Download or read book A Xenon Time Projection Chamber for Double Beta Decay written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A High Pressure Xenon Time Projection Chamber for Double Beta Decay written by Bridget Mary Geraldine O'Callaghan-Hay and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Gaseous Xenon Time Projection Chamber and Its Use for the Double Beta Decay Experiment written by Dong Hwan Lee and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Search for Double Beta Decay of Xenon to Excited States of Barium with EXO 200 written by Sereres Johnston and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis presents searches for several modes of double beta decays of 136Xe to two low-lying excited levels of 136Ba. For each final level, both 2[nu] and 0[nu] double beta decay processes are considered. The data and general techniques developed by the EXO-200 collaboration are used, including a Machine Learning process to improve sensitivity in multivariate space. EXO-200 is an experimental program searching for 0[nu][beta][beta] decay in a time projection chamber filled with 175 kg of liquid Xenon enriched to 80% 136Xe, functioning as both source and detector. Experimental searches of double beta decay with 136Xe and other isotopes are motivated by non Standard Model neutrinoless decay (0[nu][beta][beta]) possibilities. If found this would imply the Majorana nature of neutrinos, provide access to the currently unknown absolute mass scale of the neutrino, and violate lepton conservation by 2 units. Nuclear matrix elements necessary to connecting observed neutrinoless halflife to the neutrino mass scale depend on nuclear models. Observation of both the 2[nu] 0+ excited and 0+ ground state in a single element may constrain these models. Sensitivity studies of search performance are described, and final sensitivities from 7.86 · 10^23 years to 2.00 · 10^25 years are reported.

Download or read book A Search for Double Beta Decay in 136XE with a Time Projection Chamber written by Henry Tsz-king Wong and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Sensitivity of NEXT 100 to Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NEXT-100 is an electroluminescent high-pressure xenon gas time projection chamber that will search for the neutrinoless double beta (0[nu][beta][beta]) decay of $^$Xe. The detector possesses two features of great value for 0[nu][beta][beta] searches: energy resolution better than 1% FWHM at the Q value of $^$Xe and track reconstruction for the discrimination of signal and background events. This combination results in excellent sensitivity, as discussed in this paper. Material-screening measurements and a detailed Monte Carlo detector simulation predict a background rate for NEXT-100 of at most 4 × 10$^{-4}$ counts keV$^{-1}$ kg$^{-1}$ yr$^{-1}$. Furthermore, the detector will reach a sensitivity to the 0[nu][beta][beta]-decay half-life of 2.8 × 10$^{25}$ years (90% CL) for an exposure of 100 kg·year, or 6.0 × 10$^{25}$ years after a run of 3 effective years.

Download or read book Sixty Years Of Double Beta Decay From Nuclear Physics To Beyond Standard Model written by Hans Volker Klapdor-kleingrothaus and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2001-04-30 with total page 1313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nuclear double beta decay is one of the most promising tools for probing beyond-the-standard-model physics on beyond-accelerator energy scales. It is already now probing the TeV scale, on which new physics should manifest itself according to theoretical expectations. Only in the early 1980s was it known that double beta decay yields information on the Majorana mass of the exchanged neutrino. At present, the sharpest bound for the electron neutrino mass arises from this process. It is only in the last 10 years that the much more far-reaching potential of double beta decay has been discovered. Today, the potential of double beta decay includes a broad range of topics that are equally relevant to particle physics and astrophysics, such as masses of heavy neutrinos, of sneutrinos, as SUSY models, compositeness, leptoquarks, left-right symmetric models, and tests of Lorentz symmetry and equivalence principle in the neutrino sector. Double beta decay has become indispensable nowadays for solving the problem of the neutrino mass spectrum and the structure of the neutrino mass matrix — together with present and future solar and atmospheric neutrino oscillation experiments. Some future double beta experiments (like GENIUS) will be capable to be simultaneously neutrino observatories for double beta decay and low-energy solar neutrinos, and observatories for cold dark matter of ultimate sensitivity.This invaluable book outlines the development of double beta research from its beginnings until its most recent achievements, and also presents the outlook for its highly exciting future.

Download or read book Seventy Years of Double Beta Decay written by H. V. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2010 with total page 1559 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ch. 1. Double beta decay - historical retrospective and perspectives. 1.1. From the early days until the gauge theory era. 1.2. The nuclear physics side - nuclear matrix elements. 1.3. Double beta decay, neutrino mass models and cosmological parameters - status and prospects. 1.4. Other beyond standard model physics : from SUSY and leptoquarks to compositeness and space time structure. 1.5. The experimental race : from the late eighties to the discovery of [symbol] decay. 1.6. The future of double beta decay. 1.7. Conclusion -- ch. 2. Original articles. 2.1. From the early days until the gauge theory era. 2.2. The nuclear physics side - nuclear matrix elements. 2.3. Double beta decay, neutrino mass models and cosmological parameters - status and prospects. 2.4. Other beyond standard model physics : from SUSY and leptoquarks to compositeness and space time structure. 2.5. The experimental race : from the late eighties to the discovery of [symbol] decay. 2.6. The future of double beta decay

