Download or read book Adapting a Field Deployable Noble Gas Mass Spectrometer for Continuous Measurements of Helium written by Katherine Chan and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Isotopes of the five stable noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe) are useful in analyzing physical processes in the environment such as air-sea gas exchange and sea ice formation and melting. Traditional measurements of noble gases are costly and time-consuming because of the need to transport water samples to analyze in a laboratory-based mass spectrometer. Field deployable mass spectrometers were developed as a low-cost method to increase the temporal resolution of the measurements. Our system utilizes a quadrupole mass spectrometer in tandem with a gas equilibrator cartridge to continuously measure equilibrated gases from water with ambient air as a calibration standard. The reproducibility of the system is better than 0.7% for all gas ratios in a lab environment. However, our current configuration is not optimized for measuring helium because of the high permeability of helium through many of the materials used. Nonetheless, measuring helium will yield insight into quantifying bubble processes, which significantly affects rates of air-sea gas exchange. Our mass spectrometer configuration was thus extended to measure helium by switching from fused silica capillaries to stainless steel capillaries and switching from Tygon tubing to Viton tubing. The equilibration and precision of the new system was compared to that of the old configuration. Leak tests were performed on the old and new configuration to assess whether the leakiness of the system has improved. Results showed effective measurements of He with precisions better than 0.80% for both He/Ar and He/Kr at water temperatures of 22°C and above. Further optimization is needed to improve the equilibration of He and Ne at water temperatures of 10°C.
Download or read book Characterizing and Improving a Semiportable Mass Spectrometer System for Measurements of Noble Gas Ratios written by Alice Zhou and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The five stable noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) are useful tracers of physical processes in the environment, as they are biologically and chemically inert and respond solely to physical forcing. Most instrumental systems used for measurements of the suite of noble gases are expensive, low-throughput, and require laboratory support. Here we describe the development and optimization of a low-cost, high-throughput quadrupole mass spectrometer system for the measurement of noble gas ratios in water samples. This system is based around a Hiden 201 RC residual gas analyzer, which is coupled with a Bay Instruments membrane inlet for continuous gas extraction. This work is the first of its kind to use this particular membrane for measurements of noble gases; previously, these types of membranes have only been used in the study of other, more abundant gases. We evaluate the precision and accuracy of noble gas ratios as measured with this method. Our analysis of precision indicates that this instrument could be capable of measuring environmental samples if the most precise measurements could be consistently repeated. Preliminary data from accuracy experiments, however, suggests there is room for improvement before such a setup can be used in the field. Nevertheless, there are only a few other compact membrane-inlet QMS systems in development around the world, and our setup is already capable of measuring ratios more precisely and accurately than many of these analogous systems.
Download or read book Adapting Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometry for Accurate Measurements of Aquatic Noble Gases written by Sophia Meier and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As inert species, the noble gases represent a useful tool for quantifying physical processes in aquatic environments. Thanks to their widely differing physical properties (solubility, diffusivity, etc.), each noble gas responds in a recognizable way to distinct types of physical forcing. Even though data on each gas is thus unique and valuable, data on the less abundant gases (neon, krypton, and xenon in particular) are not often used for analysis or even collected in the first place due to the difficulty in analyzing those gases at the required precision. We aimed to develop a method to measure neon, argon, krypton, and xenon in discrete water samples with Membrane-Inlet Mass Spectrometry (MIMS). MIMS technology uses a gaspermeable membrane to extract gas from samples inline with the mass spectrometer, eliminating the need for the tedious degassing steps prior to analysis employed by most other mass spectrometric methods. In theory, this allows for both (i) small sample sizes (on the order of milliliters instead of liters) unlike Equilibrator-Inlet Mass Spectrometry and (ii) fast throughput (multiple samples per hour) compared to traditional methods of aquatic noble gas measurements. Although many have used MIMS to measure argon, the most abundant noble gas, few have attempted to apply this technique to other noble gases. With the addition of getters to remove common atmospheric gases, we were able to develop a method to measure the relative amounts of neon, argon, krypton, and xenon in airequilibrated water using a membrane and a quadrupole mass spectrometer. We quantified the accuracy of the method as the percent difference between the measured and expected values for both the individual gases and the following ratios: Ne/Xe, Ar/Kr, Ne/Ar, Ar/Xe, and Kr/Xe. We explored many different variations of the experimental procedure to improve the accuracy of the method. Individual gas accuracy was maximized when sampling from a beaker mixed with a stir rod, at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min and an evacuation time of 10 minutes without the dry ice and ethanol slurry. We hope that further modifying our parameters and procedure will improve the accuracy and precision of our data.
