Download or read book A Techno economic Analysis of Ethanol Production from Hydrolysis of Cellulose with Nanoscale Magnetic Solid Acid Catalysts written by Trevor Joseph Ault and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Acid catalysts have been shown to be very successful in the pretreatment of cellulosic biomass to improve glucose yield and improve overall yield of ethanol. This report presents the results of a techno-economic study that looks into the use of nanoscale magnetic solid acid catalysts for glucose production. Magnetic solid acid catalysts are an improvement over using diluted acid due to eliminating acid-waste generation and corrosion hazards. Their magnetic nature also allows them to be easily separated from reaction products by an external magnetic force. After the technology is analyzed, a series of unit operations is proposed to go from the laboratory scale to the industrial plant scale. The next step was to develop material and energy balances using HYSYS process simulation software. Capital and operating costs are estimated and all the information is combined into a discounted cash flow economic model. The economic portion of the report uses a probabilistic cost assessment. It is used to quantify the range of risks in the project from swings in feedstock costs, differences in yield from catalysts, and any other significant variables. Both capital costs (initial equipment & construction investment) and operating costs (feedstock supply, chemicals, and personnell) are included with ranges of error based on databases and expert opinion. This method of evaluating investment efficiency can be helpful for predicting the cost benefits of proposed future research. The yield and percent catalyst magnetically recovered is assumed based on laboratory research to simplify the model. A 2000 metric tons of biomass per day facility was analyzed. Using the magnetic solid acid catalyst technology, the capital costs are estimated to be $160 million and this technology saves around 10% of capital costs compared to ethanol plants that uses conventional acid hydrolysis. The yield of the magnetic solid acid catalysts should be around 75% to compete with existing ethanol technologies. The metric used for this report is the discount profitability index (DPI) which is the ratio of future cash flows divided by investment. A DPI "hurdle rate" of 1.3 is used, which is similar to industry economic metrics of projects that include new process plants. The calculated DPI for the project is 1.38 DPI which is higher than using conventional cellulose treatment technologies. The recommendation is continue to study this technology's large scale applicability before attempting any plant pilot studies.

