Download or read book Acute and Anamnestic B Cell Responses to West Nile Virus Infection written by Whitney Elayne Purtha and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The collective purpose of all immune cells is to recognize and eliminate foreign pathogens. While some effector cells have transient functions early after infection, memory cells can persist for years to protect the host from future challenge. In general, B lymphocytes mediate protection via the secretion of antibody, however B cells are a diverse population encompassing many specialized subsets. Certain B cell populations are activated early after infection, whereas others are important for the maintenance of immunological memory long after the pathogen is cleared. Previous studies using a mouse model of West Nile virus (WNV) infection indicated that B cells are critical for control of viral dissemination and survival. However, the importance of the early and memory B cell response during infection were not well understood. These studies dissect the requirements and significance of early B cell activation, and the functional roles of memory B cells (MBC) and long-lived plasma cells (LLPC) in response to variant viruses. These studies revealed that after WNV infection lymph node B cells were highly activated as measured by upregulation of CD69, CD86 and MHC-II. Activation was dependent on sustained signaling through the IFN-[alpha][beta] receptor and partially dependent on expression of TLR3, MyD88, and class II MHC. Furthermore, activation was polyclonal, as mice with a single B cell receptor (BCR) specificity (HEL-Ig mice) were equivalently activated after infection. Although B cell activation peaked at day 3 after infection, antigen-specific IgM-secreting cells were not detected until 7 days after infection. To test if phagocytic cells were important for activation of B cells, mice were treated with clodronate liposomes and B cell activation was evaluated. B cells were activated normally in the absence of lymph node macrophages, however phagocytic cells were required for restricting WNV replication and survival from infection. Thus, robust polyclonal B cell activation occurs via an IFN-[alpha][beta] receptor-dependent, but macrophage and BCR-independent mechanism early after WNV infection. After infection is cleared, LLPC and MBC persist to protect the host from future challenge with the same or related pathogens. The second aim of this study addressed the importance of MBC and LLPC after WNV infection. Bone marrow resident LLPC were highly specific for a dominant neutralizing epitope that comprises residues K307 and T330 on the envelope protein. Consequently, LLPC antibody poorly neutralized a variant virus with a mutation introduced within this epitope (WNV-K307E). We found that MBC, in contrast to LLPC, were enriched in specificities that recognized the variant epitope. This observation was consistent with the ability of MBC antibody to equivalently neutralize wild type and variant WNV. Finally, adoptive transfer experiments revealed that MBC respond WNV-K307E infection by secreting antibody skewed away from the K307/T330 epitope. This data supports a model in which LLPC are poised to respond to homologous viral infection, while MBC are better suited to control variant virus infection.
Download or read book West Nile Encephalitis Virus Infection written by Michael S. Diamond and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-02-12 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: West Nile virus is a neurotropic flavivirus that has emerged globally as a primary cause of viral encephalitis. Infection of humans and other vertebrate animals is associated with a febrile illness that can progress to a lethal encephalitis or flaccid paralysis syndrome. Its appearance in the Western Hemisphere in 1999 and the corresponding increase in global disease burden over the last decade have been accompanied by intensive study, including the entry of many scientists into the field. Breakthroughs have been made in understanding the unique transmission pattern between the vector and the multiple avian and mammalian hosts and targets. Studies in mammalian systems have dissected the viral and host factors that determine the pathogenesis and outcome of West Nile virus infection. On the basis of these experiments, progress has been made on the identification of genetic factors that predispose to severe human disease. Thus, in a remarkably short period of time, insight has been gained on a wide variety of disciplines related to West Nile virus biology. The aim of this book was to assemble an up-to-date and cutti- edge anthology from the leading experts in the field. The chapters are balanced by submissions from newcomers who have made significant recent contributions with those from established investigators who have dedicated their careers to the study of West Nile virus.
