Download or read book Acetylcholine a Ubiquitous Signalling Substance written by Yves Dunant and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2021-04-06 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents an up-to-date review concerning acetylcholine, a messenger substance which is produced transiently in practically all living organisms, from bacteria to human beings. High acetylcholine concentrations have been encountered in growing parts of plants, in the royal jelly of bees, and in the human placenta. In vertebrates, many non-neuronal cells, such as epithelial cells, endothelial cells, immune cells or spermatozoids, secrete acetylcholine in response to specific signals. Acetylcholine is better known as a neurotransmitter substance, supporting synaptic transmission in the central and autonomic nervous systems. Transmission in these places is a point-to-point process which is relatively rapid and shows many anatomical and physiological variations, according to synapses and animal species. Much more rapid is transmission in giant and specialised synapses, such as the neuromuscular junctions and their homologues, in the electric organs of certain fish. The mechanisms of acetylcholine release in these ultra-rapid junctions have been revisited in recent decades and the picture has completely changed. As the book shows, acetylcholine signalling (also called cholinergic signalling) is of particular physiological and toxicological importance, since it can be perturbed by many natural or synthetic substances.
Download or read book Acetylcholine a Ubiquitous Signalling Substance written by Yves Dunant and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2021-06 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents an up-to-date review concerning acetylcholine, a messenger substance which is produced transiently in practically all living organisms, from bacteria to human beings. High acetylcholine concentrations have been encountered in growing parts of plants, in the royal jelly of bees, and in the human placenta. In vertebrates, many non-neuronal cells, such as epithelial cells, endothelial cells, immune cells or spermatozoids, secrete acetylcholine in response to specific signals. Acetylcholine is better known as a neurotransmitter substance, supporting synaptic transmission in the central and autonomic nervous systems. Transmission in these places is a point-to-point process which is relatively rapid and shows many anatomical and physiological variations, according to synapses and animal species. Much more rapid is transmission in giant and specialised synapses, such as the neuromuscular junctions and their homologues, in the electric organs of certain fish. The mechanisms of acetylcholine release in these ultra-rapid junctions have been revisited in recent decades and the picture has completely changed. As the book shows, acetylcholine signalling (also called cholinergic signalling) is of particular physiological and toxicological importance, since it can be perturbed by many natural or synthetic substances.
Download or read book Muscarinic Receptors written by Allison D. Fryer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-01-06 with total page 501 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors have played a key role in the advancement of knowledge of pharmacology and neurotransmission since the inception of studies in these fields, and the effects of naturally occurring drugs acting on muscarinic receptors were known and exploited for both therapeutic and non-therapeutic purposes for hundreds of years before the existence of the receptors themselves was recognized. This volume presents a broad yet detailed review of current knowledge of muscarinic receptors that will be valuable both to long-time muscarinic investigators and to those new to the field. It describes the detailed insights that have been obtained on the structure, function, and cell biology of muscarinic receptors. This volume also describes physiological analyses of muscarinic receptors and their roles in regulating the function of the brain and of a variety of peripheral tissues. This volume shows how the study of muscarinic receptors continues to provide new and surprising insights not just to the cholinergic system but to the broad areas of neurobiology, cell biology, pharmacology, and therapeutics.
Download or read book Molecular Biology of the Cell written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Food Components to Enhance Performance written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1994-02-01 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The physiological or psychological stresses that employees bring to their workplace affect not only their own performance but that of their co-workers and others. These stresses are often compounded by those of the job itself. Medical personnel, firefighters, police, and military personnel in combat settingsâ€"among othersâ€"experience highly unpredictable timing and types of stressors. This book reviews and comments on the performance-enhancing potential of specific food components. It reflects the views of military and non-military scientists from such fields as neuroscience, nutrition, physiology, various medical specialties, and performance psychology on the most up-to-date research available on physical and mental performance enhancement in stressful conditions. Although placed within the context of military tasks, the volume will have wide-reaching implications for individuals in any job setting.
