Download or read book Achieving a Higher Capacity National Airspace System written by Megan Smirti and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Fact3 written by Federal Aviation Federal Aviation Administration and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-03-31 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2003, FAA convened a team to assess the Nation's future airport capacity needs. This effort, which became known as the Future Airport Capacity Task (FACT), represents a strategic approach to identify the airports that have the greatest need for additional capacity in the future. The identification is based on a macro-level analysis of the factors and trends contributing to congestion and delay at the busiest airports in the Nation. By embarking on this initiative, FAA seeks to ensure that the long-term capacity of the U.S. aviation system can adequately serve future demand. The team is led by the Office of Airports (ARP) and includes active participation from the Air Traffic Organization (ATO) Capacity Analysis Group and the MITRE Corporation's Center for Advanced Aviation System Development (CAASD). The FAA's Office of Aviation Policy and Plans (APO) and the NextGen office (ANG) are also involved in the conduct of the studies. The first report in the series, commonly known as FACT1, was published in 2004 and identified shortfalls in the system through 2020. This study was the first top-down review of the busiest commercial service airports in the Nation. The report's findings supported the need for a substantial number of major airport capacity projects nationwide. After considering all planned improvements at the time, 18 airports were projected as needing additional capacity by 2020. An updated report, FACT2, was published in 2007 to identify shortfalls through 2025. FACT2 included a more transparent methodology and refined analytical methods. Fourteen busy hub airports located in the Nation's most populated regions (such as the Northeast Corridor and California coast) were projected to be capacity-constrained in 2025 even with completion of all planned improvements, as then contemplated. Notably, the report also reaffirmed that key runway projects would allow several hub airports to reduce delays and continue growing; this supported the completion of five new runways that have been commissioned at hub airports since the report's publication. The report provided an initial look at capacity benefits from the Next Generation air traffic control (ATC) system, better known as NextGen. The FAA's investment in NextGen began in 2007. The graphic following the Administrator's letter provides a comparison of the FACT1, 2, and 3 report results. All of the FACT reports have begun with a broad sampling of several hundred commercial service and busy general aviation airports nationwide. From this initial step, a smaller number of airports are identified for more detailed study. Both FACT1 and FACT2 evaluated capacity and delay at 56 airports, including the 35 airports that were part of the now completed Operational Evolution Plan (OEP). FACT3 conducted a more detailed evaluation of 48 airports, including the 30 Core airports that FAA currently tracks as a measure of system performance in the National Airspace System (NAS). Since the publication of FACT2, the aviation industry in the United States has continued to rapidly evolve. Due to the Great Recession and volatile (often higher) fuel costs, airlines have emphasized better ticket yields, fees, and load factors, rather than improved market share as a strategy for profitability. Airlines have consolidated through mergers and have increasingly focused their connecting operations at major hubs. While the use of 50-seat regional jets (RJ) has grown substantially during the last decade, these aircraft are now leaving the fleet due to their higher fuel costs and upcoming major maintenance cycles. Airlines are replacing these smaller RJs with larger RJs and narrow-body aircraft, enabling airlines to accommodate passenger growth but with fewer operations. Collectively, these factors have resulted in relatively flat traffic growth over the last few years.

