Download or read book A Review on Ecology of Interactions in Soybean Vein Necrosis Orthotospovirus SVNV written by Asifa Hameed and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soybean vein necrosis orthotospovirus (SVNV, Genus: Orthotospovirus, Family: Tospoviridae, Order Bunyavirales) is a vector and seed transmitted virus that infects soybean in different countries around the world. The purpose of this review paper was to provide information about SVNV, its geographic dispersal, vectors, disease transmission mode, alternative host plants, diagnostic tools and management. SVNV is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus reported in all soybean growing states in the USA, Egypt and Canada. SVNV can replicate in plants belonging to six different families, including the Leguminosae member mung bean, which is a major component of the diet of poor people of Asia. The most efficient and abundant SVNV vector species is Neohydatothrips variabilis (Beach.) (Sericothripinae: Thripidae). Five other insect species have the potential to transmit the virus, but their rate of transmission is very low. In addition to leaf necrosis, this virus can decrease seed oil content by 0.1% that may lead to a decrease in quality of SVNV infected seed in oilseed markets. In fact, in the infected seeds the quantity of the undesirable linolenic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid is increased. Broad presence of SVNV in all soybean growing regions points to the need to manage vector and virus. However, research is needed to determine various management options for the virus and vector including breeding for genetic resistance.

Download or read book Tripartite Interactions Among Soybean Vein Necrosis Orthotospovirus Vector Thrips and Soybean Plants written by Asifa Hameed and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soybean is an important food, forage, oil seed and potential biodiesel crop, exported throughout the world mainly by three leaders- Brazil, United States and Argentina (Shahbande, 2020). During 2019-2020, the export volume of soybeans by Brazil, United States and Argentina was 84, 45.59, and 8.0 million metric tonnes respectively (Shahbande, 2020). The rest of the world purchases this valuable commodity for food, oil and feed purposes. Orthotospoviruses cause billions of dollars in losses to many agricultural commodities around the world. Soybean vein necrosis virus (SVNV) is one of the eight economically important seed and vector transmitted viruses presently infecting soybeans in the United States, Canada and Egypt. Being a seed and vector transmitted virus, SVNV poses a risk of virus propagation to other countries as well as reduction in oil quality and quantity of soybeans. The purpose of this thesis is to provide information to the farmers, scientists and others about the effect of SVNV on vectors and soybean plants. The information thus obtained could be utilized by IPM specialists to create strategies against the virus and vector, by better understanding the chemical ecology, nutritional chemistry of virus infected plants and vector biology, including feeding preference, and population changes. This thesis is comprised of seven chapters. In chapter 1, I described the literature on the geographical dispersal of the SVNV and its vectors species throughout the world, reservoir host plants of the vector and virus, disease diagnostics tools for SVNV, effect of SVNV on the seed qualitative parameters and management perspectives of the vectors. In chapter 2, I described the duration of each larval and pupal instar of SVNV infected and SVNV uninfected thrips and established the life table of soybean thrips infected with SVNV. I found that SVNV infected thrips had increased fertility and longevity. I postulated that SVNV changed the plant nutritional chemistry or defense pathways which ultimately improved the survival of soybean thrips. The information gained through this chapter would be useful to design the experiments to understand the transcriptomics and proteomics of the virus infected plants and vectors and to assess if modulation in the insect hormones ecdysone and juvenile hormone occur. Chapter 3 describes the external and internal genitalia of female thrips. I found similarities and differences with the Bode (1975) description of female ovipositor of Thrips physapus. Overall, both the T. physapus and Neohydatothrips variabilis had an ADR gland (appendage gland) which opens into the ovipositor. Secretions from this gland might have some significant role in thrips biology and future research would provide valuable information about that. I found that the N. variabilis female lays eggs along the sides of veins. Chapter 4 describes the alternative host reservoirs of thrips vector species in Pennsylvania and the overwintering behavior of N. variabilis, role of weather factors on the thrips population dynamics, thrips abundance, preference and non-preference for different cultivars of soybeans, effect of thrips on the protein, carbohydrate, fiber and oil content in different soybean cultivars, effect of virus on the plant physiology and morphology. Under field conditions thrips on average were less than 2 per plant but their numbers increased rapidly in the month of August, when rainfall is abundant and humidity is high. I also observed thrips preferred feeding and oviposition sites (near the leaf veins in upper canopy) which would help the IPM specialist to scout thrips number. On this basis I suggest scouting for thrips numbers in the month of July and August. Under controlled conditions, thrips numbers become much higher and have a negative impact on plants. Plant photosynthesis was also affected by virus presence under growth chamber conditions. Since SVNV is potentially moving along with seeds throughout the world, I wanted to determine if SVNV is present in Pakistan. To do so, I interviewed many farmers and scientists to determine their awareness of SVNV. I found that in Pakistan farmers and scientists were not aware of this disease by the name of soybean vein necrosis (SVND), but the color photographs of SVNV infected leaves helped them to identify its presence. There are some fundamental differences between the production of soybean in the US and Pakistan and between the timing of symptom appearance in the two countries. In the United States, even though soybean is planted in May, virus symptoms appear in August (northern states PA, Indiana, Iowa) while in Pakistan, soybean is planted in July and symptoms were evident in August, just one month after crop planting. In Pakistan, a very high diversity of thrips fauna is present, and due to the tropical climate, no hibernation or overwintering of thrips takes place. Thrips remain active throughout the year, and they shift to soybeans when the crop becomes available, affecting its quality and productivity. Another observation was that scientists and farmers were relying on the heavy use of insecticides to control the pests on soybean crop, which tended to mask the underlying problems. In addition, soybean was cultivated along with mung beans and mash beans. Mung beans and mash beans are considered the diet of poor people in Asia and mung beans can host SVNV. While N. variabilis was not found by me in Pakistan, other species of thrips were found on soybeans and may serve as SVNV vectors. I also found SVNV in soybean plants and thrips in Pakistan. I confirmed this through ELISA and real time PCR. In Pakistan, soybean cultivars vary in their susceptibility or resistance to SVNV. In Pakistan farmers in the Punjab region location do not cultivate much soybean. However, we found that most farmers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) region were growing soybeans. A soybeans ancestor, Glycine soja, is a traditional crop of Kashmir in Pakistan. Farmers have the ability to grow them for livestock and feed purposes including human consumption. That may be a reason people of KPK warmly accepted the introduction of this crop, but not in Punjab, Balochistan and Sindh provinces of Pakistan. My research in Pakistan provides a valuable information that SVNV is not only present in United States, Canada and Egypt but is also present in Pakistan. Further research on the SVNV isolates from Pakistan and the world would clarify the similarities and origin of SVNV. Another important aspect of SVNV is its epidemiology. The virus infected thrips move between SVNV infected and healthy plants. Exactly how thrips choose to settle on the plants is mediated by olfactory, gustatory and tactile cues. I determined the volatile profile of SVNV inoculated and naturally infected plants infested with thrips. I also analyzed free essential, non-essential amino acids and metabolites, other organic acids and lipids in different plant niches. I found that virus infection reduces the essential free amino acids in the plant leaf but in SVNV infected via thrips & thrips infested plants, the non-essential and essential amino acids were reduced. I conclude that SVNV infected plants via mechanical inoculation emit volatile which attract vectors for oviposition, and that the progeny leaves the plants due to poor nutritional quality. The volatile profile of the upper canopy leaves can be used to attract soybean thrips to yellow sticky traps and hence increase the efficacy of pest management programs. However, the individual role of each compound needs to be determined through Y-tube tests to determine what compound or compounds could be responsible for this preference. Overall, my thesis generates information for the scientists and the farming community about SVNV, its vectors and plant interactions which could be utilized for further pest management.

