Download or read book A Review of Optical Lithographic Techniques for VLSI written by DA. Doane and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Optical lithography using UV radiation (200 to 450 nm) has long been the workhorse in pattern generation for fabricating integrated circuit devices on silicon. Various techniques employing projection and proximity printing using electron-beam-generated photomasks have been developed to reduce feature sizes, to improve device yields, and to lower device fabrication costs. In this review, some optical lithographic techniques available for fabricating semiconductor devices are described. The advantages and limitations of the various methods are discussed with an emphasis on their suitability for the geometries required for VLSI.
Download or read book Handbook of VLSI Microlithography written by William B. Glendinning and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 671 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook gives readers a close look at the entire technology of printing very high resolution and high density integrated circuit (IC) patterns into thin resist process transfer coatings-- including optical lithography, electron beam, ion beam, and x-ray lithography. The book's main theme is the special printing process needed to achieve volume high density IC chip production, especially in the Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) industry. The book leads off with a comparison of various lithography methods, covering the three major patterning parameters of line/space, resolution, line edge and pattern feature dimension control. The book's explanation of resist and resist process equipment technology may well be the first practical description of the relationship between the resist process and equipment parameters. The basics of resist technology are completely covered -- including an entire chapter on resist process defectivity and the potential yield limiting effect on device production. Each alternative lithographic technique and testing method is considered and evaluated: basic metrology including optical, scanning-electron-microscope (SEM) techniques and electrical test devices, along with explanations of actual printing tools and their design, construction and performance. The editor devotes an entire chapter to today's sophisticated, complex electron-beam printers, and to the emerging x-ray printing technology now used in high-density CMOS devices. Energetic ion particle printing is a controllable, steerable technology that does not rely on resist, and occupies a final section of the handbook.
Download or read book Handbook of VLSI Microlithography 2nd Edition written by John N. Helbert and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2001-04 with total page 1026 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook gives readers a close look at the entire technology of printing very high resolution and high density integrated circuit (IC) patterns into thin resist process transfer coatingsùincluding optical lithography, electron beam, ion beam, and x-ray lithography. The book's main theme is the special printing process needed to achieve volume high density IC chip production, especially in the Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) industry. The book leads off with a comparison of various lithography methods, covering the three major patterning parameters of line/space, resolution, line edge and pattern feature dimension control. The book's explanation of resist and resist process equipment technology may well be the first practical description of the relationship between the resist process and equipment parameters. The basics of resist technology are completely coveredùincluding an entire chapter on resist process defectivity and the potential yield limiting effect on device production. Each alternative lithographic technique and testing method is considered and evaluated: basic metrology including optical, scanning-electron-microscope (SEM) techniques and electrical test devices, along with explanations of actual printing tools and their design, construction and performance. The editor devotes an entire chapter to today's sophisticated, complex electron-beam printers, and to the emerging x-ray printing technology now used in high-density CMOS devices. Energetic ion particle printing is a controllable, steerable technology that does not rely on resist, and occupies a final section of the handbook.
Download or read book Fine Line Lithography written by R Newman and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Materials Processing - Theory and Practices, Volume 1: Fine Line Lithography reviews technical information as well as the theory and practices of materials processing. It looks at very large scale integration (VLSI) technology, with emphasis on the creation of fine line patterned structures that make up the devices and interconnects of complex functional circuits. It also describes a variety of other technologies that provide finer patterns, from modified versions of optical methods to electron-optic systems, non-plus-ultra of X-ray techniques, and dry processing that uses the chemical or kinetic energies of gas molecules or ions. Organized into five chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the fundamentals of electron and X-ray lithography, with a focus on resists and the way they function, and how they are used in microfabrication. It then discusses electron scattering and its effects on resist exposure and development, electron-beam lithography equipment, X-ray lithography, and optical methods for fine line lithography. It systematically introduces the reader to electron-beam projection techniques, dry processing methods, and application of electron-beam technology to large-scale integrated circuits. Other chapters focus on contact and proximity printing, projection printing, deep-UV lithography, and shadow printing with electrons and ions. The book describes reactive plasma etching and ion beam etching before concluding with a look at factors affecting the performance of the scanning-probe type of systems. This book is a valuable resource for materials engineers and processing engineers, as well as those in the academics and industry.