Download or read book Mechanisms of Protective Activity of West Nile Virus Anti envelope Antibodies in Vitro and in Vivo written by Matthew Raymond Vogt and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: West Nile virus (WNV) is a neurotropic flavivirus capable of causing severe disease and death in humans. Studies in mice have demonstrated that the humoral immune response against WNV limits primary infection and protects against a secondary challenge. Accordingly, passive transfer of immune serum or monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against the envelope (E) protein either prior to WNV infection or shortly thereafter is sufficient to protect mice from disease. The E protein is an immunodominant antigen in the antibody response to WNV infection, and the most potent neutralizing MAbs recognize an epitope on the lateral ridge of domain III (DIII-LR) of the E protein. However, studies with serum from human patients show that antibodies against the DIII-LR epitope comprise at best, a minor component of the human anti-WNV antibody response. Rather, the human anti-E protein response is more dominantly directed against an epitope on the fusion loop of domain II (DII-FL), and antibodies against this epitope neutralize infection poorly in vitro. The studies described in this thesis examined how the antibody response to WNV is protective despite being skewed away from the most potently neutralizing epitope (DIII-LR). In the first section, two WNV-specific human MAbs that were isolated from B cell populations of convalescent patients that strongly neutralized WNV infection in vitro and protected mice against lethal infection in vivo were characterized in detail. The MAbs were localized to E protein epitopes that are present only on intact WNV virions and subviral particles, and neutralization of infection occurred through a viral fusion blockade mechanism, similar to DIII-LR MAbs. This suggests that WNV infection may indeed induce strongly neutralizing antibodies, which simply go undetected by current epitope-specific diagnostics that utilize recombinant, monomeric E protein. Subsequently, a DII-FL mouse MAb that was non-neutralizing in vitro was shown to protect mice from WNV infection in vivo via its Fc effector functions, requiring C1q, Fc-gamma receptor III (CD16), and phagocytic cells. This highlights the limitations of current in vitro surrogate markers of protection, which cannot account for the beneficial effects conferred by immunodominant DII-FL antibodies. Overall, these studies provide an enhanced understanding of the mechanisms of protection of the human anti-WNV antibody response.
Download or read book Japanese Encephalitis and West Nile Viruses written by John Mackenzie and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Japanese encephalitis and West Nile viruses are members of the Japanese encephalitis serological group of the genus Flavivirus and therefore closely related genetically and antigenically. They share a number of properties, including the use of birds as their major wildlife maintenance host and Culicine mosquitoes for transmission, and they are both associated with severe human disease, as well as fatal infections in horses. The emergence of these two viruses, and their well-established propensity to colonise new areas, make it timely to re-examine their ecology, biology, molecular structure, replication and epidemiology, and these therefore provide the focus of this volume.
Download or read book Intensive Care Medicine written by Jean-Louis Vincent and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-03-30 with total page 777 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Update compiles the most recent, widespread developments of experimental and clinical research and practice in one comprehensive reference book. The chapters are written by well recognized experts in the field of intensive care and emergency medicine. It is addressed to everyone involved in internal medicine, anesthesia, surgery, pediatrics, intensive care and emergency medicine.
Download or read book Virus induced Immunopathology written by Morris Pollard and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Virus Induced Immunosuppression written by Steven Specter and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is now widely acknowledged that at the beginning of this century Claude von Pirquet first pointed out that a viral disease, i. e. , measles, resulted in an anergy or depression of preexisting immune response, namely, delayed continuous hypersensitivity to PPD derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Thereafter ob servations that viral infections may result in immunosuppression have been recorded by many clinicians and infectious disease investigators for six or seven decades. Nevertheless, despite sporadic reports that infectious diseases caused by viruses may result in either transient or prolonged immunodepression, investigation of this phenomenon languished until the mid-1960s, when it was pointed out that a number of experimental retroviral infections of mice with tumor viruses may result in marked immunosuppression. However, it was not until the recognition of the new epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syn drome (AIDS) caused by the human immunodeficiency virus and related vi ruses that acquired immunodeficiencies associated with virus infection became general knowledge among biomedical investigators as well as the lay public. A number of reviews published during the past decade or so pointed out that numerous viruses may affect humoral and cellular immune responses. Furthermore, expanding knowledge about the nature and mechanisms of both humoral and cellular immunity and pathogenesis of viral infections has pro vided clinical and experimental models for investigating in depth how and why viruses of man and animals profoundly affect immune responses.
