Download or read book A Study of the Effects of Leverages Ratio on Systematic Risk Based on the Capital Asset Pricing Model Among Accepted Companies in Tehran Stock Market written by Peyman Akbari and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Systematic risk (Beta) is one of the most effective factors in predicting the appropriate required rate of return of portfolios. Understanding systematic risk of usual portfolio of various companies, investors consider financial investment more confidentially. The aim of this study is to determine if there is any significant relationship between Leverages ratio (Operating leverage, financial leverage, Compound Leverage) as independent variables and Systematic risk (Beta) as dependent variables. To do so 115 companies accepted in Tehran Stock Market were selected based on screening (systematic deletion) in an eight-year- period between "2005-2012". The required data were gathered from basic financial statement, committee reports, and other available documents in Tehran Stock Market. Regression and Pearson correlation were used to analyze the data. The results of the study revealed that there is not significant relationship between the variables. Some suggestions regarding the topic of the research are given too.
Download or read book ITJEMAST 12 5 2021 written by and published by International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies publishes a wide spectrum of research and technical articles as well as reviews, experiments, experiences, modelings, simulations, designs, and innovations from engineering, sciences, life sciences, and related disciplines as well as interdisciplinary/cross-disciplinary/multidisciplinary subjects. Original work is required. Article submitted must not be under consideration of other publishers for publications.
Download or read book ITJEMAST 11 5 2020 written by and published by International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies publishes a wide spectrum of research and technical articles as well as reviews, experiments, experiences, modelings, simulations, designs, and innovations from engineering, sciences, life sciences, and related disciplines as well as interdisciplinary/cross-disciplinary/multidisciplinary subjects. Original work is required. Article submitted must not be under consideration of other publishers for publications.
Download or read book The Effect of Systematic Risk on Cost of Capital Determinants Applying CAPM Model written by Hosein Asgari Alouj and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A firm's cost of capital should be determined by its exposures in respect of systematic risk, indicated by beta means how changes in systematic risk affect firm cost of capital and its determinants like cost of equity, cost of debt ,debt and equity financing mix. The most difficult component of the weighted average cost of capital to calculate is the cost of equity. One approach to estimate the cost of equity is the Capital Asset Pricing Model approach where the financial manager estimates the firm's beta. A time series regression was used to estimate the beta. After dividing the firms' systematic risk into three groups with low, middle and high beta, our findings provide that the beta factor has strong impact on the relationship between weighted average cost of capital and its determinants which indicates firms with high beta have significantly higher cost of equity, higher cost of debt, higher equity financing and lower debt financing and lower effective tax rate benefits and finally higher cost of capital. Also there is indirectly and insignificantly relationship between systematic risk and debt financial leverage which indicates debt financing and also financial leverage decreases insignificantly by increasing the beta and finally the cost of capital increases insignificantly. So Firms can benefit from improved systematic risk management through a reduction in their cost of equity capital, a shift from equity to debt financing, and higher effective tax benefits associated with the ability to add debt. The cost of capital that range from -17 to 100 basis points are followed by significant changes in the cost of equity that range from -20 to 130 basis points and significant changes in the cost of debt that range from 0 to 220 basis points.
Download or read book Performance and Behavior of Family Firms written by Esra Memili and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2018-03-23 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Performance and Behavior of Family Firms" that was published in IJFS
Download or read book The COVID 19 Impact on Corporate Leverage and Financial Fragility written by Sharjil M. Haque and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-11-05 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We study the impact of the COVID-19 recession on capital structure of publicly listed U.S. firms. Our estimates suggest leverage (Net Debt/Asset) decreased by 5.3 percentage points from the pre-shock mean of 19.6 percent, while debt maturity increased moderately. This de-leveraging effect is stronger for firms exposed to significant rollover risk, while firms whose businesses were most vulnerable to social distancing did not reduce leverage. We rationalize our evidence through a structural model of firm value that shows lower expected growth rate and higher volatility of cash flows following COVID-19 reduced optimal levels of corporate leverage. Model-implied optimal leverage indicates firms which did not de-lever became over-leveraged. We find default probability deteriorates most in large, over-leveraged firms and those that were stressed pre-COVID. Additional stress tests predict value of these firms will be less than one standard deviation away from default if cash flows decline by 20 percent.
