Download or read book Functionally Graded Materials written by Rasheedat Modupe Mahamood and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-02-14 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the concept of functionally graded materials as well as their use and different fabrication processes. The authors describe the use of additive manufacturing technology for the production of very complex parts directly from the three dimension computer aided design of the part by adding material layer after layer. A case study is also presented in the book on the experimental analysis of functionally graded material using laser metal deposition process.

Download or read book Additive Manufacturing of Metal based Functionally Graded Materials written by Ashley Reichardt and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last decade, critical advancements have allowed metal additive manufacturing to graduate from a mere prototyping tool to a full-scale manufacturing process. Substitution of load-bearing components with their lighter, stronger, and less expensive additively manufactured counterparts is already becoming commonplace in the aerospace, automotive, and energy industries. With qualification underway, research efforts can now be directed towards bringing the more revolutionary capabilities of additive manufacturing to fruition. One such area is the ability to incorporate multiple alloys within a single build to fabricate complex geometry functionally graded structures, thus eliminating the need for extraneous welds and joints. As it turns out, local tailoring of composition is within the means of commercial laser deposition systems. However, its implementation is wholeheartedly a materials problem, driven by the difficulty of establishing strong metallurgical bonds between incompatible alloys. This dissertation provides a comprehensive treatment of the subject, from initial consideration of its challenges, to the development of specific gradient components. Based on a review of advances in dissimilar metal welding and additive-based functional grading, a pragmatic approach is conceived of for developing individual gradients from start to finish. Incompatibilities between dissimilar alloys are generalized as brittle intermetallic formation, thermal property mismatch, and other metallurgical issues. Building upon the efforts of others, a series of strategies is then defined for exploiting the unique capabilities of additive manufacturing to overcome these. Among the most compelling is the use of multi-powder feeder laser deposition to carry out nonlinear paths in composition space that circumvent deleterious phases, as predicted by CALPHAD thermodynamic modeling. Also proposed is the elimination of sharp interfaces between alloys of mismatching properties using smooth compositional grading. Upon implementing these strategies in the course of this thesis, it quickly became clear that each gradient system still requires some level of independent development to address alloy-specific concerns. In response, an approach is introduced that makes use of both modeling and experimental efforts to iteratively improve upon a given gradient design. Prototype gradients are fabricated with laser deposition and subjected to microstructural characterization to identify the critical issues that impact the gradient’s integrity. Thermodynamic modeling efforts are then directed towards identifying design modifications to overcome these issues. The process is repeated until successful, repeatable gradients are achieved. The latter part of the thesis is dedicated to demonstrating this approach in two distinct experimental case studies, concerning the development of gradients from (1) titanium to stainless steel, and (2) maraging steel to austenitic stainless steel. In both cases, microstructural characterization proved to be instrumental in identifying the particular issues affecting the gradients, such that they could be addressed directly with modeling. For the case of joining titanium with steel, severe brittle intermetallic formation was identified as the primary cause of failure. Modeling was thus focused on predicting phase equilibria along the gradient, such to identify a nonlinear composition path free of intermetallic formation. The maraging to stainless steel gradients, by contrast, exhibited greater inherent chemical compatibility. Their development rather required close attention to the alloys’ impurity contents, hardening mechanisms, and microstructural features to determine a means of reducing undesirable secondary phases and defects. Critical analysis of the results for both gradients imparted a number of “lessons learned”, providing guidance for future development of this capability.

Download or read book Functionally Graded Materials FGMs written by Pulak M. Pandey and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-09-14 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The science and study of functionally graded materials (FGMs) have intrigued researchers over the last few decades. Their application has the capability to produce parts with unmatched properties which are virtually impossible to obtain via conventional material routes. This book addresses various FGM aspects and provides a relevant, high-quality, and comprehensive data source. The book covers trends, process classification on various bases, physical processes involved, structure, properties, applications, advantages, and limitations. Emerging trends in the field are discussed in detail and advancements are thoroughly reviewed and presented to broaden the spectrum of FGM applications. This reference book will be of interest to scholars, researchers, academicians, industry practitioners, government labs, libraries, and anyone interested in the area of materials engineering.

Download or read book TMS 2018 147th Annual Meeting Exhibition Supplemental Proceedings written by The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-02-03 with total page 898 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection features papers presented at the 147th Annual Meeting & Exhibition of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.