Download or read book Equine Infectious Diseases E Book written by Debra C. Sellon and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2013-10-01 with total page 664 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ideal for both practitioners and students, this comprehensive resource covers the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious disease in horses. Organized by infectious agent — virus, bacterial and rickettsial, protazoal, and fungal — it includes complete coverage of the individual diseases caused by each type of agent. A section on clinical problems examines conditions such as ocular infections, CNS infections, and skin infections. It also addresses the importance of preventing and controlling infectious disease outbreaks with coverage of epidemiology, biosecurity, antimicrobial therapy, and recognizing foreign equine diseases. Full-color photos and illustrations provide clear, accurate representations of the clinical appearance of infectious diseases. Features the most recent information on the global threat of newly emergent diseases such as African Horse Sickness. Includes a comprehensive section on the prevention and control of infectious diseases. More than 60 expert contributors share their knowledge and expertise in equine infectious disease. A companion CD-ROM, packaged with the book, includes complete references linked to PubMed.
Download or read book Cooperation of Liver Cells in Health and Disease written by Z. Kmiec and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is only during the last decade that the functions of sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells, pit cells and other intrahepatic lymphocytes have been better understood. The development of methods for isolation and co-culturing various types of liver cells has established that they communicate and cooperate via secretion of various intercellular mediators. This monograph summarizes multiple data that suggest the important role of cellular cross-talk for the functions of both normal and diseased liver. Special features of the book include concise presentation of the majority of detailed data in 19 tables. Original schemes allow for the clear illustration of complicated intercellular relationships. This is the first ever presentation of the newly emerging field of liver biology, which is important for hepatic function in health and disease and opens new avenues for therapeutic interventions.
Download or read book Primer on Transplantation written by American Society of Transplantation and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-03-07 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Produced in association with the American Society of Transplantation, this new edition is full of practical advice for the next generation of transplant professionals. In addition to 5 organ-specific chapters: kidney, pancreas, heart, lung and liver, the book includes essential information on: immunobiology pharmacology donor management infectious complications pediatric transplantation general principles of patient management Fully updated and redesigned to make it even more user-friendly, the book now contains clinical vignettes, key point boxes, and self-assessment multiple choice questions in each chapter. Primer on Transplantation, Third Edition is an invaluable resource for all health professionals in the transplant team including trainees, residents, fellows, physicians, surgeons, nurses and transplant co-ordinators. Purchasing this book entitles you to access to the companion website: www.astprimer.com The website includes: Interactive Multiple-Choice Questions for each chapter Figures from the book as Powerpoints for downloading All chapters online
Download or read book WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization written by WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. Meeting and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2013 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report presents the recommendations of a WHO Expert Committee commissioned to coordinate activities leading to the adoption of international recommendations for the production and control of vaccines and other biologicals and the establishment of international biological reference materials. The report starts with a discussion of general issues brought to the attention of the Committee and provides information on the status and development of reference materials for various antibodies, antigens, blood products and related substances, cytokines, growth factors, endocrinological substances and in vitro diagnostic devices. The second part of the report, of particular relevance to manufacturers and national regulatory authorities, contains revised WHO recommendations for production and control of live attenuated influenza vaccines and for production and control of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. New WHO guidelines on the regulatory evaluation of similar biotherapeutic medicines are also provided. Also included are a list of recommendations, guidelines and other documents for biological substances used in medicine, and of international standards and reference reagent for biological substances.
Download or read book Vaccines written by Ciro A. de Quadros and published by Pan American Health Org. This book was released on 2004 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication contains a number of papers which consider the public health role of vaccines in improving the health of the world's populations, and looks at the challenges of using immunisation to combat emerging and re-emerging diseases. Issues discussed include the innovative use of vaccines against diseases such as meningococcal infection in Africa, Haemophilus influenza type b, varicella, and hepatitis, efforts to develop a new generation of vaccines against cholera and typhoid, shigella and Helicobacter pylori, as well as developments in the quest for vaccines against tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, dengue, malaria, and hookworm. It also deals with the use of vaccines to fight bioterrorism attacks; regulatory and safety issues; financing issues, impact of health sector reform and the sustainability of immunisation programmes.