Download or read book Impacts of Technology on the Capacity Needs of the US National Airspace System written by Raymond A. Ausrotas and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction: Air passenger traffic in the United States showed remarkable growth during the economic expansion of the 1980's. Each day a million and a quarter passengers board commercial flights. The boom coincided with the advent of airline deregulation in 1978. This drastic change in the industry has inspired professional and newspaper articles, graduate student theses, and books which have discussed the causes, effects, costs, and benefits of deregulation with predictably mixed conclusions. Economists, who like to predict the future by exercising econometric models, are finding that conditions in air transportation have become too dynamic (chaotic?) for their models to cope. Certainly the future of the air transportation industry is unclear. There has been, however, an unmistakable trend toward oligopoly, or, as industry spokesmen describe it, "hardball competition among the major airlines." This trend has been accompanied by formations of hub fortresses owned by these survivors. Air traffic has always been concentrated in a few large cities; airplanes will go where there is a demand for them. But airline (rather than traffic) hubs have created artificial demand. Up to seventy percent of travellers boarding airplanes in the hub cities do not live anywhere near these cities - in fact, they may have no idea at which airport they are changing planes. Most passengers do not care, while travel cognoscenti soon learn to avoid certain airports (and airlines which frequent these airports). A hub airport is a frenzy of activity for short periods of time during the day, as complexes of airplanes descend, park and interchange passengers, and take off. Then the airport lies quietly. If observers were to arrive at a major hub between times of complexes, they would be perplexed to hear that "this is one of the most congested airports in the world." Thus congestion and its evil twin, delay, are not constants in the system. Rather, they appear only if a number of conditions conspire to manifest themselves simultaneously, or nearly so. First, the weather must deteriorate from visual flight conditions to instrument flight conditions. Then, this must occur near peak demand conditions at the airport. Of course, some airports in the Unites States are always near peak conditions, among them the so-called slot constrained airports: New York's La Guardia and Kennedy, Washington's National, and Chicago's O'Hare. When weather goes bad at these airports or other major hubs during complexes, ripple effects start nearly all over the country, because some airlines have now designed schedules to maximize utilization of their airplanes. Very little slack time is built into the schedules to account for potential delays, although "block-time creep" exists: the phenomenon that travellers discover when they arrive at their destinations ahead of schedule (if they happen to leave on time). This "creep" protects the airlines from being branded as laggards by the DOT's Consumer On-Time Performance Data hit list. Thus a combination of management practices by airlines (which place great demand on terminal airspace over a concentrated period of time) and mother nature (which provides currently unpredictable behavior of weather near the airport) conspire to limit the capabilities to handle arrivals and departures at various airports below the numbers that had been scheduled. Travellers complain that the schedules aren't being met, and if enough people complain to Congress, or if the travellers themselves happen to be members of Congress, a national problem appears. How much of a problem is this? In 1988 there were 21 airports, according to the FAA, which exceeded 20,000 hours of annual aircraft delay, perhaps 50,000 hours per year, or 140 hours per day. (One, Chicago's O'Hare, exceeded 100,000 hours.) These airports, in turn, averaged 1,000 operations (arrivals and departures) per day, so that each operation would have averaged about 8 minutes of delay. At O'Hare, for example, 6% of all operations experienced in excess of 15 minutes of delay. (In excess means just that - there is no knowledge of how much "in excess" is.) Conversely, this means that at that most congested airport in the United States, 94% of all airplanes arrive or depart with less than 15 