Download or read book A Study Into Alternative Bone Remodelling Under Tension and Compression in the Proximal Femur After One Year of Hopping Exercises Using Quantitative Computerised Tomography and Finite Element Simulation written by Matthew Robert Taylor and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Finite Element Method and Medical Imaging Techniques in Bone Biomechanics written by Rabeb Ben Kahla and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-01-02 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Digital models based on data from medical images have recently become widespread in the field of biomechanics. This book summarizes medical imaging techniques and processing procedures, both of which are necessary for creating bone models with finite element methods. Chapter 1 introduces the main principles and the application of the most commonly used medical imaging techniques. Chapter 2 describes the major methods and steps of medical image analysis and processing. Chapter 3 presents a brief review of recent studies on reconstructed finite element bone models, based on medical images. Finally, Chapter 4 reveals the digital results obtained for the main bone sites that have been targeted by finite element modeling in recent years.

Download or read book Three Dimensional Dynamic Hypoelastic Remodeling in the Proximal Femur written by Charles Hugh Negus and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent research effort in bone remodeling has been directed toward describing interstitial fluid flow in the lacuno-canalicular system and its potential as a cellular stimulus. Regardless of the precise contents of the mechanotransduction "black box", it seems clear that the fluid flow on which the remodeling is predicated can not occur under static loading conditions. In an attempt to help continuum remodeling simulations catch up with cellular and subcellular research, this research presents a simple but novel strain rate driven remodeling algorithm for density allocation and principal material direction rotations. An explicit finite element code was written, parallelized and deployed at the San Diego Supercomputer Center which implements the remodeling algorithm. Remodeling occurs at discrete, periodically occurring time steps. Cortical and trabecular apparent density are updated based on local strain rate, and realignment of principal material directions is driven by the local stress tensor. Stress is calculated using a path-dependent hypoelastic constitutive law, formulated with the Jaumann stress rate. The testbed for this algorithm is the proximal femur. Loading conditions were linearized around instants of peak rate of application during normal gait and stair climbing, assumed to occur with sufficient frequency to exceed the threshold cycle number for cellular remodeling activation. Results indicate that a target strain rate for this dynamic approach is #"special characters omitted]#"= 1.7%/sec which seems reasonable when compared to observed strain rates. The dynamic stimulus, hypoelastic constitutive law algorithm produces unique and convergent equilibrium predictions for remodeling parameters in the stable range. Remodeling simulations indicate that a morpho-mechanically realistic three dimensional bone can be synthesized by applying a few dynamic loads at the envelope of common daily physiological rates, even in the absence of a static loading component. This work constitutes the only known large-scale remodeling simulations of the proximal femur which includes the effects of both density changes and orthotropic realignment, and the first known remodeling simulation employing a dynamic remodeling stimulus. Macroscopic three dimensional analyses such as this may be of benefit to surgeons and clinicians seeking a greater understanding of the biomechanical effects of bone cysts, tumors, stress fracture, microgravity environments, and osteoporosis

Download or read book Elastic Properties of the Human Femur written by Annette Bretin and published by . This book was released on 2019-02-04 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Patient-specific finite element modelling of bone is a promising method for surgical planning, implant design and the prediction of bone remodelling or fracture risks, yet the assignment of material properties is challenging. Bone is a complicated structure with direction-dependent, inhomogeneous material properties, influenced by compositional, geometrical and architectural aspects. This volume focuses on a density-based assignment of orthotropic bone properties. Elasticity-density relationships in homogenized femoral zones were examined to evaluate the orthotropic density-dependence of the nine elastic material constants locally. Cortical bone samples were tested in compression and torsion tests using videoextensometry to determine the elastic constants. The elastic properties of cancellous bone were predicted by micro finite element analysis. All determined constants were correlated to the radiological bone mineral density of each sample, which was determined by quantitative computed tomography. The trabecular eigensystem was investigated for each cancellous zone to assign the mean directionality of trabecular fabric. The results can be beneficial for density-based orthotropic material assignment in femoral patient-specific finite element models.