Download or read book The Endothelium written by Michel Félétou and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2011 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The endothelium, a monolayer of endothelial cells, constitutes the inner cellular lining of the blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) and the lymphatic system, and therefore is in direct contact with the blood/lymph and the circulating cells. The endothelium is a major player in the control of blood fluidity, platelet aggregation and vascular tone, a major actor in the regulation of immunology, inflammation and angiogenesis, and an important metabolizing and an endocrine organ. Endothelial cells controls vascular tone, and thereby blood flow, by synthesizing and releasing relaxing and contracting factors such as nitric oxide, metabolites of arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases and cytochrome P450 pathways, various peptides (endothelin, urotensin, CNP, adrenomedullin, etc.), adenosine, purines, reactive oxygen species and so on. Additionally, endothelial ectoenzymes are required steps in the generation of vasoactive hormones such as angiotensin II. An endothelial dysfunction linked to an imbalance in the synthesis and/or the release of these various endothelial factors may explain the initiation of cardiovascular pathologies (from hypertension to atherosclerosis) or their development and perpetuation. Table of Contents: Introduction / Multiple Functions of the Endothelial Cells / Calcium Signaling in Vascular Cells and Cell-to-Cell Communications / Endothelium-Dependent Regulation of Vascular Tone / Conclusion / References
Download or read book Animal Physiology written by Knut Schmidt-Nielsen and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1997-06-09 with total page 630 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How do dolphins catch fish in murky water? Why do moths drink from puddles? How do birds' eggs breathe? How do animals work? In this revised and updated edition of the acclaimed text Animal Physiology, the answers are revealed. In clear and stimulating style, Knut Schmidt-Nielsen introduces and develops the fundamental principles of animal physiology according to major environmental features - oxygen, food and energy, temperature, and water. The structure of the book is unchanged from the previous edition, but every chapter has been updated to take into account recent developments, with numerous new references and figures. Animal Physiology is suitable as a text for undergraduate and beginning graduate courses in physiology. As with previous editions, students, teachers as well as researchers will find this book a valuable and enjoyable companion to course work and research.
Download or read book Glutamate Related Biomarkers in Drug Development for Disorders of the Nervous System written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-08-05 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Glutamate is the most pervasive neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). Despite this fact, no validated biological markers, or biomarkers, currently exist for measuring glutamate pathology in CNS disorders or injuries. Glutamate dysfunction has been associated with an extensive range of nervous system diseases and disorders. Problems with how the neurotransmitter glutamate functions in the brain have been linked to a wide variety of disorders, including schizophrenia, Alzheimer's, substance abuse, and traumatic brain injury. These conditions are widespread, affecting a large portion of the United States population, and remain difficult to treat. Efforts to understand, treat, and prevent glutamate-related disorders can be aided by the identification of valid biomarkers. The Institute of Medicine's Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders held a workshop on June 21-22, 2010, to explore ways to accelerate the development, validation, and implementation of such biomarkers. Glutamate-Related Biomarkers in Drug Development for Disorders of the Nervous System: Workshop Summary investigates promising current and emerging technologies, and outlines strategies to procure resources and tools to advance drug development for associated nervous system disorders. Moreover, this report highlights presentations by expert panelists, and the open panel discussions that occurred during the workshop.
Download or read book Infectious Diseases and Substance Abuse written by Herman Friedman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-05-28 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of recreational drugs of abuse by large numbers of individuals in this country and abroad has aroused serious concerns about the consequences of this activity. For example, it is recognized that marijuana is currently widely used as a recreational drug in the United States as well as other countries. Similarly, abuse of cocaine, especially crack cocaine, is considered to be an epidemic. “The war on drugs” by the US Government was directly aimed at the illicit use of cocaine, marijuana, and opiates as well as other drugs of abuse. Furthermore, alcohol is also considered a major problem of abuse in this country as well as in many other countries. It is estimated there are at least 10 million alcoholics in the United States alone. A signi?cant portion of those hospitalized with infectious diseases are alcoholics. Similarly, there have been many reports of association between marijuana use and increased susceptibility to infection as well as a re- tion between use of opiates and infections. The relationship between drug abuse and increased incidence of various infections has stimulated increased investi- tion of whether and how such drugs affect immune function, especially imp- tant for resistance against infectious agents. During the last decades, a wide variety of studies have shown that drugs of abuse, including marijuana, cocaine, or opiates, as well as alcohol, alter both neurophysiological as well as pathological responses of individuals.
Download or read book Handbook of Neurochemistry written by Abel Lajtha and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Cell Signalling written by John T. Hancock and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 451 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'Cell Signalling' presents a carefully structured introduction to this subject, introducing those conserved features which underlie many different extra-and intracellular signalling systems.
Download or read book Neurohumoral Coding of Brain Function written by R. Myers and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-13 with total page 477 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is indeed a pleasure to welcome all of you to this Inter national Symposium on the Neurohumoral coding of Brain Function. Many of you have undertaken a very long trip in order to cross swords with some of the most fascinating issues in all of the neurosciences. Of particular satisfaction in this instance is the geographical representation of the sciences with individuals here from Europe and the Americas - South, Central and North. As we do battle, so to speak, with each of the questions raised during the next several days, we should remember that the problems faced by each of our fields are exceptionally difficult. In a way, this difficulty stems from two related facts: (1) we are trying to construct a conceptual bridgework between one disci pline and another; and (2) the distance between the research fabric of any two of these disciplines is vast. It would probably not be unfair to say that a large number of scientists feel relatively contented in remaining within the bound aries of their own area of specialization. In a sense, that is certainly justifiable today primarily because of the intensity of such specialization. However, the participants of this symposium, who reflect some of the major thrusts in biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology and psychology, have in the main chosen to explore the pathways that cross the interface between mind and body - be tween behavior and brain.