Download or read book Method and Apparatus for Direct Determination of Helium 3 in Natural Gas and Helium written by Thomas A. Davidson and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Noble Gases as Geochemical Tracers written by Pete Burnard and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-15 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The twelve chapters of this volume aim to provide a complete manual for using noble gases in terrestrial geochemistry, covering applications which range from high temperature processes deep in the Earth’s interior to tracing climatic variations using noble gases trapped in ice cores, groundwaters and modern sediments. Other chapters cover noble gases in crustal (aqueous, CO2 and hydrocarbon) fluids and laboratory techniques for determining noble gas solubilities and diffusivities under geologically relevant conditions. Each chapter deals with the fundamentals of the analysis and interpretation of the data, detailing sampling and sampling strategies, techniques for analysis, sources of error and their estimation, including data treatment and data interpretation using recent case studies.
Download or read book Technology of Liquid Helium written by Richard H. Kropschot and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists written by and published by . This book was released on 1970-06 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is the premier public resource on scientific and technological developments that impact global security. Founded by Manhattan Project Scientists, the Bulletin's iconic "Doomsday Clock" stimulates solutions for a safer world.
Download or read book Isotopes in the Water Cycle written by Pradeep K. Aggarwal and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-01-16 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental isotope and nuclear techniques provide unmatched insights into the processes governing the water cycle and its variability. This monograph presents state of the art applications and new developments of isotopes in hydrology, environmental disciplines and climate change studies. Coverage ranges from the assessment of groundwater resources in terms of recharge and flow regime to studies of the past and present global environmental and climate changes.
Download or read book Saturn in the 21st Century written by Kevin H. Baines and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019 with total page 495 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A detailed overview of Saturn's formation, evolution and structure written by eminent planetary scientists involved in the Cassini Orbiter mission.
Download or read book Noble Gases written by Donald P. Porcelli and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2018-12-17 with total page 864 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 47 of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry introduces to Noble Gases. Although the mass spectrometry principles are not complex, the tricks involved in getting better data are often self taught or passed on by working with individuals who themselves are pushing the boundaries further. Furthermore, much of the exciting new science is linked with technical developments that allow us to move beyond the current measurement capabilities. Be they better crushing devices, laser resonance time of flight, multiple collection or compressor sources - the technical issues are central to progress. Contents: Noble Gases – Noble Science An Overview of Noble Gas Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry Noble Gases in the Solar System Noble Gases in the Moon and Meteorites: Radiogenic Components and Early Volatile Chronologies Cosmic-Ray-Produced Noble Gases in Meteorites Martian Noble Gases Origin of Noble Gases in the Terrestrial Planets Noble Gas Isotope Geochemistry of Mid-Ocean Ridge and Ocean Island Basalts: Characterization of Mantle Source Reservoirs Noble Gases and Volatile Recycling at Subduction Zones The Storage and Transport of Noble Gases in the Subcontinental Lithosphere Models for the Distribution of Terrestrial Noble Gases and the Evolution of the Atmosphere Production, Release and Transport of Noble Gases in the Continental Crust Tracing Fluid Origin, Transport and Interaction in the Crust Noble Gases in Lakes and Ground Waters Noble Gases in Ocean Waters and Sediments Cosmic-Ray-Produced Noble Gases in Terrestrial Rocks: Dating Tools for Surface Processes K-Ar and Ar-Ar Dating (U-Th)/He Dating: Techniques, Calibrations, and Applications
Download or read book Mars Science Laboratory written by John Grotzinger and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-12-19 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Mars Science Laboratory is the latest and most advanced NASA roving vehicle to explore the surface of Mars. The Curiosity rover has landed in Gale crater and will explore this region assessing conditions on the surface that might be hospitable to life and paving the way for later even more sophisticated exploration of the surface. This book describes the mission, its exploration and scientific objectives, studies leading to the design of the mission and the instruments that accomplish the objectives of the mission. This book is aimed at all those engaged in Martian studies as well as those interested in the origin of life in other environments. It will be a valuable reference for anyone who uses data from the Mars Science Laboratory. Previously published in Space Science Reviews journal, Vol. 170/1-4, 2012.
