Download or read book Abiotic Influences on Free living Microbial Communities in Hydrothermal Vent Ecosystems written by Heather Craig Olins and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The combination of metabolic rate measurements, metatranscriptomics, and colonization experiments presented here, all with co-registered geochemistry, underscore the substantial heterogeneity of these systems and offer insights into the relative strengths of the abiotic forces that help to govern these ecosystems.
Download or read book The Ecology of Deep sea Hydrothermal Vents written by Cindy Van Dover and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Teeming with weird and wonderful life--giant clams and mussels, tubeworms, "eyeless" shrimp, and bacteria that survive on sulfur--deep-sea hot-water springs are found along rifts where sea-floor spreading occurs. The theory of plate tectonics predicted the existence of these hydrothermal vents, but they were discovered only in 1977. Since then the sites have attracted teams of scientists seeking to understand how life can thrive in what would seem to be intolerable or extreme conditions of temperature and fluid chemistry. Some suspect that these vents even hold the key to understanding the very origins of life. Here a leading expert provides the first authoritative and comprehensive account of this research in a book intended for students, professionals, and general readers. Cindy Lee Van Dover, an ecologist, brings nearly two decades of experience and a lively writing style to the text, which is further enhanced by two hundred illustrations, including photographs of vent communities taken in situ. The book begins by explaining what is known about hydrothermal systems in terms of their deep-sea environment and their geological and chemical makeup. The coverage of microbial ecology includes a chapter on symbiosis. Symbiotic relationships are further developed in a section on physiological ecology, which includes discussions of adaptations to sulfide, thermal tolerances, and sensory adaptations. Separate chapters are devoted to trophic relationships and reproductive ecology. A chapter on community dynamics reveals what has been learned about the ways in which vent communities become established and why they persist, while a chapter on evolution and biogeography examines patterns of species diversity and evolutionary relationships within chemosynthetic ecosystems. Cognate communities such as seeps and whale skeletons come under scrutiny for their ability to support microbial and invertebrate communities that are ecologically and evolutionarily related to hydrothermal faunas. The book concludes by exploring the possibility that life originated at hydrothermal vents, a hypothesis that has had tremendous impact on our ideas about the potential for life on other planets or planetary bodies in our solar system.
Download or read book The Social Biology of Microbial Communities written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-01-10 with total page 633 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beginning with the germ theory of disease in the 19th century and extending through most of the 20th century, microbes were believed to live their lives as solitary, unicellular, disease-causing organisms . This perception stemmed from the focus of most investigators on organisms that could be grown in the laboratory as cellular monocultures, often dispersed in liquid, and under ambient conditions of temperature, lighting, and humidity. Most such inquiries were designed to identify microbial pathogens by satisfying Koch's postulates.3 This pathogen-centric approach to the study of microorganisms produced a metaphorical "war" against these microbial invaders waged with antibiotic therapies, while simultaneously obscuring the dynamic relationships that exist among and between host organisms and their associated microorganisms-only a tiny fraction of which act as pathogens. Despite their obvious importance, very little is actually known about the processes and factors that influence the assembly, function, and stability of microbial communities. Gaining this knowledge will require a seismic shift away from the study of individual microbes in isolation to inquiries into the nature of diverse and often complex microbial communities, the forces that shape them, and their relationships with other communities and organisms, including their multicellular hosts. On March 6 and 7, 2012, the Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a public workshop to explore the emerging science of the "social biology" of microbial communities. Workshop presentations and discussions embraced a wide spectrum of topics, experimental systems, and theoretical perspectives representative of the current, multifaceted exploration of the microbial frontier. Participants discussed ecological, evolutionary, and genetic factors contributing to the assembly, function, and stability of microbial communities; how microbial communities adapt and respond to environmental stimuli; theoretical and experimental approaches to advance this nascent field; and potential applications of knowledge gained from the study of microbial communities for the improvement of human, animal, plant, and ecosystem health and toward a deeper understanding of microbial diversity and evolution. The Social Biology of Microbial Communities: Workshop Summary further explains the happenings of the workshop.
