Download or read book Disparities in the Academy written by Veronica P.S. Njie-Carr and published by Dorrance Publishing. This book was released on 2020-02-14 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Disparities in the Academy : Accounting for the Elephant By: Veronica P.S. Njie-Carr, Yolanda Flores Niemann, & Phyllis W. Sharps The experientially-based narratives in Disparities in the Academy: Accounting for the Elephant center on the importance of addressing inequities associated with sexism, racism, and their intersectionalities, which blatantly thrive in academia today. The authors’ recommended actions will facilitate the success and quality of professional and personal lives of members of historically underrepresented racial/ethnic faculty, staff, and students in academic settings, especially in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. In particular, Disparities in the Academy: Accounting for the Elephant focuses on nursing faculty and students whose racial/ethnic groups are least represented in their respective academic fields. Disparities in the Academy: Accounting for the Elephant transcends today’s rhetoric on the need for “diversity” in colleges and universities that typically relies on increasing representation of demographic differences in the workplace. As the authors in this book bravely make clear, increasing numbers is but a first step to addressing negative educational contexts rife with implicit biases, disrespect, in-group favoritism, bullying, poor mentoring, and devaluation of intellectual contributions, minimization of intellectual capacity, tokenism, cronyism, and cultural taxation. True inclusion is about being heard, respected, valued, and included, with equitable access and opportunity. Toward that end, meaningful inclusion necessitates structural changes in policies and processes that maintain the inequitable status quo. Disparities in the Academy: Accounting for the Elephant is an inspirational call to make visible the disparities, while providing recommendations and best practice models that will produce social change and equity in the academic world.

Download or read book Communities in Action written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-04-27 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.

Download or read book Unequal Treatment written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-02-06 with total page 781 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Racial and ethnic disparities in health care are known to reflect access to care and other issues that arise from differing socioeconomic conditions. There is, however, increasing evidence that even after such differences are accounted for, race and ethnicity remain significant predictors of the quality of health care received. In Unequal Treatment, a panel of experts documents this evidence and explores how persons of color experience the health care environment. The book examines how disparities in treatment may arise in health care systems and looks at aspects of the clinical encounter that may contribute to such disparities. Patients' and providers' attitudes, expectations, and behavior are analyzed. How to intervene? Unequal Treatment offers recommendations for improvements in medical care financing, allocation of care, availability of language translation, community-based care, and other arenas. The committee highlights the potential of cross-cultural education to improve provider-patient communication and offers a detailed look at how to integrate cross-cultural learning within the health professions. The book concludes with recommendations for data collection and research initiatives. Unequal Treatment will be vitally important to health care policymakers, administrators, providers, educators, and students as well as advocates for people of color.

Download or read book Accounting for Cross country Income Disparity written by Byeongju Jeong and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Wage Disparity in the Accounting Profession and Information Quality written by Russell Williamson and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Accounting for Disparity written by Melanie Seama O'Gorman and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis consists of three essays which focus on accounting for the sources of economic inequality in various contexts. The first two essays focus on disparity of agricultural labour productivity across the developing countries, while the third analyzes racial earnings inequality. The main goal of these essays is to shed light on some of the mechanisms which have generated these types of inequality, in order to better design policies for ameliorating them. The first essay is empirical, while the second and third essays construct general equilibrium models so as to quantitatively assess the importance of proposed sources of inequality. The first essay finds that a large proportion of the variation of the level and growth of agricultural labour productivity across a sample of developing countries can be explained by variation in input use across countries. I demonstrate that our understanding of disparity of labour productivity in developing country agriculture can be significantly improved by accounting for variation in the adoption of high-yielding seed varieties and for correlation between input use and technological change across countries. The second essay analyzes the factors which have contributed to agricultural stagnation in Sub-Saharan Africa, despite productivity improvements in agriculture in other developing regions. I construct a quantitative model which can match average Sub-Saharan African trends of agricultural labour productivity, crop yields and input use from 1965 to 2000. The model points to key factors which have constrained agricultural productivity growth over this period, and to the need for diverse yet concerted policies to arrest this stagnation. The third essay presents a quantitative model which sheds light on racial earnings inequality in the U.S., South Africa and Brazil. This model indicates that a large proportion of the racial wage gap in these three countries can be attributed to differential human capital accumulation by race. Most notably, distortions created by the explicit, racially-biased education system which existed in South Africa during Apartheid can explain roughly three quarters of the racial wage gap in South Africa in the early 1990's.