Download or read book Inkjet Based 3D Additive Manufacturing of Metals written by Mojtaba Salehi and published by Materials Research Forum LLC. This book was released on 2018-01-02 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a highly promising rapid manufacturing process. Based on incremental layer-upon-layer deposits, three dimensional components of high geometrical complexity can be produced; applications ranging from aerospace and automotive to biomedical industries. Laser, electron beam and wire-based techniques are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on 3D inkjet printing of metals, which is reviewed here in great depth and for the first time. This is an ambient temperature technology which offers some unique advantages for printing metals and alloys, as well as composite and functionally graded materials. Material selection guidelines are presented and the various deposition techniques and post-printing treatments are discussed; together with the resulting properties of the printed components: Density, shrinkage, resolution and surface roughness, porosity-related and mechanical properties, as well as biological properties The various metal printing techniques are compared with each other and case studies are referred to. Additive Manufacturing, Inkjet Printing of Metals, 3D Printed Components, Laser Melting, Laser Sintering, Laser Powder Deposition, Material Selection Guidelines for Inkjet Printing of Metals, Biological Properties of AM Metals, Surface Properties of AM Metals, Porosity of AM Metals, Shrinkage of AM Metals, Mechanical of Properties of AM Metals, Density of Properties of AM Metals

Download or read book Functionally Graded Materials written by Y. Miyamoto and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-27 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seven years have elapsed since Dr. Renee Ford, editor-in-chief of Materials Technology, first suggested to me to publish a book on Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs). She said that the FGM concept, then largely unknown outside of Japan and a relatively few laboratories elsewhere, would be of great interest to everyone working in the materials field because of its potentially universal applicability. There was no book about FGMs in English at that time, although the number of research papers, review articles, and FGM conference proceedings had been increasing yearly. We discussed what the book should cover, and decided it should present a comprehensive description from basic theory to the most recent applications of FGMs. This would make it useful both as an introduction to FGMs for those simply curious about what this new materials field was all about, and also as a textbook for researchers, engineers, and graduate students in various material fields. The FGM Forum in Japan generously offered to support this publication program. is very difficult for an individual author to write a book that Because it covers such a wide range of various aspects of many different materials, I invited more than 30 eminent materials scientists throughout the world, who were associated with FGM research, to contribute selected topics. I also asked several leading researchers in this field to edit selected chapters: Dr. Barry H. Rabin, then at the U. S.

Download or read book Metal Based Functionally Graded Materials written by Jerzy Sobczak and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2009 with total page 79 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this Ebook is to provide a comprehensive overview of the basic production techniques for manufacturing of metal-based graded materials. A concise description of experimental methods and short analysis of some specific structures obtained are pr

Download or read book Advances in Friction Stir Welding and Processing written by M.-K. Besharati-Givi and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-12-08 with total page 827 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Friction-stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state joining process primarily used on aluminum, and is also widely used for joining dissimilar metals such as aluminum, magnesium, copper and ferrous alloys. Recently, a friction-stir processing (FSP) technique based on FSW has been used for microstructural modifications, the homogenized and refined microstructure along with the reduced porosity resulting in improved mechanical properties. Advances in friction-stir welding and processing deals with the processes involved in different metals and polymers, including their microstructural and mechanical properties, wear and corrosion behavior, heat flow, and simulation. The book is structured into ten chapters, covering applications of the technology; tool and welding design; material and heat flow; microstructural evolution; mechanical properties; corrosion behavior and wear properties. Later chapters cover mechanical alloying and FSP as a welding and casting repair technique; optimization and simulation of artificial neural networks; and FSW and FSP of polymers. Provides studies of the microstructural, mechanical, corrosion and wear properties of friction-stir welded and processed materials Considers heat generation, heat flow and material flow Covers simulation of FSW/FSP and use of artificial neural network in FSW/FSP

Download or read book Additive Manufacturing of Metals written by John O. Milewski and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-06-28 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This engaging volume presents the exciting new technology of additive manufacturing (AM) of metal objects for a broad audience of academic and industry researchers, manufacturing professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, hobbyists, and artists. Innovative applications ranging from rocket nozzles to custom jewelry to medical implants illustrate a new world of freedom in design and fabrication, creating objects otherwise not possible by conventional means. The author describes the various methods and advanced metals used to create high value components, enabling readers to choose which process is best for them. Of particular interest is how harnessing the power of lasers, electron beams, and electric arcs, as directed by advanced computer models, robots, and 3D printing systems, can create otherwise unattainable objects. A timeline depicting the evolution of metalworking, accelerated by the computer and information age, ties AM metal technology to the rapid evolution of global technology trends. Charts, diagrams, and illustrations complement the text to describe the diverse set of technologies brought together in the AM processing of metal. Extensive listing of terms, definitions, and acronyms provides the reader with a quick reference guide to the language of AM metal processing. The book directs the reader to a wealth of internet sites providing further reading and resources, such as vendors and service providers, to jump start those interested in taking the first steps to establishing AM metal capability on whatever scale. The appendix provides hands-on example exercises for those ready to engage in experiential self-directed learning.