Download or read book Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse Volume 1 written by Victor R Preedy and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-03-07 with total page 1134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse, Volume One: Foundations of Understanding, Tobacco, Alcohol, Cannabinoids, Opioids and Emerging Addictions provides the latest research in an area that shows that the neuropathological features of one addiction are often applicable to those of others. The book also details how a further understanding of these commonalties can provide a platform for the study of specific addictions in greater depth, all in an effort to create new modes of understanding, causation, prevention, and treatment. The three volumes in this series address new research and challenges, offering comprehensive coverage on the adverse consequences of the most common drugs of abuse, with each volume serving to update the reader's knowledge on the broader field of addiction, while also deepening our understanding of specific addictive substances. Volume One addresses tobacco, alcohol, cannabinoids, and opioids, with each section providing data on the general, molecular/cellular, and structural/functional neurological aspects of a given substance, along with a focus on the adverse consequences of addictions. - Provides a modern approach on the pathology of substances of abuse, offering an evidence based ethos for understanding the neurology of addictions - Fills an existing gap in the literature by proving a one-stop-shopping synopsis of everything to do with the neuropathology of drugs of addiction and substance misuse - Includes a list of abbreviations, abstracts, applications to other addictions and substance misuse, mini-dictionary of terms, summary points, 6+ figures and tables, and full references in each chapter - Offers coverage of preclinical, clinical, and population studies, from the cell to whole organs, and the genome to whole body
Download or read book Purines as transmitter molecules Electrophysiological studies on purinergic signalling in different cell systems written by Elisabetta Coppi and published by Firenze University Press. This book was released on 2009 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Purinergic nucleotides and nucleosides (ATP, ADP, AMP and adenosine) are essential intracellular metabolites involved in a number of cellular processes, from energy supply to protein phosphorylation. However, in the last years, several studies demonstrated their involvement in cell signalling by the activation of specific membrane receptors (P1 and P2) and their role as neurotransmitters began to be investigated. The present work was aimed to clarify the effects of purinergic neurotransmission in different cell systems by using electrophysiological techniques. Relevant results of this research include the observation that P1 and P2 receptors play a deleterious role during "in vitro" ischemia in the rat brain, and the first demonstration of P2 receptor expression and function in a line of adult human mesenchymal stem cells.
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2010-02-26 with total page 1633 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders is a comprehensive reference work on movement disorders, encompassing a wide variety of topics in neurology, neurosurgery, psychiatry and pharmacology. This compilation will feature more than 300 focused entries, including sections on different disease states, pathophysiology, epidemiology, genetics, clinical presentation, diagnostic tools, as well as discussions on relevant basic science topics. This Encyclopedia is an essential addition to any collection, written to be accessible for both the clinical and non-clinical reader. Academic clinicians, translational researchers and basic scientists are brought together to connect experimental findings made in the laboratory to the clinical features, pathophysiology and treatment of movement disorders. The Encyclopedia targets a broad readership, ranging from students to general physicians, basic scientists and Movement Disorder specialists. Published both in print and via Elsevier’s online platform of Science Direct, this Encyclopedia will have the enhanced option of integrating traditional print with online multimedia. Connects experimental findings made in the laboratory to the clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment of movement disorders Encompasses a wide variety of topics in neurology neurosurgery, psychiatry, and pharmacology Written for a broad readership ranging from students to general physicians, basic scientists, and movement disorder specialists
Download or read book The Cholinergic Synapse written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1979-01-01 with total page 535 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Cholinergic Synapse
Download or read book Magnesium in the Central Nervous System written by Robert Vink and published by University of Adelaide Press. This book was released on 2011 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The brain is the most complex organ in our body. Indeed, it is perhaps the most complex structure we have ever encountered in nature. Both structurally and functionally, there are many peculiarities that differentiate the brain from all other organs. The brain is our connection to the world around us and by governing nervous system and higher function, any disturbance induces severe neurological and psychiatric disorders that can have a devastating effect on quality of life. Our understanding of the physiology and biochemistry of the brain has improved dramatically in the last two decades. In particular, the critical role of cations, including magnesium, has become evident, even if incompletely understood at a mechanistic level. The exact role and regulation of magnesium, in particular, remains elusive, largely because intracellular levels are so difficult to routinely quantify. Nonetheless, the importance of magnesium to normal central nervous system activity is self-evident given the complicated homeostatic mechanisms that maintain the concentration of this cation within strict limits essential for normal physiology and metabolism. There is also considerable accumulating evidence to suggest alterations to some brain functions in both normal and pathological conditions may be linked to alterations in local magnesium concentration. This book, containing chapters written by some of the foremost experts in the field of magnesium research, brings together the latest in experimental and clinical magnesium research as it relates to the central nervous system. It offers a complete and updated view of magnesiums involvement in central nervous system function and in so doing, brings together two main pillars of contemporary neuroscience research, namely providing an explanation for the molecular mechanisms involved in brain function, and emphasizing the connections between the molecular changes and behavior. It is the untiring efforts of those magnesium researchers who have dedicated their lives to unraveling the mysteries of magnesiums role in biological systems that has inspired the collation of this volume of work.
