Download or read book Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation written by David E. Wazer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-08-11 with total page 447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) is being rapidly introduced into the clinical management of early breast cancer. APBI, in fact, encompasses a number of different techniques and approaches that include brachytherapy, intraoperative, and external beam techniques. There is currently no single source that describes these techniques and their clinical implementation. This text is a concise handbook designed to assist the clinician in the implementation of APBI. This includes a review of the principles that underlie APBI, a practical and detailed description of each technique for APBI, a review of current clinical results of APBI, and a review of the incidence and management of treatment related complications.
Download or read book Accelerated Irradiation Test of Gundremmingen Reactor Vessel Trepan Material written by J. R. Hawthorne and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Accelerated Irradiation Test of Gundremmingen Reactor Vessel Trepan Material written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Initial mechanical properties tests of beltline trepanned from the decommissioned KRB-A pressure vessel and archive material irradiated in the UBR test reactor revealed a major anomaly in relative radiation embrittlement sensitivity. Poor correspondence of material behavior in test vs. power reactor environments was observed for the weak test orientation (ASTL C-L) whereas correspondence was good for the strong orientation (ASTM C-L). To resolve the anomaly directly, Charpy-V specimens from a low (essentially-nil) fluence region of the vessel were irradiated together with archive material at 279°C in the UBR test reactor. Properties tests before UBR irradiation revealed a significant difference in 41-J transition temperature and upper shelf energy level between the materials. However, the materials exhibited essentially the same radiation embrittlement sensitivity (both orientations), proving that the anomaly is not due to a basic difference in material irradiation resistances. Possible causes of the original anomaly and the significance to NRC Regulatory Guide 1.99 are discussed.
Download or read book Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation written by National Research Council and published by National Academies. This book was released on 1990-02-01 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reevaluates the health risks of ionizing radiation in light of data that have become available since the 1980 report on this subject was published. The data include new, much more reliable dose estimates for the A-bomb survivors, the results of an additional 14 years of follow-up of the survivors for cancer mortality, recent results of follow-up studies of persons irradiated for medical purposes, and results of relevant experiments with laboratory animals and cultured cells. It analyzes the data in terms of risk estimates for specific organs in relation to dose and time after exposure, and compares radiation effects between Japanese and Western populations.
Download or read book Preliminary Analysis of Accelerated Space Flight Ionizing Radiation Testing written by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-07-21 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A preliminary analysis shows that radiation dose equivalent to 30 years in the geosynchronous environment can be accumulated in a typical composite material exposed to space for 2 years or less onboard a spacecraft orbiting from perigee of 300 km out to the peak of the inner electron belt (approximately 2750 km). Future work to determine spacecraft orbits better tailored to materials accelerated testing is indicated. It is predicted that a range of 10 to the 9th power to 10 to the 10th power rads would be accumulated in 3-6 mil thick epoxy/graphite exposed by a test spacecraft orbiting in the inner electron belt. This dose is equivalent to the accumulated dose that this material would be expected to have after 30 years in a geosynchronous orbit. It is anticipated that material specimens would be brought back to Earth after 2 years in the radiation environment so that space radiation effects on materials could be analyzed by laboratory methods. Wilson, J. W. and Stock, L. V. and Carter, D. J. and Chang, C. K. Langley Research Center NASA-TM-83209
Download or read book Irradiation Testing of Zirconium Alloys and Stainless Steel in Fast Breeder Test Reactor India written by S. Venugopal and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) at Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, India is a sodium cooled fast reactor with a maximum neutron flux of about 3 x 1015 n/cm2/s. The neutron spectrum in the FBTR is hard and the damage rate attained in structural specimens is high. Compact pressurized capsules of zirconium alloys have been developed and subjected to irradiation in the FBTR to a fluence level of 1.1 x 1021 n/cm2 (E >1 MeV) at temperatures of 306 to 319°C to determine the irradiation creep rate of indigenously developed zirconium alloys (Zircaloy-2 and Zr-2.5%Nb alloy). To assess the changes in mechanical properties of FBTR grid plate material (modified type 316 stainless steel) due to prolonged low dose exposure, an accelerated irradiation test with dose levels up to 2.6 dpa (at 350°C) has also been carried out using miniature tensile test and disk specimens. Postirradiation examination (PIE) measurements carried out in the hot cells determined the creep rate of zirconium alloys, and indicated that the grid plate material has hardened but has still enough residual ductility. This paper presents salient features of the design and implementation of these irradiation experiments in FBTR and the results obtained during PIE.
