Download or read book A Signal detection based Investigation Into the Nature of Recognition Memory written by Laura Beth Mickes and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recognition memory is the ability to consciously appreciate that an item or event was previously presented or experienced. Signal detection theory has long provided one influential interpretation of recognition memory, and numerous investigations conducted over the last 50 years have sought to clarify the particulars of this account. Analyzing receiver operating characteristic (ROC) data can distinguish between two versions of signal detection theory, specifically, the equal and unequal variance models. The equal variance signal detection model is intuitively appealing, but the unequal variance signal detection model usually provides a better fit of the ROC data. Chapter 1 describes two experiments that provide a novel test of the unequal variance assumption. This new method of analysis required subjects to directly rate their memory strength on a fine-grained scale, and then the mean and standard deviations of the target and lure ratings were directly computed. Results from the new method support the unequal variance signal detection model. Though the unequal variance signal detection theory of recognition memory provides a useful way to conceptualize recognition, there is another long-standing theory of recognition known as dual process theory that seems to contradict it. This theory holds that two processes (familiarity and recollection) contribute to recognition decisions. A critical point of contention between standard dual process models and signal detection theory concerns the nature of the recollection process, specifically, whether it is continuous or categorical. Dual-process theories generally assume that recollection is categorical, but signal detection theory requires it to be continuous. Chapters 2 and 3 provide direct evidence that recollection is a continuous process. In Chapter 2, two versions of a source memory experiment were conducted. The continuous view of recollection was supported because the relationship between confidence and accuracy on this recollection-based task was graded. The results detailed in Chapter 3 further validate recollection as a continuous process. The method involved an associative recognition test, which purportedly tests recollection in the absence of familiarity. In this task, word pairs were studied and then at test, the pairs were either intact or rearranged. When the word pairs were strengthened, we observed the typical result of an increasingly curvilinear ROC. Evidence from various procedures converged to suggest that recollection is a continuous process. The three chapters support the unequal variance signal detection theory of recognition memory and the idea that two continuous processes aggregate to yield a continuous memory strength variable.
Download or read book Monitoring Recognition Memory written by Brent M. Wilson and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation contributes to a growing body of research that attempts to bridge the chasm between basic and applied memory research. Its basic approach is to use signal detection theory to analyze higher-level cognitive components that influence recognition memory. The work consists of three research papers that examine the effects of internal and external sources of memory on discriminability and response bias in order to better understand memory in the real world. Paper one provides new evidence supporting a basic assumption of reality-monitoring theory that certain cognitive operations are important for knowing whether or not a memory comes from an internal source. This research demonstrates that people are more susceptible to false memories after completing mindfulness training because their reality-monitoring accuracy is reduced. Paper two examines the verbal overshadowing effect (where people are worse at correctly identifying someone from a police lineup after providing a verbal description of a face) with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to determine if that well-known effect is due to differences in actual memorability rather than differences in response bias. This research indicates that internally-generated information can be confused with an external memory source when the internally-generated information is not sufficiently detailed. Paper three examines the cross-race effect wherein memory is worse for a person of a different race than a person of the same race. This research indicates that although memory is worse in terms of discriminability, high-confidence identifications are just as reliable for a cross-race face as for a same-race face.
Download or read book Signal Detection Analysis of Recall and Recognition Memory written by Wayne Donaldson and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Recollection written by Stacy Bell and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Nature of Cognition written by Robert J. Sternberg and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 760 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the first to introduce the study of cognition in terms of the major conceptual themes that underlie virtually all the substantive topics.
Download or read book Signal Detection Theory Applied to the Analysis of Response Latencies in Recognition Memory written by Steven Marc Koppell and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Signal Detection Theory and Recognition Memory written by Rick M. Gardner and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book State Trace Analysis written by John C. Dunn and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-02-08 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an introduction to the theory, method, and practice of State-Trace Analysis (STA), and includes a detailed tutorial on the statistical analysis of state-trace designs. The book offers instructions on how to perform state-trace analysis using the authors' own publicly-available software in both Matlab and R. The book begins by discussing the general framework for thinking about the relationships between independent variables, latent variables, and dependent variables. Subsequent chapters provide a software package that can be used to fit state-trace models as well as additional designs and examples. The book concludes with a discussion on potential extensions of STA and additional aspects of its application. State-Trace Analysis will be of interest to researchers and graduate students working in experimental, applied, and cognitive psychology.