Download or read book Hydrothermal microbial ecosystems written by Andreas Teske and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2015-11-24 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The papers in the "Hydrothermal Vent" e-book cover a range of microbiological research in deep and shallow hydrothermal environments, from high temperature “black smokers,” to diffuse flow habitats and episodically discharging subsurface fluids, to the hydrothermal plumes. Together they provide a snapshot of current research interests in a field that has evolved rapidly since the discovery of hydrothermal vents in 1977. Hydrothermally influenced microbial habitats and communities represent a wide spectrum of geological setting, chemical in-situ regimes, and biotic communities; the classical examples of basalt-hosted black smoker chimneys at active mid-ocean spreading centers have been augmented by hydrothermally heated and chemically altered sediments, microbiota fueled by serpentinization reactions, and low-temperature vents with unusual menus of electron donors. Environmental gradients and niches provide habitats for unusual or unprecedented microorganisms and microbial ecosystems. The discovery of novel extremophiles underscores untapped microbial diversity in hydrothermal vent microbial communities. Different stages of hydrothermal activity, from early onset to peak activity, gradual decline, and persistence of cold and fossil vent sites, correspond to different colonization waves by microorganisms as well as megafauna. Perhaps no other field in microbiology is so intertwined with the geological and geochemical evolution of the oceans, and promises so many biochemical and physiological discoveries still to be made within the unexhausted richness of extreme microbial life.
Download or read book Life at Vents and Seeps written by Jens Kallmeyer and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2017-11-07 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vents and seeps are the epitome of life in extreme environments, but there is much more to these systems than just black smokers or hydrocarbon seeps. Many other ecosystems are characterized by moving fluids and this book provides an overview of the different habitats, their specific conditions as well as the technical challenges that have to be met when studying them. The book provides the current state of the art and will be a valuable resource for everybody that has an interest in such environments.
Download or read book Molecular Ecology of Free living Chemoautotrophic Microbial Communities at a Shallow sea Hydrothermal Vent written by Chia-I Huang and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Microbial Ecology of Deep sea Hydrothermal Vents written by Ileana Pérez-Rodríguez and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global influence of mid-oceanic ridges (MOR) first became apparent through continental drifting--its immanent force easily appreciated in today's resulting continents. The role of MORs as a source of global-ocean chemistry is less apparent but equally immense. Key to these processes is fluid-rock reactions between circulating seawater and hot new basalt. With the discovery of hydrothermal vent ecosystems in the 1970's, yet another important consequence of rock-fluid interaction was established in chemosynthesis. Early photographic descriptions of "frosted white and yellow precipitates" covering basalt rocks close to discharged hydrothermal fluids, with benthic communities emerging from them, referred to the now known chemosynthetic biofilms that interact with hydrothermal fluids. These microorganisms have a pivotal role in transforming the geochemistry of Earth's oceans. The main objectives of this dissertation are to study anaerobic chemosynthetic vent microorganisms, and to explore the molecular ecology of these biofilm communities. Initial approaches included isolation of anaerobic chemosynthetic microorganisms resulting in the description of two novel bacterial species: the epsilonproteobacterium Nautilia nitratireducens strain MB-1T, and Phorcys thermohydrogeniphilus strain HB-8T, a new genus in the Aquificales. Both bacteria are obligate thermophilic anaerobes, capable of hydrogen oxidation coupled to sulfur- and nitrate-reduction. Further investigation focused on mechanisms regulating vent biofilms, the dominant growth strategy in vent microbial communities. Quorum-sensing (QS), a mechanism relying on cell density and the production of extracellular signals for cell-cell communication, is used by many microbial species to regulate biofilm formation. One QS signal is Autoinducer-2, whose precursor is synthesized by the LuxS enzyme. To study QS in vent environments, Caminibacter mediatlanticus and Sulfurovum lithotrophicum, cultured members of the well represented Epsilonproteobacteria, were used as model systems. The luxS gene and transcripts were detected in their genomes and during growth, respectively; these luxS-expressing cultures induced bioluminescence, a QS response, in a Vibrio harveyi reporter strain. Detection of luxS transcripts in-situ, also indicated that QS is likely occurring in natural vent biofilms. This data demonstrates that vent Epsilonproteobacteria posses the luxS/AI-2 system for cell-cell communication. This work is relevant to our overall understanding of microbial phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental factors.