Download or read book Biochemical Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol written by Deepak Kumar and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ethanol production from lignocellulosic feedstock has been under intense scrutiny as a transportation fuel due to its potential to address concerns of increasing energy consumption, limited fossil energy resources, climate changes due to greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels, and especially use of non-food biomaterials, which address the biggest limitation of first generation bioethanol. Despite these advantages, the lignocellulosic ethanol production on commercial scale is still on verge because of high processing costs of ethanol production. In the biochemical conversion process, biomass is converted to ethanol by sequential steps of pretreatment (to reduce the recalcitrance of biomass), hydrolysis (conversion of sugar polymers to monomers) and fermentation (sugars to ethanol). Every year, about a million ton of grass straw is available as agricultural residue in Pacific Northwest. There were no previous comprehensive studies to evaluate the technical feasibility, economic viability and environmental sustainability of the bioethanol produced using grass straw in Willamette valley. The focus of this dissertation was to investigate the potential of cellulosic ethanol production from grass straw, assess the techno-economic viability and environmental impacts of the bioethanol production and development of a stochastic molecular model for modeling cellulose hydrolysis. This dissertation was divided into four studies focused on individual aspects of the overall objective. The first study evaluated the ethanol production potential from straws produced from three major grass seed varieties (perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb) and bentgrass (Agrostis sp.)) in Pacific Northwest. Feedstocks were pretreated using three chemical pretreatments (dilute acid, dilute alkali, and hot water) and subsequently hydrolyzed enzymatically to investigate the effect of pretreatment and estimate the potential ethanol yields. Carbohydrate content in biomass varied from 40.6 to 52.9%, with tall fescue having the maximum cellulose content of 32.4%. All pretreatment were effective in increasing the hydrolysis yields, and theoretical maximum ethanol yields were in the range of 276 to 360 L per ton of biomass. The second study performed the comprehensive techno-economic analysis of ethanol production from tall fescue using dilute acid, dilute alkali, hot water, and steam explosion pretreatment technologies. Detailed process models incorporating all unit operations in lignocellulosic ethanol plant with 250,000 metric ton biomass/ year processing capacity were developed in SuperPro Designer. The ethanol production cost were estimated from $0.81 to $0.88/ L of ethanol, and were found highly sensitive to biomass price, enzyme cost, and pentose sugar fermentation efficiency. Energy from lignin residue burning was found sufficient to meet the steam requirement in the production process. Third study performed the life cycle assessment for bioethanol production from grass straw considering various pretreatment technology options. The study revealed that ethanol production from grass straw provide environmental benefits compared to use of gasoline, with 57.43-112.67% reduction in fossil energy use to produce 10,000 MJ of fuel. The GHG emissions during life cycle of ethanol production were estimated in the range of -131 to -555.4 kg CO2 eq. per 10,000 MJ of fuel. It was observed that assumptions and allocation procedure used during the analysis had a significant effect on the LCA results. During the techno-economic assessment of bioethanol process, it was found that cost of cellulose enzymes was significant fraction of the total ethanol production cost. A comprehensive enzymatic hydrolysis model can play critical role in optimizing the enzyme composition and dosage, improving understanding of the process mechanism and reducing the cost of enzymes, a major bottleneck in the ethanol production process. A novel approach of stochastic molecular modeling, in which each hydrolysis event is translated into a discrete event, was used to develop a mechanistic model for cellulose hydrolysis in the fourth study. Cellulose structure was modeled as a group of microfibrils consisting of elementary fibrils bundles, where each elementary fibril was represented as a three dimensional matrix of glucose molecules. Major structural properties: crystallinity, degree of polymerization, surface accessibility, and enzyme characteristics: mode of action, binding and surface blockage, inhibition, along with the dynamic morphological changes in structure of cellulose were incorporated in the model. Hydrolysis of cellulose was simulated based on Monte Carlo simulation technique. Hydrolysis results predicted by model simulations had shown a good fit with the experimental data from hydrolysis of pure cellulose using purified enzymes for various hydrolysis conditions. The model was effective in capturing the dynamic behavior of cellulose hydrolysis during action of individual as well as multiple cellulases. Model was able to simulate and validate all the important expected experimental observations: effect of structural properties, enzyme inhibition and enzyme loadings on the hydrolysis and degree of synergism on different substrates. The work from this dissertation proved the significance of choosing technology options, drew a comparison among different pretreatment technologies, identified the critical processes and inputs that have significant effect on the ethanol production cost, net energy, and GHG emissions. Results from the last study confirmed the validity of using the stochastic molecular modeling approach to quantitatively and qualitatively describe the cellulose hydrolysis, which has wide potential application in bioethanol production research to reduce the enzyme cost.

Download or read book Process Development Studies on the Bioconversion of Cellulose and Production of Ethanol written by Charles R. Wilke and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Process Development Studies on the Bioconversion of Cellulose and Production of Ethanol written by Charles R. Wilke and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book High temperature Acid Hydrolysis of Cellulose for Alcohol Fuel Production written by John D. Wright and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report presents parametric analyses of high temperature dilute acid hydrolysis of cellulosic feedstocks for the production of ethanol fuels. The chemical and physical structure of cellulosic feedstocks is described, and their influence on the hydrolysis reactions explained. The rationale for the acid hydrolysis process is presented, and the steps described in detail. Hydrolysis kinetics are discussed in detail and illustrated graphically. Large reductions in the price of ethanol are possible, as improvements are made in presently available processes. Increasing the solids concentration in the reactor feed causes the largest reduction in sales price.

Download or read book Techno economic Implications of Fed batch Enzymatic Hydrolysis written by Ellen Emanuel and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As ethanol production continues to increase in the United States, cellulosic ethanol continues to gain traction as a viable option for meeting ethanol demands. In this work, a literature review of techno-economic analyses for cellulosic ethanol was conducted. It was found that pretreatment methods greatly affect the ethanol production costs. There is a lack of techno-economic data comparing a batch enzymatic hydrolysis to a fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis for a separate hydrolysis and fermentation production process. Consequently, a techno-economic analysis comparing cellulosic ethanol production using batch versus fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted. SuperPro Designer software (Intelligen, Scotch Plains, New Jersey), a process simulation tool, was used to simulate ethanol production. The simulation revealed that the biggest difference between batch and fed-batch hydrolysis was facilities costs, which decreased by 41% when using fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis. A sensitivity analysis revealed that our ethanol production costs were most sensitive to the cost of the corn stover biomass. In general our results support the idea that fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis does improve the techno-economics of cellulosic ethanol production, even if the improvements came in process steps we did not expect.