Download or read book Legumes Research written by Jose C. Jimenez-Lopez and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2022-10-12 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a collection of updated studies related to current improvements in legume traits and their agricultural benefits. It discusses the physiological functions, genetics, and genomics of legume crops. Chapters address such topics as genetics and biological insights of seed traits in the context of climate change, improving quality and yields of legume seeds, new genetic resources from diverse germplasms, and agricultural benefits of legumes in agroecosystems.

Download or read book Abiotic and Biotic Stresses in Soybean Production written by Mohammad Miransari and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-12-31 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abiotic and Biotic Stresses in Soybean Production: Soybean Production Volume One presents the important results of research in both field and greenhouse conditions that guide readers to effectively manage the chemical, physical, and biological factors that can put soybean production at risk. Including the latest in genetics, signaling, and biotechnology, the book identifies these types of stresses, their causes, and means of avoiding, then addresses existing stresses to provide a comprehensive overview of key production yield factors. By presenting important insights into the historical and emerging uses for soybean, the book educates readers on the factors for consideration as new uses are developed. It is an ideal complement to volume two, Environmental Stress Conditions in Soybean Production, that work together to provide valuable insights into crop protection. Presents insights for the successful production of soybean based on chemical, physical and biologic challenges Includes the latest specifics on soybean properties, growth, and production, including responses to different stresses and their alleviation methods Offers recent advancements related to the process of N fixation and rhizobium, including signaling pathways and their practical use Explores the production of rhizobium inoculums at large-scale levels

Download or read book The Arenaviridae written by Maria S. Salvato and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this volume, a distinguished international group of contributors present the latest molecular, organismal, and epidemiological research on arenaviruses. Their work will broaden both the clinician's and the researcher's knowledge of basic mechanisms of immunological tolerance, viral immunosuppression, the nature of protective immune responses to vaccination, and viral effects on cell functions.