Download or read book Identifying the Culprit written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-01-16 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Identifying the Culprit: Assessing Eyewitness Identification makes the case that better data collection and research on eyewitness identification, new law enforcement training protocols, standardized procedures for administering line-ups, and improvements in the handling of eyewitness identification in court can increase the chances that accurate identifications are made. This report explains the science that has emerged during the past 30 years on eyewitness identifications and identifies best practices in eyewitness procedures for the law enforcement community and in the presentation of eyewitness evidence in the courtroom. In order to continue the advancement of eyewitness identification research, the report recommends a focused research agenda.
Download or read book A Detection Theory Investigation of Sensitivity and Bias in Recognition Memory written by Jane M. Burgess and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Contributions of Signal detection Mechanisms and Semantic Memory Representations to Famous Name Recognition written by Ben Bowles and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In past research, investigators have often used the recognition memory paradigm to study the cognitive and neural processes that permit the ability to accurately assess whether or not stimuli are familiar. This paradigm involves presenting stimuli to participants in a study phase, and examining their later recognition of them when these stimuli are subsequently presented again in a later test phase. It is not well understood, however, whether the same mechanisms that support familiarity assessment in recognition memory also support familiarity based on general life experience (e.g., recognizing a famous celebrity in daily life). To address this, I implemented modified recognition memory paradigms for the purpose of better understanding the processes that support famous name recognition. In Chapter 2, I developed a signal-detection model that describes how people discriminate between famous and fictional names. I found that similarly to recognition memory, famous name recognition relies on graded evidence that can be modeled successfully with Gaussian distributions. In Chapter 3, I studied the contributions of semantic knowledge to famous name familiarity, with a focus on recognition experiences in which 'names ring a bell'. I revealed that despite the fact that participants understand this recognition experience to reflect situations where names are familiar but do not provoke retrieval of any related semantic details, they still achieve above-chance performance on an occupation forced-choice task for the same names. Based on these results, I investigated in Chapter 4 whether 'name rings a bell' experiences engage the same brain regions as those that also support the ability to successfully retrieve semantic knowledge about famous names. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, I examined whether the brain regions that support 'name rings a bell' experiences overlap with those that support successful identification and correct occupation forced-choice decisions. Two brain areas that I found to be engaged during 'name rings a bell' responses were also engaged while participant's successfully retrieved semantic knowledge for names, which included the left posterior middle temporal gyrus and an inferior aspect of the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Overall, my thesis advances our knowledge of how feelings of familiarity for famous names relate to underlying semantic representations about them.
Download or read book A Single system Signal detection Theory of Repetition Priming and Recognition Memory written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Psychology of Learning and Motivation written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2007-10-03 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The view of memory use as skilled performance embraces the interactive nature of memory and higher order cognition. In considering the contexts in which memory is used, this book helps to answer such questions as: If asked where I live, how do I decide on a street address or city name? What influences my selection in a criminal lineup besides actual memory of the perpetrator? Why do expert golfers better remember courses they've played than amateur golfers? Chapters in this volume discuss strategies people use in responding to memory queries- whether and how to access memory and how to translate retrieved products into responses. Coverage includes memory for ongoing events and memory for prospective events-how we remember to do future intended actions. Individual differences in memory skill is explored across people and situations, with special consideration given to the elderly population and how strategies at encoding and retrieval can offset what would otherwise be declining memory. An intergrative view of memory, metamemory, judgment and decision-making, and individual differences Relevant to both applied concerns and basic research Articles written by expert contributors
Download or read book The Characteristics and Neural Substrates of Feedback based Decision Process in Recognition Memory written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The judgment of prior stimulus occurrence, generally referred to as item recognition, is perhaps the most heavily studied of all memory skills. A skilled recognition observer not only recovers high fidelity memory evidence, he or she is also able to flexibly modify how much evidence is required for affirmative responding (the decision criterion) depending upon whether the context calls for a cautious or liberal task approach. The ability to adaptively adjust the decision criterion is a relatively understudied recognition skill, and the goal of this thesis is to examine reinforcement learning mechanisms contributing to recognition criterion adaptability. In Chapter 1, I review a measurement model whose theoretical framework has been successfully applied to recognition memory research (i.e., Signal Detection Theory). I also review major findings in the recognition literature examining the adaptive flexibility of criteria. Chapter 2 reports behavioral experiments that examine the sensitivity of decision criteria to trial-by-trial feedback by manipulating feedback validity in a potentially covert manner. Chapter 3 presents another series of behavioral experiments that used even subtler feedback manipulations based on predictions from reinforcement learning and category learning literatures. The findings suggested that feedback induced criterion shifts may rely upon procedural learning mechanisms that are largely implicit. The data also revealed that the magnitudes of induced criterion shifts were significantly correlated with personality measures linked to reward seeking outside the laboratory. In Chapter 4 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to explore possible neurobiological links between brain regions traditionally linked to reinforcement processing, and recognition decisions. Prominent activations in striatum tracked the intrinsic goals of the subjects with greater activation for correct responding to old items compared to correct responding to ne.