minutes of delay. However, airline delay statistics may be similar to the apocryphal story of the Boy Scout troop which drowned wading across a creek which averaged two feet in depth. There are estimates that on a dollar basis, delay accounts for a $3 billion cost to airlines, or a net societal cost of $5 billion if travellers' wasted time is included. Since in their best years U.S. airlines make about $3 billion in profit, reducing delay is a sure-fire way for airlines to climb out of their all too frequent financial morasses, as well as diminishing their passenger frustrations. Even though all of the numbers mentioned in the paragraphs above are subject to substantial caveats, it is indisputable that on certain days during the year the air transportation system seems to come to a crawl, if not a halt. Travellers either find themselves sitting at airport lounges observing cancellation and delay notices appearing on the departure and arrival screens, or sitting in airplanes (on runways or at gates) being told that there is an "air traffic delay." Old-timers grumble that the only difference twenty years of technology improvements has made to the U.S. airspace system is that the wait is now on the ground instead of circling in the air near their destinations. To the casual observer, it would appear that a number of solutions exist to solve this problem. The most obvious is to pour more concrete: more airports, more and longer runways, more taxiways, more gates and terminals. This is analogous to widening highways and building more interstates for ground transportation congestion. The concrete solution, alas, runs into both financial and citizen roadblocks. It is very expensive - the latest airport coming off the drawing boards (Denver International) carries a tag of some $2 billion, with about $400 million of that in bonds being backed by a new funding creature, the Passenger Facility Charge (a head tax of up to 3 dollars assessed to every passenger enplaning at an airport - voluntary or not). The citizen roadblock is community objections to airport noisiness. The bill creating the PFC in 1990 also carried with it a mandate for the FAA to create a national noise policy so that individual airports would not wreak havoc with the whole system by creating their own local operational rules, such as curfews. The bill also attempted to pacify airport neighborhoods by setting a deadline for all U.S. aircraft to be quiet(er) - complying with Stage 3 regulations by the year 2000. More damaging than financial difficulties are the anti-noise sentiments, and the concomitant not-in-my-backyard syndrome, that are at the forefronts of protests of either an alert citizenry, or New Age Luddites, when any expansion plans are made public. Whatever one's view, it is a crowd vocal and seemingly powerful enough in local political circles to stop any large- scale progress to ground solutions of the congestion problem. That, then, leaves the air. It is intuitive that if airplanes were closer spaced than they are now, much more traffic would move through a given area in the same amount of time, and consequently airplanes would land (and take off) quicker, reducing any waiting (queue) time. This obviously increases airport noise levels. There are two problems with this approach. The first trick is to accomplish this safely. Safety has at least two dimensions: there is the physical, i.e., airplanes should not run into each other (or the ground, as a result of weather disturbances and wake vortices); and pilots (and controllers) should feel they are still in control of the situation, even after separation standards are reduced. The first aspect is mostly a matter of technology, the second mostly a matter of human factors. But if traffic moved quicker and noise of the aircraft is not reduced, the same citizens who had vehemently opposed the construction of additional ground facilities would once again rise in righteous anger and demand a stop to the more efficient techniques of flying airplanes which have caused an increase in the noise levels in their neighborhood. They, too, must be considered. This report will attempt to address some of the issues outlined above. The focus will be on technology and where it is best suited to provide an equitable and efficient expansion of capacity in the air transportation system. Ultimately, the discussion will be centered on NASA's potential contributions to solving the capacity problem