Download or read book Imaging based Numerical Study of Biomechanics and Bone Density Distribution in Human Alveolar Bone written by Kangning Su and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bone adapts to the changes of mechanical stimulus by bone remodeling activities. Bone remodeling results in the variation of bone density. This study presents the results of numerical simulations of biomechanics and mechanically adaptive bone remodeling in the human alveolar bone. Finite element models were built based on the micro X-ray computed tomography (micro-CT) images or clinical cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Strain in the alveolar bone under tooth loading or implant loading was calculated. Bone density distribution as a response to the mechanical stimulus was also computed. The results were in good agreement with experimentally measured strain using mechanical testing coupled with micro-CT and with the bone density distribution measured using clinical CBCT images. The models were used to predict the strain field with different implant positions. A number of numerical algorithms have been developed to model the adaptive bone remodeling under mechanical loads for orthopedic and dental applications. The parametric study examines the effects of several model parameters on the computed apparent bone density in mandible under normal chewing and biting forces. The density change rate was based on the strain energy density per unit mass. The algorithms used in this study containing an equilibrium zone (lazy zone) and saturated values of density change rate provided certain stability to result in convergence without discontinuous checkerboard patterns. The parametric study shows that when different boundary conditions were applied, the bone density distributions at convergence were very different, except in the vicinity of the applied loads. Compared with the effects of boundary conditions, the models are less sensitive to the choice of initial density values. Several models starting from different initial density values resulted in similar but not exactly the same bone density distribution at convergence. The results also show that, a higher reference value of mechanical stimulus resulted in lower average bone density at convergence. The width of equilibrium zone did not substantially affect the average density at convergence. However, with increasing width, the areas with the highest and the lowest bone density areas were all reduced. Moreover, the results of mechanically adaptive bone remodeling algorithms were compared with the information extracted from clinical images. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of multiple patients were collected and processed to obtain the standard outline of mandible and average bone density distribution on the sagittal cross-sectional at the center of lateral incisors. Finite element models were built to compute the strain and stress in mandible under normal chewing and biting forces. Bone remodeling algorithm was carried out using strain energy density per unit bone mass as the mechanical stimulus to compute the bone density distribution at equilibrium. The computed bone density distribution exhibited close agreement with that obtained from CBCT image analysis with a coefficient of correlation of 0.87. The bite forces applied on teeth were transmitted through the tooth roots to the bone surrounding them, thus stimulated high trabecular bone density (1.6 g/cm3) near the tooth roots. The bending and torsion moments on the sagittal section of mandible resulted in lower bone density near the center (0.5 g/cm3) than those towards the edge of the section. The results add new knowledge of anatomy and biomechanics of mandibles and provide a new method to compare the results of numerical simulations of mechanically adaptive bone remodeling to in vivo data. Also, 3D finite element models were built based on micro-CT images and the results were compared with those obtained from mechanical testing coupled with micro-CT. Bone-implant mechanics is one of the factors that contribute to implant stability and success. In this work, voxel-based finite element models were built based on the micro-CT images of human cadaveric mandible specimens before and after implant placement. The elastic moduli of bone elements were assigned based on the intensity values in the micro-CT images of bone-tooth specimens before implant placement to avoid the beam hardening artifacts and to increase the connectivity and accuracy of the models. The implant positions in the models were determined by the micro-CT images of bone-implant specimens after implant placement. The computed results show that high strain appeared at the bone-implant contact locations and manifested into the supporting bone, including the buccal and lingual bone plates, which were not in direct contact with the implants. The strain concentration in the buccal bone plates was more substantial than that in the lingual bone plate, because the buccal bone plates were thinner than the lingual bone plates. The average values of maximum principal strain in the buccal and lingual regions of interest (ROI) were in good agreement with those experimentally measured using mechanical testing coupled with micro-CT and digital volume correlation. The implant positions were then virtually changed in the models by translating the implant towards the buccal or the lingual direction. The computed strain in the buccal bone decreased when the implant was virtually placed in the models away from the buccal bone plate. The strain in lingual bone also deceased when the implant was virtually moved in the model from the center of the alveolar socket towards the lingual or buccal plate. The results indicate that the distance of implant to the buccal bone plate can affect the mechanical stimuli in bone, especially in the buccal bone plate, which may subsequently affect the bone remodeling process and buccal bone resorption.

