Download or read book A Study of the Prevention of Calcium Carbonate Scale Formation in Heat Exchangers written by Randal Albert Mehler and published by . This book was released on 1940 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Investigation of the Chemistry of Calcium Carbonate Scale Nucleation and Growth from Seawater on OTEC Heat Exchangers written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Investigation of the Chemistry of Calcium Carbonate Scale Nucleation and Growth from Seawater on OTEC Heat Exchangers written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The potential for calcium carbonate scale formation, from supersaturated seawater on candidate Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion heat exchanger tubes, has been tested under flowing and stagnant seawater, and leaking liquid ammonia conditions. It was not possible to confirm the existence of calcium carbonate in any of the deposits formed. However, the presence of calcium in the deposits, generally as a minor component, indicates that microcrystalline calcium carbonate may be formed. Tests performed on growth rates of calcite and aragonite powders in seawater indicate that the maximum thickening rate of a calcium carbonate scale, under conditions which are likely to be encountered in heat exchanger tubes, is less than 20 .mu.m per month.
Download or read book Calcium Carbonate Scale Formation and Prevention written by P. G. Koutsoukos and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Effect of Operating and Metallurgical Variables on Nucleation and Growth Characteristics of Water formed Calcium Carbonate Scales in Heat Exchangers written by Abdil Hamid Khan and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Scaling in Hot Water Systems written by Eugene Wayne Bennett and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Calcium carbonate scaling of domestic hot water heating systems can be a costly maintenance problem. This is true when considering a water distribution system that provides water to a large industrial and housing complex such as a military base. The maintenance is performed by the base engineering staff, therefore the work load and cost data is recorded such that it is easy to determine the economic value of properly treated water. A water that is non-corrosive and either slightly scale forming or neutral in all cold and hot water systems is said to be stable and in regard to scaling, is properly treated. Unlike a municipal system, the individual occupant on a military base does not pay the cost of improper treatment, at least not directly. Direct treatment of extremely cold subsurface water utilizing the lime/soda ash method creates a high saturation of carbonates in the water. This water, with a high positive Langelier Saturation Index is scale forming in cold water systems. A thin scale provides a protective coating and is generally desirable in all domestic water systems. As temperatures rise, the solubility of the carbonates is decreased and scaling becomes a problem due to formation of thick scale that reduces pipe diameter, clogs valves and heat exchangers. This is particularly true when water temperatures exceed 140°F. After substantial literature review, observations can be made as to causes and cures of scaling in hot water systems. The economics of properly treating water versus the replacement and maintenance cost of hot water systems is generally seen as obvious, but once it has occurred, the alternatives as to what solution is the best-acid cleaning, total pipe and heater replacement, or others--is a decision that needs to be studied for each separate instance. In the case that follows, total replacement was recommended"--C.f. abstract.
Download or read book Water formed Scale Deposits written by Jack C. Cowan and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 616 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book THE EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN CALCIUM SULFATE AND CALCIUM CARBONATE IN BOILER WATERS AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE PREVENTION OF SCALE written by Wilburn Carroll Schroeder and published by . This book was released on 1933 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate and Its Impact on Heat Exchangers of Cooling Water Systems written by Cheng Hoong Kuo and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 788 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Mineral Scale Formation and Inhibition written by Z. Amjad and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-06-06 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book documents the proceedings of the symposium, "Mineral Scale Formation and Inhibition," held at the American Chemical Society Annual Meeting August 21 to 26, 1994, in Washington, D. C. The symposium, sponsored by the Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry, was held in honor of Professor George H. Nancollas for his pioneering work in the field of crystal growth from solution. A total of 30 papers were presented by a wide spectrum of scientists. This book also includes papers that were not presented but were in the symposium program. The separation of a solid by crystallization is one of the oldest and perhaps the most frequently used operations in chemistry. Because of its widespread applicability, in recent years there has been considerable interest exhibited by academic and industrial scientists in understanding the mechanisms of crystallization of sparingly soluble salts. The salt systems of great interest in industrial water treatment area (i. e. , cooling and boiler) include carbon ates, sulfates, phosphates, and phosphonates of alkaline earth metals. Although not as common as calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate, barium and strontium sulfates have long plagued oil field and gas production operations. The build-up of these sparingly soluble salts on equipment surfaces results in lower heat transfer efficiency, increased corrosion rates, increased pumping costs, etc. In the laundry application, insoluble calcium carbonate tends to accumulate on washed fabrics and washing equipment parts, resulting in undesirable fabric-encrustation or scaling.
Download or read book A Study of Water formed Calcium Carbonate Scale Deposits on Metallic Surfaces written by Rhonda Lee McKimpson and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Development of a Calcium Carbonate Scale Formation Experimental Set up for the Evaluation of Physical Water Treatment Devices written by Reinaldo Da Veiga and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Magnetic Water Treatment for Scale Prevention on Water Heater Elements written by Fatma Al-Sharji and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Calcium carbonates is one of the main components of scale that is commonly found in industrial equipment such as hot water systems. Scale formation on heater elements may lead to reduce heat efficiency and shorten the heat service life. Ion exchange softened water are used to reduce the scale formation, but excess salt during regeneration discharged to the wastewater stream, limits the reuse of wastewater for industrial purposes. As a result, non-salt alternative devices would provide consumers with the ability to reduce the impacts of ion exchange softened water without creating negative salinity impacts on wastewater stream. Magnetic water treatment device involves passing a hard water though a magnetic field. This method reduces amount of scale and favors the precipitations of aragonite, a softer type of scale rather than a hard scale, calcite. A water heater system was constructed to quantify the scale formation with tap water by using one proprietary magnetic water treatment device, AkwaMag device, and compare it to untreated tap water at 60°C in systems with a tank with 70.4 in2 of exposed iron and with a tank with little exposure of iron. Accelerated scale formation teste were performed on tanks with and without the magnetic device tested at 30 °C and 60 °C. Scale were collected and characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The water heater simulation study from the experiment with a tank with little exposure of iron showed that the mass of scale was reduced on the magnetically treated water heater element. Aragonite was formed on both untreated and magnetically treated water heating elements, but the weight percentage of aragonite increased on the magnetically treated water heating elements based on the results obtained from XRD. Other compounds were also detected with XRD found in both heating elements. SEM of both heating elements showed the presence of calcium carbonate polymorphs. In accelerated scale study, the weight percentage of aragonite was higher than calcite at 60 °C and 30 °C. However, calcite was reduced in the magnetically treated water heater elements, which indicates the effects of magnetic fields on reducing calcite formation.
Download or read book Heat Transfer Studies of Calcium Carbonate Suspensions in Water written by Aven Patterson Miller and published by . This book was released on 1951 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Prevention of Calcium Carbonate Scale Deposition in Mill Water Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Use of Radiofrequency Treatment in Mitigating Calcium Carbonate Scale Deposition on Heat Transfer Surfaces written by Matthew Ryan and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Determining the operating windows of water treatment programs to control calcium carbonate scaling in water cooled heat exchangers two test cases Chalk River fouling research consortium report 1994 written by C. W. Turner and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