Download or read book Marine Metapopulations written by Jacob P. Kritzer and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-07-20 with total page 573 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Technological improvements have greatly increased the ability of marine scientists to collect and analyze data over large spatial scales, and the resultant insights attainable from interpreting those data vastly increase understanding of poplation dynamics, evolution and biogeography. Marine Metapopulations provides a synthesis of existing information and understanding, and frames the most important future directions and issues. First book to systematically apply metapopulation theory directly to marine systems Contributions from leading international ecologists and fisheries biologists Perspectives on a broad array of marine organisms and ecosystems, from coastal estuaries to shallow reefs to deep-sea hydrothermal vents Critical science for improved management of marine resources Paves the way for future research on large-scale spatial ecology of marine systems
Download or read book Environmental Microbiology Fundamentals and Applications written by Jean-Claude Bertrand and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-01-26 with total page 933 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a treatise on microbial ecology that covers traditional and cutting-edge issues in the ecology of microbes in the biosphere. It emphasizes on study tools, microbial taxonomy and the fundamentals of microbial activities and interactions within their communities and environment as well as on the related food web dynamics and biogeochemical cycling. The work exceeds the traditional domain of microbial ecology by revisiting the evolution of cellular prokaryotes and eukaryotes and stressing the general principles of ecology. The overview of the topics, authored by more than 80 specialists, is one of the broadest in the field of environmental microbiology. The overview of the topics, authored by more than 80 specialists, is one of the broadest in the field of environmental microbiology.
Download or read book Freshwater Microbiology written by David C. Sigee and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2005-09-27 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique textbook takes a broad look at the rapidly expanding field of freshwater microbiology. Concentrating on the interactions between viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi and micro-invertebrates, the book gives a wide biological appeal. Alongside conventional aspects such as phytoplankton characterisation, seasonal changes and nutrient cycles, the title focuses on the dynamic and applied aspects that are not covered within the current textbooks in the field. Complete coverage of all fresh water biota from viruses to invertebrates Unique focus on microbial interactions including coverage of biofilms, important communities on all exposed rivers and lakes. New information on molecular and microscopical techniques including a study of gene exchange between bacteria in the freshwater environment. Unique emphasis on the applied aspects of freshwater microbiology with particular emphasis on biodegradation and the causes and remediation of eutrophication and algal blooms.
Download or read book Magma to Microbe written by Robert P. Lowell and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-01-14 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 178. Hydrothermal systems at oceanic spreading centers reflect the complex interactions among transport, cooling and crystallization of magma, fluid circulation in the crust, tectonic processes, water-rock interaction, and the utilization of hydrothermal fluids as a metabolic energy source by microbial and macro-biological ecosystems. The development of mathematical and numerical models that address these complex linkages is a fundamental part the RIDGE 2000 program that attempts to quantify and model the transfer of heat and chemicals from "mantle to microbes" at oceanic ridges. This volume presents the first "state of the art" picture of model development in this context. The most outstanding feature of this volume is its emphasis on mathematical and numerical modeling of a broad array of hydrothermal processes associated with oceanic spreading centers. By examining the state of model development in one volume, both cross-fertilization of ideas and integration across the disparate disciplines that study seafloor hydrothermal systems is facilitated. Students and scientists with an interest in oceanic spreading centers in general and more specifically in ridge hydrothermal processes will find this volume to be an up-to-date and indispensable resource.
Download or read book Ecological and Evolutionary Strategies of Archaeal Bacterial and Viral Communities in Deep sea Hydrothermal Vents written by Rika Elizabeth Anderson and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The deep-sea hydrothermal vent habitat, formed by subsurface water-rock reactions that create high-temperature hydrothermal fluid, is dominated by physical, chemical, and mineralogical gradients. The mixing of cold, oxidized seawater with hot, reduced hydrothermal fluid produces environments that span a range of temperatures, pH, redox potential, chemical composition, and mineralogy, with constant fluid flux between these regions. Communities of archaea, bacteria, and viruses live across the gradients within these systems and are both exposed to and transported by these fluids. Since these conditions can push the boundaries of the limits for life, may represent conditions found on other planetary bodies, and are thought to have been important for the early evolution of life on this planet, the study of microbial adaptation to hydrothermal vents is of great astrobiological importance. This dissertation explores how these extreme gradients structure hydrothermal vent microbial and viral communities, and what evolutionary strategies are used by both cells and viruses in hydrothermal systems to adapt to these extremes. The first part of this dissertation address adaptation on the community level by examining microbial community structuring in various niches within the vent