Download or read book Fundamentals of Radiation Materials Science written by GARY S. WAS and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-07-08 with total page 1014 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The revised second edition of this established text offers readers a significantly expanded introduction to the effects of radiation on metals and alloys. It describes the various processes that occur when energetic particles strike a solid, inducing changes to the physical and mechanical properties of the material. Specifically it covers particle interaction with the metals and alloys used in nuclear reactor cores and hence subject to intense radiation fields. It describes the basics of particle-atom interaction for a range of particle types, the amount and spatial extent of the resulting radiation damage, the physical effects of irradiation and the changes in mechanical behavior of irradiated metals and alloys. Updated throughout, some major enhancements for the new edition include improved treatment of low- and intermediate-energy elastic collisions and stopping power, expanded sections on molecular dynamics and kinetic Monte Carlo methodologies describing collision cascade evolution, new treatment of the multi-frequency model of diffusion, numerous examples of RIS in austenitic and ferritic-martensitic alloys, expanded treatment of in-cascade defect clustering, cluster evolution, and cluster mobility, new discussion of void behavior near grain boundaries, a new section on ion beam assisted deposition, and reorganization of hardening, creep and fracture of irradiated materials (Chaps 12-14) to provide a smoother and more integrated transition between the topics. The book also contains two new chapters. Chapter 15 focuses on the fundamentals of corrosion and stress corrosion cracking, covering forms of corrosion, corrosion thermodynamics, corrosion kinetics, polarization theory, passivity, crevice corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking. Chapter 16 extends this treatment and considers the effects of irradiation on corrosion and environmentally assisted corrosion, including the effects of irradiation on water chemistry and the mechanisms of irradiation-induced stress corrosion cracking. The book maintains the previous style, concepts are developed systematically and quantitatively, supported by worked examples, references for further reading and end-of-chapter problem sets. Aimed primarily at students of materials sciences and nuclear engineering, the book will also provide a valuable resource for academic and industrial research professionals. Reviews of the first edition: "...nomenclature, problems and separate bibliography at the end of each chapter allow to the reader to reach a straightforward understanding of the subject, part by part. ... this book is very pleasant to read, well documented and can be seen as a very good introduction to the effects of irradiation on matter, or as a good references compilation for experimented readers." - Pauly Nicolas, Physicalia Magazine, Vol. 30 (1), 2008 “The text provides enough fundamental material to explain the science and theory behind radiation effects in solids, but is also written at a high enough level to be useful for professional scientists. Its organization suits a graduate level materials or nuclear science course... the text was written by a noted expert and active researcher in the field of radiation effects in metals, the selection and organization of the material is excellent... may well become a necessary reference for graduate students and researchers in radiation materials science.” - L.M. Dougherty, 07/11/2008, JOM, the Member Journal of The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society.
Download or read book Testing at the Speed of Light written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-06-08 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spacecraft depend on electronic components that must perform reliably over missions measured in years and decades. Space radiation is a primary source of degradation, reliability issues, and potentially failure for these electronic components. Although simulation and modeling are valuable for understanding the radiation risk to microelectronics, there is no substitute for testing, and an increased use of commercial-off-the- shelf parts in spacecraft may actually increase requirements for testing, as opposed to simulation and modeling. Testing at the Speed of Light evaluates the nation's current capabilities and future needs for testing the effects of space radiation on microelectronics to ensure mission success and makes recommendations on how to provide effective stewardship of the necessary radiation test infrastructure for the foreseeable future.
Download or read book ORR Irradiation Experiment OF 1 written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The OF-1 capsule, the first in a series of High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor fuel irradiations in the Oak Ridge Research Reactor, was irradiated for more than 9300 hr at full reactor power (30 MW). Peak fluences of 1.08 x 1022 neutrons/cm2 (> 0.18 MeV) were achieved. General Atomic Company's magazine P13Q occupied the upper two-thirds of the test space and the ORNL magazine OF-1 the lower one-third. The ORNL portion tested various HTGR recycle particles and fuel bonding matrices at accelerated flux levels under reference HTGR irradiation conditions of temperature, temperature gradient, and fast fluence exposure (> 0.18 MeV).
Download or read book Operation and Postirradiation Examination of ORR Capsule OF 2 written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Advanced Test Reactor Irradiation Facilities and Capabilities written by Raymond V. Furstenau and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The Advanced test Reactor (ATR) is the third generation of test reactors built at the Test Reactor Area (TRA), located in the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL), to study the effects of intense neutron and gamma radiation on reactor materials and fuels. ART has a maximum power of 250MW and can provide maximum thermal neutron fluxes of 1E15 neutrons per square centimeter per second. this allows considerable acceleration of accumulated neutron fluence to materials and fuels over what would be seen in a typical power reactor. Since power operation of the ATR began in 1969, numerous testing methods have been developed to take advantage of the capabilities of the ATR. The wide range of experimental facilities in the ATR and the unique ability to vary the neutron flux in different areas of the core allow numerous experiment conditions to co-exist during the same reactor operating cycle. Simple experiments may involve a non-instrumented sealed capsule containing test specimens with no real-time monitoring and control capabilities. More sophisticated testing facilities include inert gas temperature control systems and pressurized water loops that have continuous chemistry, pressure, temperature, and flow control as well as numerous test specimen monitoring capabilities. There are also apparatus that allow for the simulation of reactor transients on test specimens. The Irradiation Test Vehicle, installed in 1999, is the newest testing apparatus in the ATR that accommodates up to fifteen separate tests, each with its own temperature control and monitoring capabilities as well as neutron spectral tailoring capability. The U.S. Department of Energy intends to maintain and expand the capabilities of the ATR to ensure it remains a viable facility for the Department's materials and fuels testing programs for the foreseeable future." -- Page[1].