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Plant Viruses and Viroids written by K. Subramanya Sastry and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-12-18 with total page 2936 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Encyclopedia of Plant Viruses and Viroids provides an up-to-date information on the viruses and viroids infecting all types of cultivated and weed plants at global level; and is unique among plant virology texts as it is organized alphabetically by the genus name of the host plant infected. It allows the reader to readily determine all of the different viruses currently reported naturally infecting the plant genus and species. Information is provided for each virus and viroids on common synonyms, current taxonomic status, geographical distribution, symptoms induced, other known hosts, means of transmission and properties of both the virus particles and the genome. Where ever the same virus is known to infect multiple hosts, host-specific information, biological properties and genome characters are presented under each host affected. The index can be utilized to identify other crops infected by the same virus, showing which other crops might be at risk of infection in the event of introduction of a virus that has not previously reported in an area, or which might serve as potential virus reservoirs for infection of more sensitive or economically important crops than the host in which it is initially identified. The taxonomy and nomenclature of the viruses and viroids are followed based on the current guidelines of the 10th ICTV Report, covering up to 2018 and also about many new viruses and viroids that have been reported but not yet recognized as species by ICTV, have been included in this Encyclopedia. The uniqueness of this Encyclopedia is that all the known viruses and viroids affecting more than 1010 plant species at global level are described and the plant species are arranged in alphabetical order of the scientific name of the plant along the relevant information on 1518 viruses and viroids and is the ready-reckoner of the global plant species and their viruses and viroids for students, scientists, teachers of Plant Pathology& Virology; and also for the crop protection professionals, agricultural policymakers, seed companies and quarantine agencies.

Download or read book Viruses and Virus Diseases of Vegetables in the Mediterranean Basin written by Gad Loebenstein and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-06-25 with total page 596 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume of Advances in Virus Research focuses on mycoviruses. The authors and reviews represent the most current and cutting-edge research in the field. A broad range of research is presented from research experts. Contributions from leading authorities Informs and updates on all the latest developments in the field

Download or read book Bioinformatics and Genomes written by M.A. Andrade and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2003-11-19 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A plethora of bioinformatics tools are available for exploiting the rapidly growing genomic, proteomic and structural data and the related databases. However, many researchers are unaware of these tools because they were published in a journal of narrow distribution or because they were described in technical language unfamiliar to the life scientist. In this book, leading bioinformaticists critically review the latest developments in their fields of expertise. Each chapter provides a clear explanation of the use, purpose and future potential of the tools for a given application. Topics include the use of multiple alignment methods, analysis of expression data, structural genomics, and protein structure prediction.

Download or read book The Evolutionary Biology of Viruses written by Stephen S. Morse and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 1994 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Potato Production Systems written by Jeffrey C. Stark and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-04-27 with total page 633 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive guide to potato production systems management contains 20 chapters and more than 350 color photographs. Beginning with the history of potato culture, it spans all aspects of potato production, pest and planting management, storage, and marketing. Written by a team of over 35 scientists from North America, this book offers updated research-based information and serves as a unique, valuable tool for researchers, extension specialists, students, and farm managers. More than a description of principles, it contains practical analytical tools, charts, and methods to create guidelines for best production practices and cost estimates. Some key areas include: Potato Growth and Development, Potato Variety Selection and Management, Seed and Planting Management, Seed Production and Certification, Field Selection, Crop Rotation, and Soil Management, Integrated Pest Management for Potatoes, Potato Nutrient Management, Irrigation Management, Tuber Quality, Economics and Marketing, Production Costs, among others. Potato Production Systems should be a valuable reference for successful culture of the "noble tuber."