Download or read book The Female Athlete Triad written by Catherine M. Gordon and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-10-28 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first book of its kind to focus solely on the female athlete triad - its origins, its recognition, and most importantly, its management. Since the symptoms themselves cover a range of medical specialties, chapters are written by experts in a number of relevant fields - sports medicine, orthopedics, endocrinology, and pediatrics - with an eye toward overall care of the young female athlete. Additionally, each chapter includes suggestions on how to educate and communicate with young athletes and their parents, as well as trainers and coaches, on how to manage the illness outside of the direct clinical setting. The female athlete triad is often seen in sports where low body weight is emphasized, such as gymnastics, figure skating, and running, though it can appear in any sport or activity. The interrelated symptoms - eating disorders, amenorrhea, and low bone mass - exist on a spectrum of severity and are serious and potentially life-threatening if not properly treated. Psychological problems, in addition to medical ones, are not uncommon. The Female Athlete Triad: A Clinical Guide discusses all of these areas for a well-rounded and in-depth approach to the phenomenon and will be a useful reference for any clinician working with female athletes across the lifespan.

Download or read book Bone Remodeling Process written by Rabeb Ben Kahla and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-08-20 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bone Remodeling Process: Mechanics, Biology, and Numerical Modeling provides a literature review. The first part of the book discusses bones in a normal physiological condition, bringing together the involved actors and factors reported over the past two decades, and the second discusses pathological conditions, highlighting the attack vectors of each bone disease. The third part is devoted to the mathematical descriptions of bone remodeling, formulated to develop models able to provide information that is not amenable to direct measurement, while the last part focuses on models using the finite element method in investigating bone biomechanics. This book creates an overall image of the complex communication network established between the diverse remodeling actors, based on overwhelming control evidence revealed over recent years, as well as visualizes the remodeling defects and possible treatments in each case. It also regroups the models allowing readers to analyze and assess bone mechanical and biological properties. This book details the cellular mechanisms allowing the bone to adapt its microarchitecture to the requirements of the human body, which is the main issue in bone biology and presents the evolution of mathematical modeling used in a bone computer simulation. Each chapter covers a core topic in bone biomechanics Provides a multidisciplinary view that effectively links orthopaedics, cellular biology, mechanics, and computer simulation Draws an overall image about bone biology and cell interactions, for identifying cell populations that are crucial for the remodeling process

Download or read book The Law of Bone Remodelling written by Julius Wolff and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Translated from the German by Maquet, P.; Furlong, R.

Download or read book 3D Modeling and Finite Element Analysis of Femur After Removing Surgical Screws written by Kyle D. Newman and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Often bone fractures are joined by inserting metal plates and screws to hold the fragmented bone under compression. However, after the fractured bone is healed removing the screws leaves holes in the bone which takes months to fill up and heal completely. The goal of this research is to investigate those voids specifically in a finite element model of a femur. The holes were found to experience high stress that can easily lead to crack propagations during everyday activities. Finite element models of femurs were modeled after two common fracture fixation systems, specifically just after the plates, rods and screws are removed. To observe the stress levels bones are likely to experience, common mechanical tests that are relevant to or associated with common daily activities were performed. While the 3-point bending tests did not yield significant results, the compression and torsion tests produced high stress areas near the screw holes. In certain cases, the von Mises' stress reached 3.66 x 106 N/mm2. Our finite element modeling seeks to establish groundwork for future explorations on the holes created by fracture fixation hardware. In the future, this work will lead to redesigning of fixation systems with reduced stress concentration around the holes. Therefore, the initiation of new cracks around these holes will be limited during everyday activity.

Download or read book Translational Studies Into the Effects of Exercise on Estimated Bone Strength written by Alyssa M. Weatherholt and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mechanical loading associated with exercise is known to benefit bone health; however, most studies explore exercise benefits on bone mass independent of bone structure and strength. The purpose of this dissertation is to explore the response of the skeleton to exercise across the translational divide between animal- and human-based studies, with a particular emphasis on exercise-induced changes in bone structure and estimated strength. To explore the skeletal benefits of exercise, models were used wherein loading is introduced unilaterally to one extremity. Unilateral exercise enables the contralateral, non-exercised extremity to be used as an internal control site for the influences of systemic factors, such as genetics and circulating hormones. In study 1, a dose response between load magnitude and tibial midshaft cortical bone adaptation was observed in mice that had their right tibia loaded in axial compression at one of three load magnitudes for 3 d/wk over 4 weeks. In study 2, the ability of peripheral quantitative computed tomography to provide very good prediction of midshaft humerus mechanical properties with good short-term precision in human subjects was demonstrated. In study 3, collegiate-level jumping (long and/or high jump) athletes were shown to have larger side-to-side differences in tibial midshaft structure and estimated strength between their jump and lead legs than observed in non-jumping athletes. In study 4, prepubertal baseball players followed for 12 months were shown to gain more bone mass, structure and estimated strength in their throwing arm relative to their nonthrowing arm over the course of 12 months. These cumulative data using a combination of experimental models ranging from animal to cross-sectional and longitudinal human models demonstrate the ability of the skeleton to adapt its structure and estimated strength to the mechanical loading associated with exercise. Study of these models in future work may aid in optimizing skeletal responses to exercise.