Download or read book HRB 22 Irradiation Phase Test Data Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Irradiation capsule HRB-22 was a test capsule containing advanced Japanese fuel for the High Temperature Test Reactor (HTTR). Its function was to obtain fuel performance data at HTTR operating temperatures in an accelerated irradiation environment. The irradiation was performed in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The capsule was irradiated for 88.8 effective full power days in position RB-3B of the removable beryllium (RB) facility. The maximum fuel compact temperature was maintained at or below the allowable limit of 1300°C for a majority of the irradiation. This report presents the data collected during the irradiation test. Included are test thermocouple and gas flow data, the calculated maximum and volume average temperatures based on the measured graphite temperatures, measured gaseous fission product activity in the purge gas, and associated release rate-to-birth rate (R/B) results. Also included are quality assurance data obtained during the test.
Download or read book Reviews Of Accelerator Science And Technology Volume 4 Accelerator Applications In Industry And The Environment written by Alexander Wu Chao and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2012-02-20 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since their debut in the late 1920s, particle accelerators have evolved into a backbone for the development of science and technology in modern society. Of about 30,000 accelerators at work in the world today, a majority is for applications in industry (about 20,000 systems worldwide).There are two major categories of industrial applications: materials processing and treatment, and materials analysis. Materials processing and treatment includes ion implantation (semi-conductor materials, metals, ceramics, etc.) and electron beam irradiation (sterilization of medical devices, food pasteurization, treatment of carcasses and tires, cross-linking of polymers, cutting and welding, curing of composites, etc.). Materials analysis covers ion beam analysis (IBA), non-destructive detection using photons and neutrons, as well as accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). All the products that are processed, treated and inspected using beams from particle accelerators are estimated to have a collective value of US$500 billion per annum worldwide. Accelerators are also applied for environment protection, such as purifying drinking water, treating waste water, disinfecting sewage sludge and removing pollutants from flue gases.Industrial accelerators continue to evolve, in terms of new applications, qualities and capabilities, and reduction of their costs. Breakthroughs are encountered whenever a new product is made, or an existing product becomes more cost effective. Their impact on our society continues to grow with the potential to address key issues in economics or the society of today.This volume contains fourteen articles, all authored by renowned scientists in their respective fields.
Download or read book Postirradiation Examination and Evaluation of Peach Bottom Fuel Test Elements FTE 14 and FTE 15 written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Peach Bottom fuel test elements FTE-14 and FTE-15 were companion nonaccelerated tests of fuel rods and fuel particles representative of the Large High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (LHTGR). The purpose of the tests was to broaden the data base of H-327 graphite and various fuel types; specifically, UO2, UC2, weak acid resin UC(subscript x)/O/sub y/, and several fertile fuel types were tested. The irradiation reached peak fuel temperatures of 1600°C volume- and time-averaged temperatures of 1300°C, and fast fluence exposures up to 2 x 1025 n/m2 (E> 29 fJ)/sub HTGR/. Experimental results were compared with predictions based on accelerated irradiation tests, postirradiation heating, and other Peach Bottom test elements to validate HTGR design codes. The nuclear design predictions were modified by measurements which allowed the verification of thermal design calculations and thermocouple readings.
Download or read book Accelerated Aging written by Robert L. Feller and published by Getty Publications. This book was released on 1995-03-02 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accelerated Aging: Photochemical and Thermal Aspects represents the culmination of more than 40 years of research by noted scientist Robert L. Feller. The book focuses on the long-term performance of materials such as wool, dyes, and organic compounds; their resistance to change when exposed to environmental factors such as oxygen, ozone, moisture, heat, and light; and their physical durability with handling and use over time. Processes of deterioration are discussed based on speeded-up laboratory studies designed to clarify the chemical reactions involved and their physical consequences.
Download or read book Irradiation Effects on the Microstructure and Properties of Metals written by and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1976 with total page 491 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Passive Nondestructive Assay of Nuclear Materials written by Doug Reilly and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 700 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