Download or read book Geopolitical Risk on Stock Returns Evidence from Inter Korea Geopolitics written by Seungho Jung and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-10-22 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We investigate how corporate stock returns respond to geopolitical risk in the case of South Korea, which has experienced large and unpredictable geopolitical swings that originate from North Korea. To do so, a monthly index of geopolitical risk from North Korea (the GPRNK index) is constructed using automated keyword searches in South Korean media. The GPRNK index, designed to capture both upside and downside risk, corroborates that geopolitical risk sharply increases with the occurrence of nuclear tests, missile launches, or military confrontations, and decreases significantly around the times of summit meetings or multilateral talks. Using firm-level data, we find that heightened geopolitical risk reduces stock returns, and that the reductions in stock returns are greater especially for large firms, firms with a higher share of domestic investors, and for firms with a higher ratio of fixed assets to total assets. These results suggest that international portfolio diversification and investment irreversibility are important channels through which geopolitical risk affects stock returns.
Download or read book The Relevance of the Firm s Leverage as the Only Factor in the Estimation of Systematic Risk written by Julio Sarmiento-Sabogal and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An extensive body of knowledge has been developed around the theoretical relationship between the assumption that support the theory of the cost of capital and those that support the Portfolio-Capital Asset Pricing Model. The main discussion concerning how these theories are related is focused in the use of beta as a measure of systematic risk for valuation purposes in corporate finance. The theory suggests that systematic risk is solely determined in function of the leverage (debt) used by a particular firm, under this premise various studies in corporate finance (especially those concerning firm's valuation methods) have suggested the use of proxy methods for the estimation of unlevered (debt-free) beta in order to calculate a more accurate estimate of the cost of capital of non-traded firms in an easy way. In this paper, we make an empirical test to see the validity of the theoretical assumptions concerning the premise that the unlevered betas of companies that are in the same economic sector, must be equal or at least they must have a similar variance around a grand mean throughout different periods in time. The dataset used for this analysis contains the quarterly financial information and daily closing stock prices of 1008 companies listed in the NYSE from 20 different economic sectors for the period comprehended between the 1st quarter of 1999 to the 4th quarter of 2004. By using ANOVA as our chosen statistical method, we found that in 15 of the 20 economic sectors under scrutiny, there is not sufficient empirical evidence to let us to confirm the premise about the equality and stability of the unlevered betas of a group of companies in the same economic sector. Therefore, this finding led us to conclude that by using a proxy method for estimating systematic debt-free risk, practitioners could be using an erroneous approach given the fact that there is not enough evidence that the unlevered betas for a group of firms in the same economic sector are equal.
Download or read book On the Causality Analysis of the Correlation Between Financial Leverage and Systematic Risk written by Ibnu Qizam and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research is aimed at analyzing the causality puzzle on the correlation between financial leverage and systematic risk (beta). Financial leverage and beta are usually considered as two proxies of risk derived from different domains: one ends at financial decision outcome, and the other points to market. Cross-sectionally, this result does not support the moderating-variable impact of size on the relation between financial leverage and systematic risk. On the other hand, however, the moderating-variable impact of industry and operating leverage (to some extent) on the relation between financial leverage and systematic risk were well documented. Inter-temporally, financial leverage is significantly and symmetrically related to beta, not moderated by size and operating leverage. This means that the two variables show bidirectional causality. This study contributes to the new insight that financial leverage and beta are the two variables with bidirectional causality, showing that in the long run, risks from fundamental (financial/micro-economy) and from market (macro-economy) are tightly linked to each other inter-temporally.