Download or read book Silicon Processing written by SYMPOSIUM ON SILICON PROCESSING. (1982 : SAN JOSE) AUTOR and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1983 with total page 562 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book ASTM Special Technical Publication written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Handbook Of Vlsi Microlithography written by Editor - John N. Helbert and published by . This book was released on 2005-01-01 with total page 1022 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Handbook of VLSI Microlithography gives engineers, scientists and technical workers in the Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI) industry a close look at the entire technology of printing high resolution and high density integrated circuit (IC) patterns into thin resist process pattern transfer coatings including optical lithography, electron-beam, ion-beam, and X-ray lithography. The Handbook s main focus is the special printing process needed to achieve volume high density IC chip production, especially in the Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) industry.The 13 contributors compare various lithography methods, including the three major patterning parameters of line/space, resolution, line edge and pattern feature dimension control. They explore the basics of resist technology including the first practical description of the relationship between the resist process and equipment parameters.The Handbook includes evaluations of alternative lithographic techniques and testing methods, including optical, scanning-electron-micro-scope (SEM) techniques and electrical test devices, along with explanations of actual printing tools and their design, construction and performance. The editor devotes an entire chapter to today s sophisticated, complex electron-beam printers, and to the emerging X-ray printing technology now used in high-density CMOS devices. Energetic ion particle printing is a controllable, steerable technology that does not rely on resist, and occupies a final section of the Handbook.
Download or read book Resolution Enhancement Techniques in Optical Lithography written by Alfred Kwok-Kit Wong and published by SPIE Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ever-smaller IC devices are pushing the optical lithography envelope, increasing the importance of resolution enhancement techniques. This tutorial encompasses two decades of research. It discusses theoretical and practical aspects of commonly used techniques, including optical imaging and resolution, modified illumination, optical proximity correction, alternating and attenuating phase-shifting masks, selecting RETs, and second-generation RETs. Useful for students and practicing lithographers
Download or read book Lithography Process Control written by Harry J. Levinson and published by SPIE Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text covers lithography process control at several levels, from fundamental through advanced topics. The book is a self-contained tutorial that works both as an introduction to the technology and as a reference for the experienced lithographer. It reviews the foundations of statistical process control as background for advanced topics such as complex processes and feedback. In addition, it presents control methodologies that may be applied to process development pilot lines.
Download or read book Optical and Euv Lithography written by Andreas Erdmann and published by . This book was released on 2021-02 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Very Large Scale Integration VLSI written by D.F. Barbe and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Even elementary school students of today know that electronics can do fan tastic things. Electronic calculators make arithmetic easy. An electronic box connected to your TV set provides a wonderful array of games. Electron ic boxes can translate languages! Electronics has even changed watches from a pair of hands to a set of digits. Integrated circuit (IC) chips which use transistors to store information in binary form and perform bin ary arithmetic make all of this possible. In just a short twenty years the field of integrated circuits has progressed from a few transistors per chip to thousands of transistors per chip. Since the early 1960's, the field has progressed from chips containing several transistors performing simple functions such as OR and AND functions to chips presently available which contain thousands of transistors performing a wide range of memory, control and arithmetic functions. The number of special journal issues, conferences, workshops, seminars, etc. related to the field of IC's is large. l~hile no single volume could adequately summarize the field, this volume attempts to provide a summary of some of the important issues and factors for Very Large Scale Integra tion (VLSI) from the perspective of several authors deeply involved in the field. In the field of VLSI, composed of many facets and disciplines, the de mand for engineers, physicists and chemists trained in IC skills exceeds supply.
Download or read book Principles of Lithography written by Harry J. Levinson and published by SPIE Press. This book was released on 2005 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lithography is a field in which advances proceed at a swift pace. This book was written to address several needs, and the revisions for the second edition were made with those original objectives in mind. Many new topics have been included in this text commensurate with the progress that has taken place during the past few years, and several subjects are discussed in more detail. This book is intended to serve as an introduction to the science of microlithography for people who are unfamiliar with the subject. Topics directly related to the tools used to manufacture integrated circuits are addressed in depth, including such topics as overlay, the stages of exposure, tools, and light sources. This text also contains numerous references for students who want to investigate particular topics in more detail, and they provide the experienced lithographer with lists of references by topic as well. It is expected that the reader of this book will have a foundation in basic physics and chemistry. No topics will require knowledge of mathematics beyond elementary calculus.
Download or read book Fundamental Principles of Optical Lithography written by Chris Mack and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-08-10 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fabrication of an integrated circuit requires a variety of physical and chemical processes to be performed on a semiconductor substrate. In general, these processes fall into three categories: film deposition, patterning, and semiconductor doping. Films of both conductors and insulators are used to connect and isolate transistors and their components. By creating structures of these various components millions of transistors can be built and wired together to form the complex circuitry of modern microelectronic devices. Fundamental to all of these processes is lithography, ie, the formation of three-dimensional relief images on the substrate for subsequent transfer of the pattern to the substrate. This book presents a complete theoretical and practical treatment of the topic of lithography for both students and researchers. It comprises ten detailed chapters plus three appendices with problems provided at the end of each chapter. Additional Information: Visiting http://www.lithoguru.com/textbook/index.html enhances the reader's understanding as the website supplies information on how you can download a free laboratory manual, Optical Lithography Modelling with MATLAB®, to accompany the textbook. You can also contact the author and find help for instructors.