Download or read book Sixty Years of Double Beta Decay written by H. V. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2001 with total page 1324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nuclear double beta decay is one of the most promising tools for probing beyond-the-standard-model physics on beyond-accelerator energy scales. It is already now probing the TeV scale, on which new physics should manifest itself according to theoretical expectations. Only in the early 1980s was it known that double beta decay yields information on the Majorana mass of the exchanged neutrino. At present, the sharpest bound for the electron neutrino mass arises from this process. It is only in the last 10 years that the much more far-reaching potential of double beta decay has been discovered. Today, the potential of double beta decay includes a broad range of topics that are equally relevant to particle physics and astrophysics, such as masses of heavy neutrinos, of sneutrinos, as SUSY models, compositeness, leptoquarks, left-right symmetric models, and tests of Lorentz symmetry and equivalence principle in the neutrino sector. Double beta decay has become indispensable nowadays for solving the problem of the neutrino mass spectrum and the structure of the neutrino mass matrix OCo together with present and future solar and atmospheric neutrino oscillation experiments. Some future double beta experiments (like GENIUS) will be capable to be simultaneously neutrino observatories for double beta decay and low-energy solar neutrinos, and observatories for cold dark matter of ultimate sensitivity. This invaluable book outlines the development of double beta research from its beginnings until its most recent achievements, and also presents the outlook for its highly exciting future. Contents: Double Beta Decay OCo Historical Retrospective and Perspectives; Original Articles: From the Early Days until the Gauge Theory Era; The Nuclear Physics Side OCo Nuclear Matrix Elements; The Nuclear Physics Side OCo Nuclear Matrix Elements; Effective Neutrino Masses from Double Beta Decay, Neutrino Mass Models and Cosmological Parameters OCo Present Status and Prospects; Other Beyond Standard Model Physics: From SUSY and Leptoquarks to Compositeness and Quantum Foam; The Experimental Race: From the Late Eighties to the Future; The Future of Double Beta Decay; Appendices: Ten Years of HeidelbergOCoMoscow Experiment; The Potential Future OCo GENIUS. Readership: Particle physicists, nuclear physicists and astrophysicists."

Download or read book Physics of Massive Neutrinos written by Felix Boehm and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1992-06-26 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neutrinos play a decisive part in nuclear and elementary particle physics, as well as in astrophysics and cosmology. Some of their most basic properties, such as their mass and charge conjugation symmetry, are largely unknown. This book focuses on what we know and may hope to know about the mass of the neutrino and its particle-antiparticle symmetry. Topics include neutrino mixing, neutrino decay, neutrino oscillations, double beta decay, solar neutrinos, supernova neutrinos and related issues. The authors stress the physical concepts, and discuss both theoretical and experimental techniques. This updated second edition differs from the first in that it contains an expanded coverage of experimental results and theoretical advances. Since publication of the first edition, many issues that were at that time unresolved, such as tritium beta decay and reactor neutrino oscillations, have been clarified and are discussed here. Also included is an expanded coverage of solar and supernova neutrinos. This book deals with one of the most intriguing issues in modern physics, and will be of value to researchers, graduate students and advanced undergraduates specializing in experimental and theoretical particle physics and nuclear physics.

Download or read book Large Time Projection Chambers for Rare Event Detection written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Time Projection Chamber (TPC) concept [add ref to TPC section] has been applied to many projects outside of particle physics and the accelerator based experiments where it was initially developed. TPCs in non-accelerator particle physics experiments are principally focused on rare event detection (e.g. neutrino and darkmater experiments) and the physics of these experiments can place dramatically different constraints on the TPC design (only extensions to the traditional TPCs are discussed here). The drift gas, or liquid, is usually the target or matter under observation and due to very low signal rates a TPC with the largest active mass is desired. The large mass complicates particle tracking of short and sometimes very low energy particles. Other special design issues include, efficient light collection, background rejection, internal triggering and optimal energy resolution. Backgrounds from gamma-rays and neutrons are significant design issues in the construction of these TPCs. They are generally placed deep underground to shield from cosmogenic particles and surrounded with shielding to reduce radiation from the local surroundings. The construction materials have to be carefully screened for radiopurity as they are in close contact with the active mass and can be a signification source of background events. The TPC excels in reducing this internal background because the mass inside the fieldcage forms one monolithic volume from which fiducial cuts can be made ex post facto to isolate quiet drift mass, and can be circulated and purified to a very high level. Self shielding in these large mass systems can be significant and the effect improves with density. The liquid phase TPC can obtain a high density at low pressure which results in very good self-shielding and compact installation with a lightweight containment. The down sides are the need for cryogenics, slower charge drift, tracks shorter than the typical electron diffusion, lower energy resolution (e.g. xenon) and limited charge readout options. Slower charge drift requires long electron lifetimes placing strict limits on the oxygen and other impurities with high electron affinity. A significant variation of the liquid phase TPC, that improves the charge readout, is the dual-phase TPC where a gas phase layer is formed above the liquid into which the drifting electrons are extracted and amplified, typically with electroluminescence. The successful transfer of electrons through the phase boundary requires careful control of its position and setting up an appropriate electric field. A high pressure gas phase TPC has no cryogenics and density is easily optimized for the signal, but a large heavy pressure vessel is required. Although shelf shielding is reduced, it can in some cases approach that of the liquid phase; in xenon at 50atm the density is about half that of water or about 1/6 of liquid xenon. A significant feature of high pressure xenon gas is the energy resolution. Below a density of about 0.5g/cc the intrinsic resolution is only a few times that of high purity germanium. A neutrino-less double beta decay (0[nu]2[beta]) TPC operated below this density limit could enjoy excellent energy resolution and maintain particle tracking for background rejection. An observable interaction with the TPC results in a charged particle that travels in the drift matter exciting and ionizing the atoms until the initial energy is converted into ionization, scintillation, or heat with relatively large fluctuations around a mean distribution. Rare event TPCs can be designed to detect scintillation light as well as charge to exploit the anti-correlation to improve energy resolution and/or signal to noise. An electric drift field separates the electrons and positive ions from the ionization although the separation is not complete and some electrons are captured, exciting atoms and releasing more light than the primary excitation alone. The average partition between the scintillation and ionization can be manipulated to increase the ionization (at a loss of scintillation) by a number of methods such as, increasing the strength of the electric field up to a saturation of the ionization yield, increasing the temperature to enhance the diffusion of the ionized electrons, and adding dopants such as triethylamine that can be photoionized by the scintillation photons releasing more ionization. Scintillation light is typically collected with photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and avalanche photo diodes (APDs) although any fast (compared to the ionization drift speed) light collector capable of detecting the typically UV photons, maintaining high radiopurity and perhaps withstanding pressure would work. CCDs are slow and therefore only record 2 dimensions integrating over the time direction, some of which can be recovered with a few PMTs.