Download or read book Beyond Oaxaca Blinder written by François Bourguignon and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2002 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Bourguignon, Ferreira, and Leite develop a microeconometric method to account for differences across distributions of household income. Going beyond the determination of earnings in labor markets, they also estimate statistical models for occupational choice and for conditional distributions of education, fertility, and nonlabor incomes. The authors import combinations of estimated parameters from these models to simulate counterfactual income distributions. This allows them to decompose differences between functionals of two income distributions (such as inequality or poverty measures) into shares because of differences in the structure of labor market returns (price effects), differences in the occupational structure, and differences in the underlying distribution of assets (endowment effects). The authors apply the method to the differences between the Brazilian income distribution and those of Mexico and the United States, and find that most of Brazil's excess income inequality is due to underlying inequalities in the distribution of two key endowments: access to education and to sources of nonlabor income, mainly pensions. This paper is a product of the Research Advisory Staff. The authors may be contacted at fbourguignon@@worldbank.org, fferreira@@econ.puc-rio.br or phil@@econ.puc-rio.br.

Download or read book Accounting for Racial Wealth Disparities in the United States written by Jeffrey P. Thompson and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using data from the Survey of Consumer Finances, this paper updates and extends previous research on the racial wealth gap in the United States. We explore several hypotheses that help explain differential wealth accumulation by racial groups, including the importance of receiving inheritances and other financial support from relatives and the conditions in local real estate markets. By exploring the disparities among white, black, and Hispanic families, we make new contributions to the literature. We find that observable factors account for the entire wealth gap between white and Hispanic families and most of the gap between white and black families. Differences in human capital, demographics, and family financial support each make substantial contributions to the wealth gaps we observe between white and nonwhite families. Yet a substantial portion of the wealth gap between white and black families remains unaccounted for after a detailed decomposition. This unexplained portion is greater at the top of the wealth distribution.

Download or read book Accounting for Growth Disparity written by Kei Hosoya and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper proposes a theoretical method to account for historical episodes of growth disparity. A numerical computation shows that the properties of the local dynamics of the proposed model are consistent with the facts indicated by selected episodes.

Download or read book Accounting for Earnings Inequality in a Diverse Work Force written by Mark E. Schweitzer and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Accounting for Inter state Uemployment Disparities in the United States written by Ian Gordon and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Challenges and Successes in Reducing Health Disparities written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2008-06-13 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In early 2007, the Institute of Medicine convened the Roundtable on Health Disparities to increase the visibility of racial and ethnic health disparities as a national problem, to further the development of programs and strategies to reduce disparities, to foster the emergence of leadership on this issue, and to track promising activities and developments in health care that could lead to dramatically reducing or eliminating disparities. The Roundtable's first workshop, Challenges and Successes in Reducing Health Disparities, was held in St. Louis, Missouri, on July 31, 2007, and examined (1) the importance of differences in life expectancy within the United States, (2) the reasons for those differences, and (3) the implications of this information for programs and policy makers.