Download or read book Computational Lithography written by Xu Ma and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-01-06 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Unified Summary of the Models and Optimization Methods Used in Computational Lithography Optical lithography is one of the most challenging areas of current integrated circuit manufacturing technology. The semiconductor industry is relying more on resolution enhancement techniques (RETs), since their implementation does not require significant changes in fabrication infrastructure. Computational Lithography is the first book to address the computational optimization of RETs in optical lithography, providing an in-depth discussion of optimal optical proximity correction (OPC), phase shifting mask (PSM), and off-axis illumination (OAI) RET tools that use model-based mathematical optimization approaches. The book starts with an introduction to optical lithography systems, electric magnetic field principles, and the fundamentals of optimization from a mathematical point of view. It goes on to describe in detail different types of optimization algorithms to implement RETs. Most of the algorithms developed are based on the application of the OPC, PSM, and OAI approaches and their combinations. Algorithms for coherent illumination as well as partially coherent illumination systems are described, and numerous simulations are offered to illustrate the effectiveness of the algorithms. In addition, mathematical derivations of all optimization frameworks are presented. The accompanying MATLAB® software files for all the RET methods described in the book make it easy for readers to run and investigate the codes in order to understand and apply the optimization algorithms, as well as to design a set of optimal lithography masks. The codes may also be used by readers for their research and development activities in their academic or industrial organizations. An accompanying MATLAB® software guide is also included. An accompanying MATLAB® software guide is included, and readers can download the software to use with the guide at ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/computational_lithography. Tailored for both entry-level and experienced readers, Computational Lithography is meant for faculty, graduate students, and researchers, as well as scientists and engineers in industrial organizations whose research or career field is semiconductor IC fabrication, optical lithography, and RETs. Computational lithography draws from the rich theory of inverse problems, optics, optimization, and computational imaging; as such, the book is also directed to researchers and practitioners in these fields.
Download or read book Optical Lithography written by Burn Jeng Lin and published by SPIE-International Society for Optical Engineering. This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is written for new and experienced engineers, technology managers, and senior technicians who want to enrich their understanding of the image formation physics of a lithographic system. Readers will gain knowledge of the basic equations and constants that drive optical lithography, learn the basics of exposure systems and image formation, and come away with a full understanding of system components, processing, and optimization. Readers will also get an overview of the outlook of optical lithography and means to enhance semiconductor manufacturing. This second edition blends the author's unique experience in research, teaching, and world-class high-volume manufacturing to add brand new material on proximity printing, as well as updated and expanded material on exposure systems, image formation, E-D methodology, hardware components, processing and optimization, and EUV and immersion lithographies.
Download or read book Fundamentals of Semiconductor Processing Technology written by Badih El-Kareh and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 605 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The drive toward new semiconductor technologies is intricately related to market demands for cheaper, smaller, faster, and more reliable circuits with lower power consumption. The development of new processing tools and technologies is aimed at optimizing one or more of these requirements. This goal can, however, only be achieved by a concerted effort between scientists, engineers, technicians, and operators in research, development, and manufac turing. It is therefore important that experts in specific disciplines, such as device and circuit design, understand the principle, capabil ities, and limitations of tools and processing technologies. It is also important that those working on specific unit processes, such as lithography or hot processes, be familiar with other unit processes used to manufacture the product. Several excellent books have been published on the subject of process technologies. These texts, however, cover subjects in too much detail, or do not cover topics important to modem tech nologies. This book is written with the need for a "bridge" between different disciplines in mind. It is intended to present to engineers and scientists those parts of modem processing technologies that are of greatest importance to the design and manufacture of semi conductor circuits. The material is presented with sufficient detail to understand and analyze interactions between processing and other semiconductor disciplines, such as design of devices and cir cuits, their electrical parameters, reliability, and yield.
Download or read book Plasma Processing for VLSI written by Norman G. Einspruch and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-12-01 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: VLSI Electronics: Microstructure Science, Volume 8: Plasma Processing for VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) discusses the utilization of plasmas for general semiconductor processing. It also includes expositions on advanced deposition of materials for metallization, lithographic methods that use plasmas as exposure sources and for multiple resist patterning, and device structures made possible by anisotropic etching. This volume is divided into four sections. It begins with the history of plasma processing, a discussion of some of the early developments and trends for VLSI. The second section, Deposition, discusses deposition techniques for VLSI such as sputtering metals for metallization and contacts, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of metals and suicides, and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition of dielectrics. The part on Lithography presents the high-resolution trilayer resist system, pulsed x-ray sources for submicrometer x-ray lithography, and high-intensity deep-UV sources. The last part, Etching, provides methods in etching, like ion-beam etching using reactive gases, low-pressure reactive ion etching, and the uses of inert-gas ion milling. The theory and mechanisms of plasma etching are described and a number of new device structures made possible by anisotropic etching are enumerated as well. Scientists, engineers, researchers, device designers, and systems architects will find the book useful.