Download or read book National Airspace System longterm capacity planning needed despite recent reduction in flight delays written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2001 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, airline flight delays have been among the most vexing problems in the national transportation system. They reached unprecedented levels in 2000, when one flight in four was delayed. Although bad weather has historically been the main cause of delays, a growing reason has been the inability of the nations air transport system to efficiently absorb all of the aircraft trying to use limited airspace or trying to take off or land at busy airports. Recent events most notably the terrorist attacks on buildings in New York City and Washington, D.C., using hijacked airliners, and the economic slowdown that preceded these attacks have changed the extent of the delay problem, at least for the short term. With many airlines cutting their flights by 20 percent or more, the air transport system is having less difficulty absorbing the volume of flights. Whether the volume of flights will continue at these lowered levels is unknown. However, it is likely that a more robust economy and less public apprehension about flying will lead to renewed demands on the air transport system. If so, concerns about delays and the actions being taken to address them may once again command national attention.

Download or read book National Airspace System written by U S Government Accountability Office (G and published by BiblioGov. This book was released on 2013-06 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Initiatives to address flight delays include adding new runways to accommodate more aircraft and better coordinating efforts to adjust to spring and summer storms. Although most of these efforts were developed separately, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has incorporated many of them into an Operational Evolution Plan (OEP), which is designed to give more focus to these initiatives. FAA acknowledges that the plan is not intended as a final solution to congestion and delay problems. The plan focuses on initiatives that can be implemented within 10 years and generally excludes approaches lacking widespread support across stakeholder groups. The current initiatives, if successful, will add substantial capacity to the nation's air transport system. Even so, these efforts are unlikely to prevent delays from becoming worse unless the reduced traffic levels resulting from the events of September 11 persist. One key reason is that most delay-prone airports have limited ability to increase their capacity, especially by adding new runways--the main capacity-building element of OEP. The air transport system has long-term needs beyond the initiatives now under way. One initiative would add new capacity--not by adding runways to existing capacity-constrained airports, but rather by building entirely new airports or using nearby airports with available capacity. Another would manage and distribute demand within the system's existing capacity. A third would develop other modes of intercity travel, such as, but not limited to, high-speed rail where metropolitan areas are relatively close together. Because of increasing demands on the air transport system or because of the need to meet security and other concerns prompted by the recent terrorist attacks, the federal government will need to assume a central role.

Download or read book National Airspace System written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book National Airspace System Setting On Time Performance Targets at Congested Airports Could Help Focus FAA s Actions written by Susan Fleming and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2010-11 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Flight delays have beset the U.S. national airspace system. In 2007, more than one-quarter of all flights either arrived late or were canceled across the system. The FAA is making substantial investments in transforming to a new air traffic control system -- the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) -- a system that is expected to reduce delays over the next decade. This report explains the extent to which: (1) flight delays in the U.S. national airspace system have changed since 2007 and the contributing factors to these changes; and (2) actions by the FAA are expected to reduce delays in the next 2 to 3 years. Includes recommendations. Charts and tables.

Download or read book National Airspace System free flight tools show promise but implementation challenges remain written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2001 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To help meet the growing demand for air travel, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), in collaboration with the aviation community, is implementing a new approach for air traffic management known as free flight. Under this approach, FAA is moving gradually from its present use of highly structured rules and procedures for air traffic operations to a more flexible approach, which increases collaboration between FAA and the aviation community. By using a set of new automated technologies (tools) and procedures, free flight is intended to increase the capacity and efficiency of our nation's airspace system while helping to minimize delays. Two of these tools, the Traffic Management Advisor and the passive Final Approach Spacing Tool, provide controllers with a more efficient and effective means to increase the capacity of our nation's airspace system by better scheduling, sequencing, spacing, and assigning aircraft to runways. These two tools are expected to allow more aircraft to land during peak periods of traffic, thus increasing capacity and minimizing delays. Another tool, the User Request Evaluation Tool, allows controllers to make more efficient use of the existing airspace by allowing aircraft to fly optimal or more direct routes, thus helping to reduce delays at major airports. Collectively, these tools are also designed to achieve the above benefits without negatively affecting safety.

Download or read book National Airspace System Free Flight Tools Show Promise But Implementation Challenges Remain written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To help meet the growing demand for air travel, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), in collaboration with the aviation community, is implementing a new approach for air traffic management known as free flight. Under this approach, FAA is moving gradually from its present use of highly structured rules and procedures for air traffic operations to a more flexible approach, which increases collaboration between FAA and the aviation community. By using a set of new automated technologies (tools) and procedures, free flight is intended to increase the capacity and efficiency of our nation's airspace system while helping to minimize delays. Two of these tools, the Traffic Management Advisor and the passive Final Approach Spacing Tool, provide controllers with a more efficient and effective means to increase the capacity of our nation's airspace system by better scheduling, sequencing, spacing, and assigning aircraft to runways. These two tools are expected to allow more aircraft to land during peak periods of traffic, thus increasing capacity and minimizing delays. Another tool, the User Request Evaluation Tool, allows controllers to make more efficient use of the existing airspace by allowing aircraft to fly optimal or more direct routes, thus helping to reduce delays at major airports. Collectively, these tools are also designed to achieve the above benefits without negatively affecting safety.