Download or read book Additive Manufacturing Developments in Training and Education written by Eujin Pei and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-30 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an overview of training and teaching methods, as well as education strategies, for Additive Manufacturing (AM) and its application in different business sectors. It presents real-world applications and case studies to demonstrate the key practical and theoretical fundamentals of AM training, written by international experts from the field. Additive Manufacturing is a rapidly developing technology, and having a well-trained workforce is essential. Accordingly, readers are introduced to new training approaches and recent breakthroughs that can facilitate and accelerate the design, application and implementation of AM. The book’s contributors discuss many topics to provide readers a fundamental grasp of AM, including: · collaboration among educational bodies, and between industry and governments; · strategies for implementing AM training; · new teaching methods; · training programs that provide alternative employment choices; · the need for certification by professional bodies; and · promoting awareness of AM in society. This book offers an excellent source of information for researchers and industrial engineers who are interested in expanding their AM expertise, and learning how to implement it. It will also be of interest to readers who want to learn about the practicalities of adopting training and teaching for AM.

Download or read book Fundamentals of Functionally Graded Materials written by Subra Suresh and published by Routledge. This book was released on 1998 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book High Performance Composite Structures written by A. Praveen Kumar and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-12-08 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers advanced 3D printing processes and the latest developments in novel composite-based printing materials, thus enabling the reader to understand and benefit from the advantages of this groundbreaking technology. The rise in ecological anxieties has forced scientists and researchers from all over the world to find novel lightweight materials. Therefore, it is necessary to expand knowledge about the processing, applications, and challenges of 3D printing of composite materials to expanding the range of their application. This book presents an extensive survey on recent improvements in the research and development of additive manufacturing technologies that are used to make composite structures for various applications such as electronic, aerospace, construction, and biomedical applications. Advanced printing techniques including fused deposition modeling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), selective laser melting (SLM), electron beam melting (EBM), inkjet 3D printing (3DP), stereolithography (SLA), and 3D plotting will be covered and discussed thoroughly in this book. This book also focuses the recent advances and challenges in polymer nanocomposite and introduces potential applications of these materials in various sectors.

Download or read book Additive Manufacturing of Metals The Technology Materials Design and Production written by Li Yang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-05-11 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a unique guide to the three-dimensional (3D) printing of metals. It covers various aspects of additive, subtractive, and joining processes used to form three-dimensional parts with applications ranging from prototyping to production. Examining a variety of manufacturing technologies and their ability to produce both prototypes and functional production-quality parts, the individual chapters address metal components and discuss some of the important research challenges associated with the use of these technologies. As well as exploring the latest technologies currently under development, the book features unique sections on electron beam melting technology, material lifting, and the importance this science has in the engineering context. Presenting unique real-life case studies from industry, this book is also the first to offer the perspective of engineers who work in the field of aerospace and transportation systems, and who design components and manufacturing networks. Written by the leading experts in this field at universities and in industry, it provides a comprehensive textbook for students and an invaluable guide for practitioners

Download or read book TMS 2022 151st Annual Meeting Exhibition Supplemental Proceedings written by The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-03-11 with total page 1597 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection presents papers from the 151st Annual Meeting & Exhibition of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.

Download or read book Laser Based Additive Manufacturing of Metal Parts written by Linkan Bian and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-08-09 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Laser-Based Additive Manufacturing (LBAM) technologies, hailed by some as the "third industrial revolution," can increase product performance, while reducing time-to-market and manufacturing costs. This book is a comprehensive look at new technologies in LBAM of metal parts, covering topics such as mechanical properties, microstructural features, thermal behavior and solidification, process parameters, optimization and control, uncertainty quantification, and more. The book is aimed at addressing the needs of a diverse cross-section of engineers and professionals.