Download or read book Assessing the Relationship Between Item Recognition and Source Memory Using Multivariate Signal Detection Theory written by Michael Lazaro Diaz and published by ProQuest. This book was released on 2008 with total page 105 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper develops a bivariate strength model that is able to simultaneously account for source memory and recognition memory performance. The model is grounded in the source monitoring framework, which suggests that the strength of a test probe depends upon what aspects of a memory representation are queried. In four experiments, the fit of the model to empirical data is assessed with respect to the current benchmark in the field, Yonelinas's (1994, 1999) dual-process model. In addition, the properties of the model are examined to better inform our understanding of the relationship between recognition and source memory. In all conditions, the bivariate strength model outperformed the dual-process model. The parameters from those fits suggest that the effects of encoding are not global: there are factors that selectively improve recognition performance and source memory performance (Experiments 1 and 2). Experiment 3 further suggested recognition memory may benefit primarily from the initial presentation of an item and, consistent with the one-shot hypothesis, this benefit is not enhanced by increasing study time. Experiment 4 found that the effects of forgetting do appear to be global: performance on recognition and source memory test decreased at proportional rates with time. Overall, it is demonstrated that a continuous strength model is a viable candidate to describe performance on different memory tasks simultaneously, and that it provides a unique means of gathering information about the underlying representations.
Download or read book Testing Theories of Recognition Memory by Predicting Performance Across Paradigms written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Signal detection theory, one of the most common decision theories used in the analysis of recognition data, is used analytically to derive estimates of D (sensitivity or strength) and bias from hit & false-alarm rates. More recently, it has been proposed that retrieval in recognition is characterized by a second recollection process that operates in conjunction with a strength-based process. From this dual-process account, a new decision theory known as dual-process theory has been developed & used to derive estimates of D, response bias, and the probability of recollection from hit & false-alarm rates. This paper describes two experiments that tested predictions of the two theories by comparing the invariance of parameter estimates between yes/no and two-alternative forced-choice testing paradigms. The paper evaluates & discusses the extent to which each theory possesses theoretical validity versus computational flexibility in curve fitting.
Download or read book Intelligence Analysis written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-04-08 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. intelligence community (IC) is a complex human enterprise whose success depends on how well the people in it perform their work. Although often aided by sophisticated technologies, these people ultimately rely on their own intellect to identify, synthesize, and communicate the information on which the nation's security depends. The IC's success depends on having trained, motivated, and thoughtful people working within organizations able to understand, value, and coordinate their capabilities. Intelligence Analysis provides up-to-date scientific guidance for the intelligence community (IC) so that it might improve individual and group judgments, communication between analysts, and analytic processes. The papers in this volume provide the detailed evidentiary base for the National Research Council's report, Intelligence Analysis for Tomorrow: Advances from the Behavioral and Social Sciences. The opening chapter focuses on the structure, missions, operations, and characteristics of the IC while the following 12 papers provide in-depth reviews of key topics in three areas: analytic methods, analysts, and organizations. Informed by the IC's unique missions and constraints, each paper documents the latest advancements of the relevant science and is a stand-alone resource for the IC's leadership and workforce. The collection allows readers to focus on one area of interest (analytic methods, analysts, or organizations) or even one particular aspect of a category. As a collection, the volume provides a broad perspective of the issues involved in making difficult decisions, which is at the heart of intelligence analysis.