Download or read book Leverage and Debt Maturity written by Eilnaz Kashefi Pour and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis aims to add empirical evidence to the corporate finance literature by looking at the financing decisions with a specific application to small companies in the context of the UK relatively highly regulated Main market, versus the lightly regulated Alternative Investment Market (AIM). I do this by gathering data on all quoted dead and alive companies in both markets from 1995 to 2008. I then split my sample firms in each market into different size groups and test my hypothesis within and across each group and each market. The thesis consists of six chapters. After an introductory chapter, I review the existing literature on capital structure and debt maturity controversies with an emphasis on recent empirical work. The next three chapters consist of three research papers. The first paper looks at the capital structure decisions of companies quoted in AIM and Main market across different size groups. In the second research paper, the maturity structure of debt is investigated in both markets. The third research paper tests the determinants of the delisting decision, particularly the effect of leverage using a sample of AIM companies. In the last chapter, I provide a summary of the main conclusions of the study and highlight some promising ideas for future research. The first empirical chapter analyses the drivers of leverage across firms' sizes and market of quotation. I find that companies that are listed on the Main market have higher leverage than those listed on AIM. My results show that AIM companies are subject to higher business risk and tend to have lower profitability and tangible assets. In addition, in both markets, small companies are different from large firms in their level of leverage, tangibility of assets, and profitability, suggesting that the drivers of the financing choice are size dependent. Interestingly, the impact of taxation is limited to only large companies in both markets. Similarly, the impact of the agency conflict is also limited to large companies, as for small firms I find a positive relationship between leverage and growth opportunities, in contrast to the predictions of the agency theory. These results suggest that size rather than market of quotation is more likely to explain firms' leverage. However, I find that the market of quotation affects their speed of adjustment toward target leverage ratios. Using the dynamic model of capital structure, I find that in the Main market, small companies adjust more rapidly than large firms, suggesting that they rely more on bank debt and thus result in lower costs of adjustment. In contrast, large firms on the AIM adjust more rapidly than small companies, suggesting that small AIM companies are subject to the highest costs of adjustment as they have the highest business risk and the lowest profitability. The second empirical paper investigates the determinants of the structure of debt maturity across firms' size groups in both markets. I find that firms quoted in the Main market use longer maturity of debt in contrast to their AIM counterparts. However, the structure of debt maturity is different between small and large companies, as small companies use shorter debt maturity. Moreover, I find that the determinants of debt maturity are relatively different across the two sets of markets, suggesting that the market of quotation, are likely to affect the structure of debt maturity. Particularly, the effect of leverage is mixed in those markets. In the Main market, companies with higher leverage use more long-term debt in contrast to those quoted in the AIM. In line with my results in the previous chapter, I find that the speed of adjustment depends on the market of quotation. Using a dynamic framework, I find that companies have a target debt maturity, but, while in the AIM large companies adjust more rapidly than small companies, I find the opposite in the Main market. I also contribute to the literature by assessing the impact of firm's life cycle on its choice of debt maturity. I use a sample of newly listed firms and assess the evolution of the maturity structure of their debt four years after their IPO. I find strong differences across the two markets. In the Main market, my empirical evidence shows that in contrast with small companies, large companies change the structure of their debt maturity significantly as they are more likely to use longer maturity of debt in the post-IPO period. While in the AIM, the structure of debt maturity is not affected by size as neither large companies nor small companies change their debt maturity significantly. In the last empirical chapter, I study the impact of leverage on the delisting decision. I address the following questions: Do firms delist from the stock market because they are unable to raise equity capital and redress their balance sheet? Previous studies state that raising equity capital is one of the main benefits of stock market quotation. I expect firms that are not likely to take advantage of this benefit to have higher listing costs and more likely to delist. I use leverage as a proxy variable and a sample of voluntary delisting from AIM. I find that delisted companies have higher leverage as they did not raise equity capital over their public life. My results suggest that companies with higher leverage are more likely to delist voluntarily. These results hold even after controlling for agency conflicts, liquidity, and asymmetric information. I also investigate how the market reacts to the delisting announcement. I find that on the announcement date, stock prices decrease significantly. However, this reaction is not consistent with previous studies that report positive excess returns for companies that go private through different forms of buyouts. The voluntary delisting does not deliver good news to the market and hence voluntary delisting leads to a decrease in stock prices. I also find that firms that increased their leverage in the year prior to the delisting decision generate significantly lower excess returns than other firms. I compare my results to firms that delisted from the AIM but moved to the Main market. I find that that these firms generate statistically higher and positive returns than the remaining firms that delisted voluntarily. My results highlight the negative impact of leverage and a lack of equity financing on firms' market valuation. My results contribute to the literature and to policy making in several ways. First, I test various controversial and new hypotheses by focussing on differences in institutional settings between the AIM and the Main market. The former is less regulated and it is more likely to attract younger, high growth, and riskier companies. These differences allow me to test various hypotheses developed in previous literature relating to the financing choices of firms. In addition, I provide a deeper analysis of the impact of size on the firms' financing choices. I focus on the differences in leverages across the two, markets, changes in maturity from the IPQ dates, and the drivers of the decision and timing from the IPQ date of companies in the UK. Unlike previous studies, I show that the theoretical determinants of leverage, such as taxation and agency costs, across firms' size groups are not homogeneous, independently of the market quotation. However, I find significant differences across the two markets in terms of dynamic changes in leverage. In addition, my results highlight the impact of leverage on the decision to delist, and imply that policy makers need to facilitate the financing of companies when they list on the market, so that the benefits of listings outweigh the costs, and firms will not rush to voluntary delisting.