Download or read book The Time Projection Chamber written by J.A. Macdonald and published by AIP Conference Proceedings (Nu. This book was released on 1984 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book High Pressure Xenon Detectors for Rare Physics Searches written by Joshua Edward Renner and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High pressure xenon gas detectors have the potential to significantly contribute to searches for rare physics processes such as neutrinoless double beta (0[nu][beta][beta]) decay and interactions of dark matter with ordinary matter. We summarize the physics and implications of these two phenomena and discuss experimental developments conducted with an electroluminescent high pressure xenon time projection chamber (TPC). The detector was constructed as a prototype for the NEXT experiment - Neutrino Experiment with a Xenon TPC - and was intended to demonstrate an ability to detect electron recoils with an energy resolution sufficient for a strong neutrinoless double beta decay search. Using the low-gain ionization signal amplification process of electroluminescence, we are able to obtain an energy resolution of approximately 1% FWHM in the detection of 662 keV gamma rays. In addition, we demonstrate basic particle tracking capabilities using a silicon photomultiplier-based tracking plane, a technique also relevant to the NEXT approach in searching for 0[nu][beta][beta] decay. To investigate the possibility of a gaseous xenon dark matter detector, we also characterize the ionization and scintillation signals produced by nuclear recoils in the TPC and compare them to the corresponding signals produced by electron recoils. The nuclear recoils are produced using radioisotope neutron sources. Our measurements demonstrate the ability to discriminate between electron and nuclear recoils using the ratio of ionization to scintillation produced on an event-by-event basis and provide an estimate of the ionization and scintillation yields of nuclear recoils in gaseous xenon. We end with a discussion of the physical principles behind another approach to obtaining nearly-intrinsic energy resolution in a noble gas detector. This approach, called negative ion drift, consists of drifting negative ions produced by intentionally introducing impurities into a gaseous medium that capture ionization electrons. These negative ions are then counted individually by detaching and amplifying the electron they carry. We develop a basic formalism in an attempt to understand the ion drift and detachment processes that are critical to the implementation of this technique.

Download or read book Double Beta decay written by Rolf G. Winter and published by . This book was released on 1951 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 620 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Cities and Their Vital Systems written by Advisory Committee on Technology and Society and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1989 with total page 1298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cities and Their Vital Systems asks basic questions about the longevity, utility, and nature of urban infrastructures; analyzes how they grow, interact, and change; and asks how, when, and at what cost they should be replaced. Among the topics discussed are problems arising from increasing air travel and airport congestion; the adequacy of water supplies and waste treatment; the impact of new technologies on construction; urban real estate values; and the field of "telematics," the combination of computers and telecommunications that makes money machines and national newspapers possible.

Download or read book Joint International Lepton photon Symposium And Europhysics Conference On High Energy Physics Lp hep 91 In 2 Volumes written by Seamus Hegarty and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1992-05-26 with total page 1432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The proceedings of the Joint International Lepton-Photon Symposium and Europhysics Conference on High Energy Physics cover the full range of frontline research in high energy particle physics. The latest results, both theoretical and experimental, are presented and reviews of recent developments in instrumentation and accelerator techniques are included.Volume one summarises the highly specialised topics presented in the parallel sessions while the second volume contains the review talks given by the invited speakers.