Download or read book Bones written by John D. Currey and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2006-07-23 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a comprehensive and accessible overview of what is known about the structure and mechanics of bone, bones, and teeth. In it, John Currey incorporates critical new concepts and findings from the two decades of research since the publication of his highly regarded The Mechanical Adaptations of Bones. Crucially, Currey shows how bone structure and bone's mechanical properties are intimately bound up with each other and how the mechanical properties of the material interact with the structure of whole bones to produce an adapted structure. For bone tissue, the book discusses stiffness, strength, viscoelasticity, fatigue, and fracture mechanics properties. For whole bones, subjects dealt with include buckling, the optimum hollowness of long bones, impact fracture, and properties of cancellous bone. The effects of mineralization on stiffness and toughness and the role of microcracking in the fracture process receive particular attention. As a zoologist, Currey views bone and bones as solutions to the design problems that vertebrates have faced during their evolution and throughout the book considers what bones have been adapted to do. He covers the full range of bones and bony tissues, as well as dentin and enamel, and uses both human and non-human examples. Copiously illustrated, engagingly written, and assuming little in the way of prior knowledge or mathematical background, Bones is both an ideal introduction to the field and also a reference sure to be frequently consulted by practicing researchers.

Download or read book Pocket Reference to Osteoporosis written by Serge Livio Ferrari and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-12-28 with total page 103 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book responds to the daily needs of all clinicians treating patients with osteoporosis and provides a key reference guide for any challenges that arise in clinical practice. This book also covers the genetics of the disease, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and current and upcoming treatment recommendations in accordance with the latest international guidelines. Osteoporosis is a disease in which the density and quality of bone are greatly reduced, and as bones become more porous and fragile the risk of fracture increases greatly. It is one of the most common metabolic bone diseases globally with one in three women and one in five men at risk of an osteoporotic fracture, and can result in devastating physical, psychosocial, and economic consequences. However, in spite of this osteoporosis can often be overlooked and undertreated, thus there is a real need to raise awareness of this disease.

Download or read book Skeletal Tissue Mechanics written by R. Bruce Martin and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-10-29 with total page 513 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook describes the biomechanics of bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments. It is rigorous in its approach to the mechanical properties of the skeleton yet it does not neglect the biological properties of skeletal tissue or require mathematics beyond calculus. Time is taken to introduce basic mechanical and biological concepts, and the approaches used for some of the engineering analyses are purposefully limited. The book is an effective bridge between engineering, veterinary, biological and medical disciplines and will be welcomed by students and researchers in biomechanics, orthopedics, physical anthropology, zoology and veterinary science. This book also: Maximizes reader insights into the mechanical properties of bone, fatigue and fracture resistance of bone and mechanical adaptability of the skeleton Illustrates synovial joint mechanics and mechanical properties of ligaments and tendons in an easy-to-understand way Provides exercises at the end of each chapter

Download or read book Bone Stress Injuries written by Adam S. Tenforde, MD and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 2021-07-17 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “This book gives a nice summary of the current state of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of bone stress injuries. It is particularly useful for sports medicine fellows and residents with an interest in athletes and active patients." ---Doody's Review Service, 3 stars Bone stress injuries are commonly seen in athletes and active individuals across a full spectrum of physical activity, age, and gender. While most overuse injuries can be addressed through non-operative care, injuries may progress to full fractures that require surgery if misdiagnosed or not correctly managed. Written by leaders in sports medicine including physical medicine and rehabilitation, orthopaedics, endocrinology and allied health professionals of biomechanics, physical therapy and dietetics, Bone Stress Injuries offers state-of-the-art guidelines and up-to-date science and terminology to practitioners. Using a holistic approach to understand the management of bone stress injuries, this book highlights specific considerations by injury, gender, and risk factor to ensure that a comprehensive treatment plan can be developed to optimize bone health, neuromuscular re-education, gait mechanics, and injury prevention. Organized into four parts, opening chapters cover the general need-to-know topics, including clinical history, imaging, and risk factors including biological and biomechanical factors. The book proceeds anatomically through the body from upper extremity to foot and ankle injuries, with each chapter underscoring diagnostic and treatment strategies specific to that region. Chapters dedicated to special populations discuss the differences in injury evaluation and management according to age, gender, and military background. Final chapters review the prevention of injuries and examine both common and novel treatment strategies, such as medications, nutrition, gait retraining, orthobiologics, and other interventions. Invaluable in its scope and approach, Bone Stress Injuries is the go-to resource for sports medicine physicians, physiatrists, and primary care providers who manage the care of athletes and individuals leading active lifestyles. Key Features: Promotes evidence-based practice for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of bone stress injuries Covers specific anatomy that is prone to bone stress injuries with dedicated chapters on upper and lower extremities, pelvis and hip, spine, and foot and ankle Considers evaluation and management differences according to specific populations of pediatric, male, female, and military personnel Discusses emerging strategies to treat bone stress injuries, such as gait retraining, orthobiologics, and other non-pharmacological treatments