Download or read book Health and Wealth Disparities in the United States written by Anupam B. Jena and published by A E I Press. This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traditional measures of economic disparities among Americans of different race, gender, geographic location, and education level consider only material well-being, so that making two groups economically "equal" is as simple as matching their monetary incomes. This narrow focus on income may not, however, lead to a complete understanding of economic prosperity in the United States. Differences in health and longevity are also important dimensions of a populations overall well-being. In this volume, Anupam B.Jena, Tomas J. Philipson, and Eric C. Sun formally incorporate the effects of health into an analysis of economic disparities in America from 1940 to 2000. They find that accounting for the value of health dramatically affect our understanding of wealth levels across groups-particularly across races. The income levels of blacks and whites followed a convergent trend until the 1970s, after which the rate of convergence slowed and even reversed slightly, suggesting that blacks' rate of economic progress has dwindled. How-ever, when health gains are incorporated, the picture changes significantly Black men and Women made much faster improvements in health than white men and women over this sixty-year period. Therefore, although black and white incomes have not converged fully, the over-all disparity decreases when health is incorporated into the analysis. Jena, Philipson, and sun conclude that even if income disparities remain vast across groups, disparities in general welfare many be shrinking as minorities and poorer populations see significant improvements in health-a finding that has important policy implications for the design of programs aimed at equalizing income across the U.S. population. Book jacket.

Download or read book U S Inequality and Fiscal Progressivity written by Alan J. Auerbach and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inequality is ultimately about differences in spending, not differences in wealth or income that can be offset by fiscal policy. This study measures inequality in remaining lifetime spending (RLS) by cohort. Cohort specificity controls for growth and life-cycle effects. We measure RLS and lifetime net tax rates by running the 2016 Survey of Consumer Finances data plus imputed variables through a life-cycle, consumption-smoothing program that incorporates borrowing constraints and all major federal and state tax/transfer programs. Our findings are striking. First, inequality in income and, especially, wealth dramatically overstates RLS inequality. For example, the richest 1 percent of forty year-olds own 29.1 percent of their cohort's net wealth, but account for only 11.8 percent of its RLS. This cohort's poorest quintile owns just 0.4 percent of the cohort's wealth, but spends 6.6 percent of cohort RLS. Second, within-cohort inequality differs considerably from across-cohort inequality. Third, the U.S. fiscal system is highly progressive. To illustrate, for the bottom quintile of forty year-olds, the lifetime net tax rate is negative 44.4 percent. It's 34.7 percent for the top 1 percent. Fourth, current-year net tax rates substantially understate fiscal progressivity and, as our analysis of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act shows, can significantly misstate a fiscal reform's fairness.

Download or read book Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality written by Ms.Era Dabla-Norris and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2015-06-15 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper analyzes the extent of income inequality from a global perspective, its drivers, and what to do about it. The drivers of inequality vary widely amongst countries, with some common drivers being the skill premium associated with technical change and globalization, weakening protection for labor, and lack of financial inclusion in developing countries. We find that increasing the income share of the poor and the middle class actually increases growth while a rising income share of the top 20 percent results in lower growth—that is, when the rich get richer, benefits do not trickle down. This suggests that policies need to be country specific but should focus on raising the income share of the poor, and ensuring there is no hollowing out of the middle class. To tackle inequality, financial inclusion is imperative in emerging and developing countries while in advanced economies, policies should focus on raising human capital and skills and making tax systems more progressive.

Download or read book Accounting for Inequality in India written by J. Salcedo Cain and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Rethinking Measurement of Pay Disparity and Its Relation to Firm Performance written by Ethan Rouen and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I develop measures of firm-level pay disparity and examine their relation to firm accounting performance. Using comprehensive compensation data for a large sample of firms, I find no statistically significant relation between the ratio of CEO-to-mean employee compensation and performance. I next create empirical models that allow me to separate the components of CEO and employee compensation explained by economic factors from those that are not and use these models to estimate explained and unexplained pay disparity. After validating my estimate of unexplained pay disparity as a proxy for pay fairness, I find robust evidence of a negative (positive) relation between unexplained (explained) pay disparity and future firm performance. Additional tests show that the negative relation between unexplained disparity and firm performance is driven by firms where both the CEO is overpaid and employees are underpaid and is more pronounced for firms with weak corporate governance and high employee turnover.