Download or read book Investments written by Mark Hirschey and published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin. This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides students with knowledge of investment analytical tools and an understanding of the forces that drive the industry. Including Market efficiency and investor behavior, market anomalies and financial statement analysis.
Download or read book Systemic Contingent Claims Analysis written by Mr.Andreas A. Jobst and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2013-02-27 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The recent global financial crisis has forced a re-examination of risk transmission in the financial sector and how it affects financial stability. Current macroprudential policy and surveillance (MPS) efforts are aimed establishing a regulatory framework that helps mitigate the risk from systemic linkages with a view towards enhancing the resilience of the financial sector. This paper presents a forward-looking framework ("Systemic CCA") to measure systemic solvency risk based on market-implied expected losses of financial institutions with practical applications for the financial sector risk management and the system-wide capital assessment in top-down stress testing. The suggested approach uses advanced contingent claims analysis (CCA) to generate aggregate estimates of the joint default risk of multiple institutions as a conditional tail expectation using multivariate extreme value theory (EVT). In addition, the framework also helps quantify the individual contributions to systemic risk and contingent liabilities of the financial sector during times of stress.
Download or read book An Empirical Investigation of the Inter relationships Between Systematic Risk Financial Leverage and Operating Leverage of Industrial Companies Listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange written by Mark Timothy Troughton and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Empirical Capital Structure written by Christopher Parsons and published by Now Publishers Inc. This book was released on 2009 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Empirical Capital Structure reviews the empirical capital structure literature from both the cross-sectional determinants of capital structure as well as time-series changes.
Download or read book The Impact of Financial Leverage on the Equity Systematic Risk Variance and Cost of Equity written by David Yechiam Aharon and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Liquidity and Asset Prices written by Yakov Amihud and published by Now Publishers Inc. This book was released on 2006 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Liquidity and Asset Prices reviews the literature that studies the relationship between liquidity and asset prices. The authors review the theoretical literature that predicts how liquidity affects a security's required return and discuss the empirical connection between the two. Liquidity and Asset Prices surveys the theory of liquidity-based asset pricing followed by the empirical evidence. The theory section proceeds from basic models with exogenous holding periods to those that incorporate additional elements of risk and endogenous holding periods. The empirical section reviews the evidence on the liquidity premium for stocks, bonds, and other financial assets.
Download or read book Measuring Liquidity in Financial Markets written by Abdourahmane Sarr and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2002-12 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper provides an overview of indicators that can be used to illustrate and analyze liquidity developments in financial markets. The measures include bid-ask spreads, turnover ratios, and price impact measures. They gauge different aspects of market liquidity, namely tightness (costs), immediacy, depth, breadth, and resiliency. These measures are applied in selected foreign exchange, money, and capital markets to illustrate their operational usefulness. A number of measures must be considered because there is no single theoretically correct and universally accepted measure to determine a market's degree of liquidity and because market-specific factors and peculiarities must be considered.