Download or read book Handbook of Biomaterial Properties written by William Murphy and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-06-11 with total page 676 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides tabular and text data relating to normal and diseased tissue materials and materials used in medical devices. Comprehensive and practical for students, researchers, engineers, and practicing physicians who use implants, this book considers the materials aspects of both implantable materials and natural tissues and fluids. Examples of materials and topics covered include titanium, elastomers, degradable biomaterials, composites, scaffold materials for tissue engineering, dental implants, sterilization effects on material properties, metallic alloys, and much more. Each chapter author considers the intrinsic and interactive properties of biomaterials, as well as their appropriate applications and historical contexts. Now in an updated second edition, this book also contains two new chapters on the cornea and on vocal folds, as well as updated insights, data, and citations for several chapters.

Download or read book Bone Quantitative Ultrasound written by Pascal Laugier and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-05 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many significant achievements in new ultrasound technologies to measure bone and models to elucidate the interaction and the propagation of ultrasonic waves in complex bone structures have been reported over the past ten years. Impaired bone remodeling affects not only the trabecular compartment but also the cortical one. Despite the crucial contribution of the cortical structure to the whole bone mechanical competence, cortical bone was understudied for a long time. A paradigm shift occurred around 2010, with a special focus placed on the importance of cortical bone. This has sparkled a great deal of interest in new ultrasound techniques to assess cortical bone. While our book ‘Bone Quantitative Ultrasound’ published in 2011 emphasized techniques to measure trabecular bone, this new book is devoted for a large part to the technologies introduced recently to measure cortical bone. These include resonant ultrasound spectroscopy, guided waves, scattering, and pulse-echo and tomography imaging techniques. Instrumentation, signal processing techniques and models used are detailed. Importantly, the data accumulated in recent years such as anisotropic stiffness, elastic engineering moduli, compression and shear wave speeds of cortical bones from various skeletal sites are presented comprehensively. A few chapters deal with the recent developments achieved in quantitative ultrasound of trabecular bone. These include (i) scattering-based approaches and their application to measure skeletal sites such as the spine and proximal femur and (ii) approaches exploiting the poro-elastic nature of bone. While bone fragility and osteoporosis are still the main motivation for developing bone QUS, this Book also includes chapters reporting ultrasound techniques developed for other applications of high interest such as 3-D imaging of the spine, assessment of implant stability and transcranial brain imaging. This book, together with the book ‘Bone Quantitative Ultrasound’ published in 2011 will provide a comprehensive overview of the methods and principles used in bone quantitative ultrasound and will be a benchmark for all novice or experienced researchers in the field. The book will offer recent experimental results and theoretical concepts developed so far and would be intended for researchers, graduate or undergraduate students, engineers, and clinicians who are involved in the field. The book should be considered as a complement to the first book publisher in 2011, rather than a second edition, in the sense that basic notions already presented in the first book are not repeated.

Download or read book Bone Mechanics written by Stephen C. Cowin and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1989 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This informative volume summarizes what is known about bone mechanics. It describes the methods used to acquire that knowledge and suggests the nature of future research on this topic. This easy-to-read book keeps mathematical notation simple and minimal and presents data in summary form. Bone Mechanics is concerned with the mechanical behavior and functional stress adaptation of whole bones as structural elements, the mechanical behavior and functional adaptation of bone tissue as material, and the physiological significance of the mechanical properties of bone and the biological response of bone to applied stress. Orthopaedic surgeons, dentists, anatomists, biologists, biomedical engineers and physiologists are among those who will find this volume to be of interest.