Download or read book Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Materials Between Ferritic and Austenitic Alloys written by James Scott Zuback and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ferritic steels and austenitic alloys are used extensively as structural materials in power generation facilities such as fossil-fired and nuclear power plants. Currently, these alloys are joined using common fusion welding processes. However, dissimilar metal welds between ferritic and austenitic alloys are susceptible to premature failure due to a variety of simultaneously operating metallurgical issues, including carbon migration, localized creep strain, and coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch. Although improvements have been made to alloy selection and weld design over the past few decades, the root causes that ultimately lead to failure persist. As many of the power plants responsible for the worldwide production of electricity have exceeded or are nearing their designed lifetimes, an engineering solution that directly addresses the underlying metallurgical challenges is of great interest.Dissimilar metal welds between ferritic and austenitic alloys are an attractive application for the design of a functionally graded material system capable of preventing premature failure. Functionally graded materials represent a class of advanced materials designed to achieve a function by locally controlling density, composition, or microstructure to engineer site-specific properties. Problems arising from abrupt changes in chemical composition, microstructure, and properties in dissimilar welds can be overcome by implementing a functionally graded material that gradually transitions from a ferritic steel to an austenitic alloy. Additive manufacturing is well-suited for the design and fabrication of spatially dependent material combinations to achieve specific functions by grading chemical composition in a layer by layer manner.Carbon migration in dissimilar metal welds between ferritic and austenitic materials has been identified as a major cause for poor creep performance and premature failures in nuclear applications. Steep composition gradients and abrupt microstructural changes result in a large thermodynamic driving force that facilitates carbon diffusion away from the ferritic material, leading to negative impacts on creep strength. An appropriately graded transition joint effectively reduces the driving force for carbon diffusion by lowering the carbon chemical potential gradient. Theoretical calculations show that negligible amounts of carbon diffusion occur under typical service conditions in a functionally graded material between 2.25Cr-1Mo steel and Alloy 800H compared to its dissimilar weld counterpart. The functionally graded material fabricated using laser-based directed energy deposition was then experimentally tested for its effectiveness in reducing carbon diffusion and was shown to significantly outperform the dissimilar weld. Microstructural characterization indicated that a full composition gradient from 2.25Cr-1Mo steel and Alloy 800H may not be necessary, and a shorter transition joint will suffice. When the microstructure becomes fully austenitic, there is little change in microhardness and further compositional grading provides no benefits in reducing carbon diffusion. Additionally, a soft zone formed at the beginning of the functionally graded material near the ferritic steel, leading to an abrupt change in properties. If this region is excluded from the functionally graded material, however, the designed function of the transition joint for reducing carbon diffusion is negatively impacted. This finding indicates that tradeoffs between the function and unexpected microstructure exist during the design and fabrication of functionally graded materials. Lack of fusion defects, which are detrimental to properties and performance, formed in specific regions of the functionally graded material. The formation of defects was traced to changes in molten pool geometry due to variations in chemical composition. The presence of minor alloying elements changes the activity of surface-active elements, namely oxygen, in discrete regions throughout the functionally graded material. The thermodynamic activities of surface-active elements significantly impact the magnitude and direction of liquid metal flow during processing due to surface tension driven effects. The simulated molten pool geometries were found to be deep and narrow for compositions close to the ferritic steel and become shallower and wider as composition is graded towards the austenitic alloy. To avoid lack of fusion defects, process parameters such as laser power or hatch spacing may need to be adjusted in-situ to account for the variations in molten pool geometry.Changes in chemical composition during compositional grading can lead to the formation of unexpected secondary phases that can significantly alter mechanical properties and sometimes lead to build failures. The precipitate morphology in additively manufactured nickel base superalloys with slight changes in chemical composition was investigated with the goal of establishing connections between chemical composition and precipitate type. Although the as-deposited alloys exhibited similar precipitate distributions, the differences in precipitate type and morphology were striking. Variations in minor alloying elements were found to be an important driver for secondary phase formation in both the as-deposited and hot isostatic pressed conditions.

Download or read book Joining of Titanium written by Robert Edward Monroe and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report supplies information on joining processes applicable to titanium and its alloys in sheet metal applications, primarily related directly to airframe construction. Although the material presented here does not cover all titanium joining processes, and omits such processes as plasma-arc, submerged-arc, electroslag, flash, and high-frequency resistance welding, the data presented cover materials up to 2-inches thick in some cases and the report should be useful to anyone seeking titanium joining information. The joining processes covered fall into five categories: welding, brazing, metallurgical bonding (diffusion and deformation bonding), adhesive bonding, and mechanical fastening. The fusion welding processes that are discussed in detail include gas tungsten arc, gas metal arc, arc spot, and electron beam. The resistance processes give extended coverage are spot, roll spot, and seam welding. (Author).