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 1056 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Advances in High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor Fuel Technology written by International Atomic Energy Agency and published by . This book was released on 2012-06 with total page 639 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication reports on the results of a coordinated research project on advances in high temperature gas cooled reactor (HTGR) fuel technology and describes the findings of research activities on coated particle developments. These comprise two specific benchmark exercises with the application of HTGR fuel performance and fission product release codes, which helped compare the quality and validity of the computer models against experimental data. The project participants also examined techniques for fuel characterization and advanced quality assessment/quality control. The key exercise included a round-robin experimental study on the measurements of fuel kernel and particle coating properties of recent Korean, South African and US coated particle productions applying the respective qualification measures of each participating Member State. The summary report documents the results and conclusions achieved by the project and underlines the added value to contemporary knowledge on HTGR fuel.
Download or read book Root Ecology written by Hans de Kroon and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2003-05-21 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the course of evolution, a great variety of root systems have learned to overcome the many physical, biochemical and biological problems brought about by soil. This development has made them a fascinating object of scientific study. This volume gives an overview of how roots have adapted to the soil environment and which roles they play in the soil ecosystem. The text describes the form and function of roots, their temporal and spatial distribution, and their turnover rate in various ecosystems. Subsequently, a physiological background is provided for basic functions, such as carbon acquisition, water and solute movement, and for their responses to three major abiotic stresses, i.e. hard soil structure, drought and flooding. The volume concludes with the interactions of roots with other organisms of the complex soil ecosystem, including symbiosis, competition, and the function of roots as a food source.
Download or read book Radon A Tracer for Geological Geophysical and Geochemical Studies written by Mark Baskaran and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-11 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews all the major research accomplishments and summarizes the different applications of radon. It serves as a solid reference book for researchers who are interested in the U-series radionuclides and noble gases as tracers and chronometers. Radon has been widely utilized as a powerful tracer to quantify a number of processes that include gas exchange rates between air and water, submarine groundwater discharge in coastal waters, water exchange between rivers and lakes, ocean circulation, hydrocarbon and uranium exploration. It is also used as an atmospheric tracer for the identification and quantification of air masses and as a tool for earthquake prediction, etc. A significant portion of the book presents state-of-the knowledge on indoor-radon-related health issues. Applications of the decay-series of Rn-222 are presented in a chapter. It serves as a reference and a state-of-the-art resource for researchers who want to learn the different applications of radon in Earth systems.
Download or read book Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1996-01-25 with total page 407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has developed spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for contaminants that might be found in the atmosphere within spacecraft during space missions to ensure the health and well-being of astronauts traveling and working in this unique environment. In volume 1 of this series, NASA developed SMACs for 11 compounds: acetaldehyde, ammonia, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, Freon 113, hydrogen, methane, methanol, octamethyltrisiloxane, trimethylsilanol, and vinyl chloride. Volume 2 includes SMACs for 12 more airborne contaminants: acrolein, benzene, carbon dioxide, 2-ethoxyethanol, hydrazine, indole, mercury, methylene chloride, methyl ethyl ketone, nitromethane, 2-propoanol, and toluene. In developing SMACs from the toxicological literature, NASA followed the Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants published in 1992 by the National Research Council.
Download or read book Noble Gas Geochemistry written by Minoru Ozima and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2002 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Publisher Description