Download or read book A Review of R S Bagnall s Thysanoptera Collections written by Laurence Alfred Mound and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Braconid and Ichneumonid Parasitoid Wasps written by Donald L. J. Quicke and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-01-20 with total page 756 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Ichneumonoidea is a vast and important superfamily of parasitic wasps, with some 60,000 described species and estimated numbers far higher, especially for small-bodied tropical taxa. The superfamily comprises two cosmopolitan families - Braconidae and Ichneumonidae - that have largely attracted separate groups of researchers, and this, to a considerable extent, has meant that understanding of their adaptive features has often been considered in isolation. This book considers both families, highlighting similarities and differences in their adaptations. The classification of the whole of the Ichneumonoidea, along with most other insect orders, has been plagued by typology whereby undue importance has been attributed to particular characters in defining groups. Typology is a common disease of traditional taxonomy such that, until recently, quite a lot of taxa have been associated with the wrong higher clades. The sheer size of the group, and until the last 30 or so years, lack of accessible identification materials, has been a further impediment to research on all but a handful of ‘lab rat’ species usually cultured initially because of their potential in biological control. New evidence, largely in the form of molecular data, have shown that many morphological, behavioural, physiological and anatomical characters associated with basic life history features, specifically whether wasps are ecto- or endoparasitic, or idiobiont or koinobiont, can be grossly misleading in terms of the phylogeny they suggest. This book shows how, with better supported phylogenetic hypotheses entomologists can understand far more about the ways natural selection is acting upon them. This new book also focuses on this superfamily with which the author has great familiarity and provides a detailed coverage of each subfamily, emphasising anatomy, taxonomy and systematics, biology, as well as pointing out the importance and research potential of each group. Fossil taxa are included and it also has sections on biogeography, global species richness, culturing and rearing and preparing specimens for taxonomic study. The book highlights areas where research might be particularly rewarding and suggests systems/groups that need investigation. The author provides a large compendium of references to original research on each group. This book is an essential workmate for all postgraduates and researchers working on ichneumonoid or other parasitic wasps worldwide. It will stand as a reference book for a good number of years, and while rapid advances in various fields such as genomics and host physiological interactions will lead to new information, as an overall synthesis of the current state it will stay relevant for a long time.

Download or read book The Asian Vigna written by Norihiko Tomooka and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Asian beans and grams, the species of Vigna (subgenus Ceratotropis), include several legumes that are an essential component in the diets of a large proportion of Asia's population, and interest in these legumes is growing as ethnic cuisine spreads worldwide. However, this important group of legumes is little known compared to the closely related Phaseolus beans and soybean. That deficiency is addressed for the first time in this fully illustrated comprehensive conservation, genetics, taxonomic, and agricultural monograph on the genetic resources of the Asian Vigna. The book deals with the phylogeny of the group from the perspectives of morphological and molecular analyses, ex situ and in situ conservation, eco-geographical analyses, and research. In addition, morphological descriptions, keys, and eco-geographic details of each species in the group are provided. This genetic resources handbook and guide to the Asian Vigna will be a valuable reference for agriculturists, conservationists, taxonomists, other scientists, and students interested in the legumes and plant genetic resources.

Download or read book Compendium of Soybean Diseases and Pests written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Life Cycle Assessment of Renewable Energy Sources written by Anoop Singh and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-09-02 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Governments are setting challenging targets to increase the production of energy and transport fuel from sustainable sources. The emphasis is increasingly on renewable sources including wind, solar, geothermal, biomass based biofuel, photovoltaics or energy recovery from waste. What are the environmental consequences of adopting these other sources? How do these various sources compare to each other? Life Cycle Assessment of Renewable Energy Sources tries to answer these questions based on the universally adopted method of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). This book introduces the concept and importance of LCA in the framework of renewable energy sources and discusses the key issues in conducting their LCA. This is followed by an in-depth discussion of LCA for some of the most common bioenergy sources such as agricultural production systems for biogas and bioethanol, biogas from grass, biodiesel from palm oil, biodiesel from used cooking oil and animal fat, Jatropha biodiesel, lignocellulosic bioethanol, ethanol from cassava and sugarcane molasses, residential photovoltaic systems, wind energy, microalgal biodiesel, biohydrogen and biomethane. Through real examples, the versatility of LCA is well emphasized. Written by experts all over the globe, the book is a cornucopia of information on LCA of bioenergy systems and provides a platform for stimulation of new ideas and thoughts. The book is targeted at practitioners of LCA and will become a useful tool for researchers working on different aspects of bioenergy.

Download or read book Multiplication of RNA Plant Viruses written by Chundi L. Mandahar and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-09-05 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biochemical studies on plant virus RNA replication have advanced considerably since 2000, primarily because of new genetic, molecular, biochemical, and enzymatic studies. This book generates understanding of multiplication of plus-sense RNA plant viruses, especially at molecular level. Certain virus-encoded essential proteins, nucleotide sequence motifs, and RNA secondary structures are central to virus RNA replication, which has a number of stages. Each is a complex phenomenon requiring specific factors and conditions.

Download or read book The Onion Thrips written by J. Wilcox and published by . This book was released on 1958 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: