20 chapters by subject matter experts and is divided into three parts— Part 1: Fundamentals of Ice Formation and Characterization; Part 2: Ice Adhesion and Its Measurement; and Part 3: Methods to Mitigate Ice Adhesion. The topics covered include: factors influencing the formation, adhesion and friction of ice; ice nucleation on solid surfaces; physics of ice nucleation and growth on a surface; condensation frosting; defrosting properties of structured surfaces; relationship between surface free energy and ice adhesion to surfaces; metrology of ice adhesion; test methods for quantifying ice adhesion strength to surfaces; interlaboratory studies of ice adhesion strength; mechanisms of surface icing and deicing technologies; icephobicities of superhydrophobic surfaces; anti-icing using microstructured surfaces; icephobic surfaces: features and challenges; bio-inspired anti-icing surface materials; durability of anti-icing coatings; durability of icephobic coatings; bio-inspired icephobic coatings; protection from ice accretion on aircraft; and numerical modeling and its application to inflight icing.
Download or read book Research Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1957 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Adhesive and Cohesive Properties of Ice when Used as an Adhesive Between Solid Surfaces written by Joseph V. Laukonis and published by . This book was released on 1957 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Adhesion and Strength Properties of Ice written by L.E. Raraty and published by . This book was released on 1958 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Seeking Low Ice Adhesion written by John M. Sayward and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Icing impairs operation of helicopters and other aircraft, antennae, power and communication lines, shipping and superstructures, canal locks, etc. Prevention or easier removal of icing requires reduction of its adhesion strength. Literature study shows that adhesion results from secondary (van der Waals) forces yet exceeds normal cohesive strengths. It depends on free surface energy, low contact angle, good contact and wetting, cleanliness, and texture. Modes of adhesion testing are briefly discussed. Poor adhesion occurs with low energy surfaces or contaminants, e.g. hydrocarbons, fluorocarbons, waxes, oils, etc., particularly when textured or porous. The resulting low contact angle, poor wetting and occlusion of air at the interface weaken the bond or provide stress loci which can initiate cracks and failure. Coefficient of expansion differences may help in release of ice. Further ideas appear among the 100 abstracts presented. A survey of over 300 manufacturers produced over 100 replies. Half of them offered some 100 products deemed worth testing. These are listed with addresses and contacts.
Download or read book The Mechanical Properties and Adhesion of Ice written by L. E. Raraty and published by . This book was released on 1955 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Adhesion of Ice Frozen from Dilute Electrolyte Solutions written by Hans Helmut Gunter Jellinek and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experiments by Smith-Johannsen on the adhesion of ice frozen from a number of 0.001 M electrolyte solutions to a wax-treated aluminum surface at -10C are discussed. It is concluded that the adhesive strength measured by the force per square centimeter needed to shear the ice off the substrate surface is mainly due to a liquid interfacial solution layer between the ice and the substrate surface. The thickness of such a layer is largely determined by the same considerations as the thickness of grain boundary layers in ice obtained from dilute electrolyte solutions. (Author).
Download or read book Ice Adhesion Strength Modeling Based on Surface Morphology Variations written by Taylor Knuth and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A physics-based analytical model to predict the adhesion shear strength of impact ice on varying surface morphologies was developed and validated experimentally. The model focuses on the surface morphology effects on ice adhesion strength. As super-cooled water droplets, having a typical median volume diameter ranging from 10 to 80 [mu]m, impact and freeze on the leading edges of aircraft, it is hypothesized that the small drops expand and clamp to surface discontinuities, contributing to the ice adhesion strength of the material. The derivation of a Newtonian mechanics model to calculate the forces required for the removal of ice that has expanded and clamped inside macro surface structures is presented. The model requires knowledge of the macro-scale (10-6 m) surface geometry. Newtonian mechanics accounted for the expansion and clamping of freezing ice including temperature dependent ice properties. The model is dependent on Young's modulus, the thermal coefficient of expansion of ice, and the coefficient of static friction between ice and the adhering substrate. All of these properties are dependent on the variation of temperature. The research validated the developed model experimentally. Firstly, the individual parameters as functions of temperature were obtained from literature review and experimental measurements. Previous research revealed the correlation with temperature of the Young's modulus and the thermal coefficient of expansion for ice. The relationship for the thermal coefficient of expansion found is valid for temperatures ranging between -193.15 and 6.85 °C (-315.67 and 44.33 °F). The Young's modulus temperature relationship was obtained from tests presented in the literature that used sea ice. Secondly, the static coefficient of friction is dependent on the surface interaction between the accreted ice and the surface material. Through bench top testing, it was determined that the coefficient of friction of ice is also dependent on temperature. The coefficient of friction was experimentally acquired for a mercaptan and amine blended epoxy (Great Planes 30 Minute Pro Two-Part) applied to an aluminum substrate. The coefficient of friction varied from 0.046 with a standard deviation of 0.015 at -5.8 °C (21.6 °F) to 0.190 with a standard deviation of 0.019 at -15.7 °C (3.7 °F), a change of 420%, and is dependent on loading conditions and the test environment.The final phase of the research was the experimental validation of the ice adhesion model through adhesion strength testing on the Adverse Environment Rotor Test Stand (AERTS). To conduct validation testing, controlled surfaces were created. The surfaces were coated with the same mercaptan and amine epoxy blend to create a surface that approached a Ra of zero. The actual surface roughness measured was a Ra of 0.01 [mu]m (3.94 x 10-7 in.). This pristine coating provided a baseline against other surface of the same coating that had controlled surface roughness. The epoxy surfaces were ablated using a laser at differing intensities to create surfaces with varying roughness depths. The laser etched the coatings at 0.35, 0.6, and 1.2 W, each with a respective surface roughness of 1.13, 1.95, and 5.11 Ra (4.45 x 10-5, 7.68 x 10-5, and 2.01 x 10-4 in.). All of these coatings were tested within the Federal Aviation Regulation Part 25 and Part 29 Appendix C icing envelope to recreate realistic environmental icing conditions. The pristine surface was had an adhesion strength of 4.11 psi (28.3 kPa) with a standard deviation of 0.75 psi (5.17 kPa) at -8 °C (17.6 °F) and 7.99 psi (55.1 kPa) with a standard deviation of 0.94 psi (6.48 kPa) at -16 °C (3.2 °F). While, for example, the coating with the most severe ablation (Ra of 5.11 [mu]m) was had an adhesion strength of 22.7 psi (156.8 kPa) with a standard deviation of 2.70 psi (18.62 kPa) at -8 °C and 42.4 psi (292.5 kPa) with a standard deviation of 3.45 psi (23.79 kPa) at -16 °C. These measured values were then compared to the model predictions. The maximum discrepancy between prediction and experimental results was 9% for the 25 experimental tests conducted using the 1.2 W ablation surface.
Download or read book Electrical Properties of Ice written by Victor F. Petrenko and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Systems and Methods for Modifying Ice Adhesion Strength written by Victor F. Petrenko and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Rubber to Rubber Adhesion written by Dinesh Kumar Kotnees and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-08-24 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: RUBBER TO RUBBER ADHESION Readers will get helpful ideas and in-depth knowledge about various aspects of rubber to rubber adhesion with particular reference to theory and practice. This book covers various aspects of rubber to rubber adhesion which is important theoretically, as well as having practical implications. Rubber is a polymer whose glass transition temperature is well below the room temperature and hence the chains are very mobile at room and higher temperatures, making the material very versatile. Rubber is used in a large number of applications ranging from underground mining to tire to space vehicles. In all these cases, compounded rubbers are used in laminates and joined. The higher the adhesion, the higher will be the joint strength. The principles taught in adhesion science and technology are extensively used to prepare better joints and more useful products. The book serves to satisfy a wide range of disciplines (polymers, materials, chemical, chemistry, mechanical, etc.) and starts with an introduction on rubber, then characterization of rubber, rubber surface and joints and, finally, other chapters on rubber to rubber adhesion. Scientific aspects to understand the technology are highlighted. It gives a comprehensive treatment on adhesion between unvulcanized elastomers, self-healing of elastomers, adhesion between compounded elastomers by co-crosslinking, adhesion between partially vulcanized compounded rubber and partially vulcanized compounded rubber, adhesion between vulcanized rubber and unvulcanized rubber- or partially vulcanized rubber, and adhesion between vulcanized rubber and vulcanized rubber. Audience The book will be used by academicians in polymer science, materials science, chemical and mechanical engineering, chemistry, R & D personnel, industry people, as well as rubber and adhesion practitioners.
Download or read book Icing Cloud Calibration of the NASA Glenn Icing Research Tunnel written by Robert F. Ide and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The icing research tunnel at the NASA Glenn Research Center underwent a major rehabilitation in 1999, necessitating recalibration of the icing clouds. This report describes the methods used in the recalibration, including the procedure used to establish a uniform icing cloud and the use of a standard icing blade technique for measurement of liquid water content. The instruments and methods used to perform the droplet size calibration are also described. The liquid water content/droplet size operating envelopes of the icing tunnel are shown for a range of airspeeds and compared to the FAA icing certification criteria. The capabilities of the IRT to produce large droplet icing clouds is also detailed.
Download or read book Adhesion Strength of Ice written by Pekka Oksanen and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