Download or read book Molecular Biology of B Cells written by Tasuku Honjo and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-12-22 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Molecular Biology of B Cells, Second Edition is a comprehensive reference to how B cells are generated, selected, activated and engaged in antibody production. All of these developmental and stimulatory processes are described in molecular, immunological, and genetic terms to give a clear understanding of complex phenotypes. Molecular Biology of B Cells, Second Edition offers an integrated view of all aspects of B cells to produce a normal immune response as a constant, and the molecular basis of numerous diseases due to B cell abnormality. The new edition continues its success with updated research on microRNAs in B cell development and immunity, new developments in understanding lymphoma biology, and therapeutic targeting of B cells for clinical application. With updated research and continued comprehensive coverage of all aspects of B cell biology, Molecular Biology of B Cells, Second Edition is the definitive resource, vital for researchers across molecular biology, immunology and genetics.
Download or read book Development of Novel Vaccines written by Alexander von Gabain and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-04-23 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Development of novel vaccines” gives an overview of the tasks in basic research leading to the final product – the vaccine and its applications, belonging to the most complex biologics in the pharmaceutical field. Distinct from most textbooks in the vaccine arena, the current issue focuses on the translational aspect, namely, how research results can be transformed into life-saving medical interventions. Each chapter of the book deals with one important paradigm for the development of novel vaccines, along the value chain towards the final vaccine, and furthermore, with the inevitable tools required for this process. Contributions are prepared by teams of scientists, all of whom are experts in the field, most of them anchored in biomedical organizations devoted to translational culture, thereby lighting the certain topics from different views. This volume is a must read for researchers engaged in vaccine development and who really want to see their research results to become a product.
Download or read book Viral Pathogenesis and Immunity written by Neal Nathanson and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2007-04-04 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on the highly successful reference work Viral Pathogenesis published in 1997, this concise, economical version can be used both as an introductory text or for self-education by medical students and biologists alike. This latest edition provides a completely revised overview of the subject with new chapters on innate immunity, emerging viral diseases, and antiviral therapy in a format that is easy to understand without continually referring to additional information. Used by the author in his graduate classes at the University of Pennsylvania, it sets forth the essential principles and discusses the details of how the immune system responds to viral invasion including the treatment and prevention of infection. Illustrated by pertinent examples it is one of the only books devoted exclusively to this topic. * Offers almost a 20% expansion over the first edition * Focuses specifically on viral pathogenesis unlike other texts where only a few chapters are devoted to the topic* Neal Nathanson is one of the primary authorities in the field and has authored chapters on viral pathogenesis in two of the most well known virology and microbiology titles Field's Virology and Topley and Wilson's Microbiology* Now in four color throughout!
Download or read book Infectious Disease Management in Animal Shelters written by Lila Miller and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-11-16 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infectious Disease Management in Animal Shelters is a comprehensive guide to preventing, managing, and treating disease outbreaks in shelters. Emphasizing strategies for the prevention of illness and mitigation of disease, this book provides detailed, practical information regarding fundamental principles of disease control and specific management of important diseases affecting dogs and cats in group living environments. Taking an in-depth, population health approach, the text presents information to aid in the fight against the most significant and costly health issues in shelter care facilities.
Download or read book Equine Viruses written by Romain Paillot and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-04-30 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has recently estimated that the world equid population exceeds 110 million. Working equids (horses, ponies, donkeys, and mules) remain essential to ensure the livelihood of poor communities around the world. In many developed countries, the equine industry has significant economical weight, with around 7 million horses in Europe alone. The close relationship between humans and equids and the fact that the athlete horse is the terrestrial mammal that travels the most worldwide after humans are important elements to consider in the transmission of pathogens and diseases, amongst equids and to other species. The potential effect of climate change on vector ecology and vector-borne diseases is also of concern for both human and animal health. In this Special Issue, we intend to explore our understanding of a panel of equine viruses, looking at their pathogenicity, their importance in terms of welfare and potential association with diseases, their economic importance and impact on performance, and how their identification can be helped by new technologies and methods.