environment. First, I explore microbial niche partitioning across diffuse flow and plumes in hydrothermal vent systems, using a combination of microbial community profiling techniques and qPCR to demonstrate that certain microbial lineages are found in high abundance in particular conditions, but are far less abundant in other regions of the gradient. Second, I use 16S pyrotag sequencing to compare the structures of the rare and abundant biospheres across several hydrothermal vent systems worldwide. Through this I demonstrate that archaeal communities exhibit fundamentally different biogeographic patterning compared to bacterial communities. Whereas bacterial rare and abundant groups show similar biogeographic patterning, abundant archaeal groups are generally cosmopolitan and abundant everywhere but rare archaeal groups are biogeographically restricted. The second part of my dissertation focuses on adaptive strategies among viruses and their microbial hosts. I first demonstrate a novel method by which to identify potential hosts of a viral assemblage using metagenomics, showing that viruses in the vent system have the potential to infect a wide range of hosts. Finally, I use comparative metagenomics to demonstrate that the viral fraction in a high-temperature hydrothermal system is relatively enriched in energy-metabolizing genes, and present evidence suggesting that these genes are transferred by viruses as an adaptive strategy to enhance host metabolic plasticity in a dynamic environment. Taken together, this work indicates that the gradient-dominated nature of vent systems fosters a diverse microbial community through adaptation to particular niches, and that virally-mediated transfer of genes between these diverse hosts creates genomic plasticity to facilitate adaptation to the vent environment. In this sense niche partitioning drives these microbial lineages apart, while horizontal gene transfer allows them to borrow adaptive strategies from each other.
Download or read book Ocean Acidification written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-09-14 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ocean has absorbed a significant portion of all human-made carbon dioxide emissions. This benefits human society by moderating the rate of climate change, but also causes unprecedented changes to ocean chemistry. Carbon dioxide taken up by the ocean decreases the pH of the water and leads to a suite of chemical changes collectively known as ocean acidification. The long term consequences of ocean acidification are not known, but are expected to result in changes to many ecosystems and the services they provide to society. Ocean Acidification: A National Strategy to Meet the Challenges of a Changing Ocean reviews the current state of knowledge, explores gaps in understanding, and identifies several key findings. Like climate change, ocean acidification is a growing global problem that will intensify with continued CO2 emissions and has the potential to change marine ecosystems and affect benefits to society. The federal government has taken positive initial steps by developing a national ocean acidification program, but more information is needed to fully understand and address the threat that ocean acidification may pose to marine ecosystems and the services they provide. In addition, a global observation network of chemical and biological sensors is needed to monitor changes in ocean conditions attributable to acidification.
Download or read book World Ocean Assessment written by Alan Simcock and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-04-17 with total page 978 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This United Nations report examines the current state of knowledge of the world's oceans, for policymakers, and provides a reference for marine science courses.
Download or read book Marine Ecosystems written by André Monaco and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-10-12 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a perspective of sustainable management, the balance between ecological dynamics, social and economic are now at the heart of ecological modeling and environmental strategies screenwriting. Diversity and marine ecosystems function illustrates biodiversity, habitat diversity, structures and food webs in various oceans of the world and systems: pelagic and benthic ecosystems, coral reefs and seagrass beds, oasis of hydrothermal vents ridges or areas rich upwelling. Appropriate observation methods, long-term monitoring and modeling reveal the complexity of systems, trophic interactions and spatiotemporal dynamics. The ecosystem approach is a prerequisite to assess the state of these systems, their living resources and ecological services involved in local and global environmental changes.
Download or read book Alien Deep written by Bradley Hague and published by National Geographic Books. This book was released on 2012 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Named 2013 Outstanding Science Trade Book for Students K-12 by the National Science Teachers Association and the Children's Book Council Appealing to children over age ten, this engaging reference book depicts adventurous and thrilling elements in oceanographic fieldwork. In conjunction with a National Geographic television show, this book will reach a huge audience of marine lovers, as well as children interested in science and exploration. Alien Deep outshines the competition by following a recent, specific deepwater exploration that illuminates new knowledge about our oceans. Following alongside a current expedition, Alien Deep will enable children to observe the processes involved in marine exploration. As scientists delve into the mysterious depths of the ocean, children will be able to witness the excitement of scientific exploration and discovery through enriching text and stunning photography. By describing a recent exploration, children will be able to read and see the new methods and technology that oceanographers use to conduct research.
Download or read book World heritage in the high seas written by Freestone, David and published by UNESCO Publishing. This book was released on 2016-08-08 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