Download or read book Process Synthesis for Fuel Ethanol Production written by C.A. Cardona and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-12-03 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Process engineering can potentially provide the means to develop economically viable and environmentally friendly technologies for the production of fuel ethanol. Focusing on a key tool of process engineering, Process Synthesis for Fuel Ethanol Production is a comprehensive guide to the design and analysis of the most advanced technologies for fuel

Download or read book Emerging Technologies in Ethanol Production written by Neil Hohmann and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Routes to Cellulosic Ethanol written by Marcos Silveira Buckeridge and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-01-07 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The perception that civilization is crossing a period of Global Climatic Changes that can seriously threaten our lifestyle, along with energy security and the search for prosperity, are the main drivers that are pushing men to use more biomass as a source of energy. It will be crucial that such intent will include a large parcel of sustainability so that more renewable energy becomes available for populations. Because large amounts of energy are “hidden” in carbon polymers made by plants, notably carbohydrates, it is obvious that if technologies are developed to produce liquid fuels such as ethanol from carbohydrate polymers such as cellulose, men could significantly increase energy sustainability . This book reviews general aspects of biomass utilization for bioenergy production as well as strategies using biochemistry, molecular biology, chemistry and physics to disassemble plant cell walls. Recent discoveries of basic science under development in several laboratories in the world are reviewed by experts that have been intensively working with many aspects that will impact the development of the technology of production of cellulosic ethanol.

Download or read book Lignocellulose Conversion written by Vincenza Faraco and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-12 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bioethanol has been recognized as a potential alternative to petroleum-derived transportation fuels. Even if cellulosic biomass is less expensive than corn and sugarcane, the higher costs for its conversion make the near-term price of cellulosic ethanol higher than that of corn ethanol and even more than that of sugarcane ethanol. Conventional process for bioethanol production from lignocellulose includes a chemical/physical pre-treatment of lignocellulose for lignin removal, mostly based on auto hydrolysis and acid hydrolysis, followed by saccharification of the free accessible cellulose portions of the biomass. The highest yields of fermentable sugars from cellulose portion are achieved by means of enzymatic hydrolysis, currently carried out using a mix of cellulases from the fungus Trichoderma reesei. Reduction of (hemi)cellulases production costs is strongly required to increase competitiveness of second generation bioethanol production. The final step is the fermentation of sugars obtained from saccharification, typically performed by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The current process is optimized for 6-carbon sugars fermentation, since most of yeasts cannot ferment 5-carbon sugars. Thus, research is aimed at exploring new engineered yeasts abilities to co-ferment 5- and 6-carbon sugars. Among the main routes to advance cellulosic ethanol, consolidate bio-processing, namely direct conversion of biomass into ethanol by a genetically modified microbes, holds tremendous potential to reduce ethanol production costs. Finally, the use of all the components of lignocellulose to produce a large spectra of biobased products is another challenge for further improving competitiveness of second generation bioethanol production, developing a biorefinery.

Download or read book Handbook of Cellulosic Ethanol written by Ananda S. Amarasekara and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-12-23 with total page 608 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive coverage on the growing science and technology of producing ethanol from the world's abundant cellulosic biomass The inevitable decline in petroleum reserves and its impact on gasoline prices, combined with climate change concerns, have contributed to current interest in renewable fuels. Bioethanol is the most successful renewable transport fuel—with corn and sugarcane ethanol currently in wide use as blend-in fuels in the United States, Brazil, and a few other countries. However, there are a number of major drawbacks in these first-generation biofuels, such as their effect on food prices, net energy balance, and poor greenhouse gas mitigation. Alternatively, cellulosic ethanol can be produced from abundant lignocellulosic biomass forms such as agricultural or municipal wastes, forest residues, fast growing trees, or grasses grown in marginal lands, and should be producible in substantial amounts to meet growing global energy demand. The Handbook of Cellulosic Ethanol covers all aspects of this new and vital alternative fuel source, providing readers with the background, scientific theory, and recent research progress in producing cellulosic ethanol via different biochemical routes, as well as future directions. The seventeen chapters include information on: Advantages of cellulosic ethanol over first-generation ethanol as a transportation fuel Various biomass feedstocks that can be used to make cellulosic ethanol Details of the aqueous phase or cellulolysis route, pretreatment, enzyme or acid saccharification, fermentation, simultaneous saccharification fermentation, consolidated bioprocessing, genetically modified microorganisms, and yeasts Details of the syngas fermentation or thermochemical route, gasifiers, syngas cleaning, microorganisms for syngas fermentation, and chemical catalysts for syngas-to-ethanol conversion Distillation and dehydration to fuel-grade ethanol Techno-economical aspects and the future of cellulosic ethanol Readership Chemical engineers, chemists, and technicians working on renewable energy and fuels in industry, research institutions, and universities. The Handbook can also be used by students interested in biofuels and renewable energy issues.