Download or read book National Airspace System Plan written by United States. Federal Aviation Administration and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book On Integrating Unmanned Aircraft Systems into the National Airspace System written by Konstantinos Dalamagkidis and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-11-14 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Commercial interest for unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) has seen a steady increase over the last decade. Nevertheless, UAS operations have remained almost exclusively military. This is mainly due to the lack of a regulatory framework that allows only limited public and civil UAS operations with usually crippling restrictions. Although efforts from the Federal Aviation Administration and its partners are already underway to integrate UAS in the National Airspace System (NAS), the appropriate regulation will not be ready for several more years. In the meantime UAS developers need to be aware of the current operational restrictions, as well as make informed decisions on their research and development efforts so that their designs will be airworthy when the regulatory framework is in place. This monograph aims to present an overview of current aviation regulation followed by an investigation of issues and factors that will affect future regulation.

Download or read book National Airspace System Plan written by United States. Federal Aviation Administration and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book National Airspace System DoT and FAA Actions Will Likely Have a Limited Effect on Reducing Delays During Summer 2008 Travel Season written by Susan Fleming and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2009-02 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More than 1 in 4 flights either arrived late or was canceled in `07 -- making it one of the worst years for delays in the last decade. Delays and cancellations were particularly evident at the 3 N.Y. airports -- Newark, Kennedy, and LaGuardia. To avoid a repeat of last summer¿s problems, DoT and the FAA developed and implemented several actions to reduce congestion and delays for the summer 2008 travel season. This testimony addresses: (1) the trends in the extent and principal sources of flight delays and cancellations over the last 10 years; (2) the status of fed. gov¿t. actions to reduce flight delays and cancellations; and (3) the extent to which these actions may reduce delays and cancellations for the summer 2008 travel season. Illustrations.

Download or read book National Airspace System written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book National Airspace System written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has established specific goals for modernization of the National Airspace System (NAS) over the next decade. These goals include the replacement and modernization of aging air traffic control and navigation equipment and the development of a more comprehensive and coordinated system design to reflect specific needs of the user and specialist communities, to enhance safety, to improve efficiency and capacity, and to reduce operating costs. The programs to achieve these objectives are documented in the Capital Investment Plan (CIP). In conjunction with the CIP, the FAA has prepared system engineering management documents to assist in the orderly development and integration of CIP programs. The NAS Systems Requirements Specification (NASSRS) is a compilation of requirements which describe the operational capabilities for the NAS as envisioned to exist by the year 2000. The organization of this NAS Operational Concept corresponds to the major paragraphs of the NASSRS and provides an in-depth discussion of the higher level descriptions found in the NASSRS. This operational concept provides an overview of the NAS along with operational sequence diagrams and operational scenario diagrams to amplify the eight major sections of the NASSRS ... Flight Planning, Air Traffic Control & Airspace Management, Monitoring, Navigation, Air Defense, Maintenance, System Effectiveness, Communications.

Download or read book National Airspace System written by Stephanie B. Fraser and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Transforming the NAS written by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-06-11 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The next-generation air traffic control system must be designed to safely and efficiently accommodate the large growth of traffic expected in the near future. It should be sufficiently scalable to contend with the factor of 2 or more increase in demand expected by the year 2020. Analysis has shown that the current method of controlling air traffic cannot be scaled up to provide such levels of capacity. Therefore, to achieve a large increase in capacity while also giving pilots increased freedom to optimize their flight trajectories requires a fundamental change in the way air traffic is controlled. The key to achieving a factor of 2 or more increase in airspace capacity is to automate separation monitoring and control and to use an air-ground data link to send trajectories and clearances directly between ground-based and airborne systems. In addition to increasing capacity and offering greater flexibility in the selection of trajectories, this approach also has the potential to increase safety by reducing controller and pilot errors that occur in routine monitoring and voice communication tasks.Erzberger, HeinzAmes Research CenterAIR TRAFFIC CONTROL; NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM; AIRLINE OPERATIONS; DATA LINKS; SAFETY; PILOT ERROR; GROUND TESTS; SYSTEMS ENGINEERING; DATA BASES; TRAJECTORIES