Download or read book Techno economic Analysis for the Thermochemical Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol Via Acetic Acid Synthesis written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomass is a renewable energy resource that can be converted into liquid fuel suitable for transportation applications. As a widely available biomass form, lignocellulosic biomass can have a major impact on domestic transportation fuel supplies and thus help meet the Energy Independence and Security Act renewable energy goals (U.S. Congress 2007). This study performs a techno-economic analysis of the thermo chemical conversion of biomass to ethanol, through methanol and acetic acid, followed by hydrogenation of acetic acid to ethanol. The conversion of syngas to methanol and methanol to acetic acid are well-proven technologies with high conversions and yields. This study was undertaken to determine if this highly selective route to ethanol could provide an already established economically attractive route to ethanol. The feedstock was assumed to be wood chips at 2000 metric ton/day (dry basis). Two types of gasification technologies were evaluated: an indirectly-heated gasifier and a directly-heated oxygen-blown gasifier. Process models were developed and a cost analysis was performed. The carbon monoxide used for acetic acid synthesis from methanol and the hydrogen used for hydrogenation were assumed to be purchased and not derived from the gasifier. Analysis results show that ethanol selling prices are estimated to be $2.79/gallon and $2.81/gallon for the indirectly-heated gasifier and the directly-heated gasifier systems, respectively (1stQ 2008$, 10% ROI). These costs are above the ethanol market price for during the same time period ($1.50 - $2.50/gal). The co-production of acetic acid greatly improves the process economics as shown in the figure below. Here, 20% of the acetic acid is diverted from ethanol production and assumed to be sold as a co-product at the prevailing market prices ($0.40 - $0.60/lb acetic acid), resulting in competitive ethanol production costs.

Download or read book Techno Economic Analysis of Biochemical Scenarios for Production of Cellulosic Ethanol written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A techno-economic analysis on the production of cellulosic ethanol by fermentation was conducted to understand the viability of liquid biofuel production processes within the next 5-8 years. Initially, 35 technologies were reviewed, then a two-step down selection was performed to choose scenarios to be evaluated in a more detailed economic analysis. The lignocellulosic ethanol process was selected because it is well studied and portions of the process have been tested at pilot scales. Seven process variations were selected and examined in detail. Process designs were constrained to public data published in 2007 or earlier, without projecting for future process improvements. Economic analysis was performed for an 'nth plant' (mature technology) to obtain total investment and product value (PV). Sensitivity analysis was performed on PV to assess the impact of variations in process and economic parameters. Results show that the modeled dilute acid pretreatment process without any downstream process variation had the lowest PV of $3.40/gal of ethanol ($5.15/gallon of gasoline equivalent) in 2007 dollars. Sensitivity analysis shows that PV is most sensitive to feedstock and enzyme costs.

Download or read book A Technoeconomic Evaluation of the NYU Acid Hydrolysis Process for Producing Ethanol from Municipal Solid Waste written by and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Advances in Ethanol Research and Application 2013 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2013-06-21 with total page 540 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Ethanol Research and Application: 2013 Edition is a ScholarlyBrief™ that delivers timely, authoritative, comprehensive, and specialized information about ZZZAdditional Research in a concise format. The editors have built Advances in Ethanol Research and Application: 2013 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about ZZZAdditional Research in this book to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Advances in Ethanol Research and Application: 2013 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Download or read book Ethanol Production from Acid Hydrolysis of Biomass written by Newton Baldwin Green and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 790 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Production of Ethanol and Coproducts from MSW derived Cellulosics Using Dilute Sulfuric Acid Hydrolysis written by J. W. Barrier and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: