Download or read book A Quantitative Study of the Axonal Transport Mechanics in Neurons written by Dung Lan Che and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neurons are highly polarized cells with their axon often extending over large distances away from the cell bodies (up to 1 meter in axonal length with a cell body less than 50 micrometer in diameter). Given that the majority of neuronal proteins and materials are synthesized in the cell body, such a long axon precludes effective diffusion of soma-produced proteins to their presynaptic destinations at the axonal terminals. As a result, neurons rely extensively on active axonal transport to deliver newly synthesized synaptic proteins, ion channels, lipids, and mitochondria to their axonal destinations via anterograde transport. On the other hand, retrograde axonal transport is responsible for carrying molecules and organelles destined for degradation from the axonal terminals back to the cell body. A highly efficient and tightly regulated machinery is thus required for a robust long-range transport of materials to ensure the neurons' proper growth, maintenance and survival. This thesis is a quantitative study of the underlying mechanism of axonal transport, with a specific focus on the retrograde axonal transport machinery in neurons. In our experimental setup, the axonal transport of cargos can be directly visualized in real-time using a neuronal microfluidic platform and fluorescence microscopy technique. We observe that cargos have high tendency to slow down their transport speed when crossing various obstacles along the axon such as non-moving cargos and stationary mitochondria. Single molecule study of retrograde nerve growth factor transport reveals that mechanical tug-of-war and intracellular motor regulation are complementary features of the near-unidirectional endosome directionality. Specifically, a stochastic mechanical simulation suggests that the endosomes are driven on average by 5-6 active dyneins and 1-2 down-regulated kinesins. This result is further supported by a study of the dynamics of endosomes detaching under load in axons, showcasing the cooperativity of multiple dyneins and the subdued activity of kinesins. Lastly, we present a quantitative characterization of the complex behavior of light-sensitive cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) protein under blue light. The results contribute to the understanding of the light-inducible CRY2 system and can be used as a guide to establish new optogenetic strategies to probe cellular processes in live cells.
Download or read book Neuronal Mechanics and Transport written by Daniel M. Suter and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-05-26 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding the underlying mechanisms of how axons and dendrites develop is a fundamental problem in neuroscience and a main goal of research on nervous system development and regeneration. Previous studies have provided a tremendous amount of information on signaling and cytoskeletal proteins regulating axonal and dendritic growth and guidance. However, relatively little is known about the relative contribution and role of cytoskeletal dynamics, transport of organelles and cytoskeletal components, and force generation to axonal elongation. Advancing the knowledge of these biomechanical processes is critical to better understand the development of the nervous system, the pathological progression of neurodegenerative diseases, acute traumatic injury, and for designing novel approaches to promote neuronal regeneration following disease, stroke, or trauma. Mechanical properties and forces shape the development of the nervous system from the cellular up to the organ level. Recent advances in quantitative live cell imaging, biophysical, and nanotechnological methods such as traction force microscopy, optical tweezers, and atomic force microscopy have enabled researchers to gain better insights into how cytoskeletal dynamics and motor-driven transport, membrane-dynamics, adhesion, and substrate rigidity influence axonal elongation. Given the complexity and mechanical nature of this problem, mathematical modeling contributes significantly to our understanding of neuronal mechanics. Nonetheless, there has been limited direct interaction and discussions between experimentalists and theoreticians in this research area. The purpose of this Frontiers Research Topic is to highlight exciting, and important work that is currently developing in the fields of neuronal cell biology, neuronal mechanics, intracellular transport, and mathematical modeling in the form of primary research articles, reviews, perspectives, and commentaries.
Download or read book The Use of Axonal Transport for Studies of Neuronal Connectivity written by W. Maxwell Cowan and published by Elsevier Science & Technology. This book was released on 1975 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Axonal Transport in Neuronal Growth and Regeneration written by John Elam and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past several years, the pace of research on the control of axonal growth has increased at a remarkable rate, and this activity is reflected in a growing literature dealing with various aspects of axonal growth and regener ation. It appears timely to review the role played by axonal transport in the intrinsic responses of neurons in the growth and regrowth processes. Through the cooperation of the senior editors of this series, we have been given the opportunity to bring such a focus to the current volume. We wish to acknowledge that the contributing authors attended a confer ence on "The Role of Axonal Transport in Neuronal Growth and Regenera tion" held in Tallahassee, Florida in March, 1983, sponsored by the Psycho biology Research Center of the Florida State University. It is our hope that many of the perceptions and insights expressed in these chapters resulted from our interactions.
Download or read book Neuronal Mechanics and Transport written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding the underlying mechanisms of how axons and dendrites develop is a fundamental problem in neuroscience and a main goal of research on nervous system development and regeneration. Previous studies have provided a tremendous amount of information on signaling and cytoskeletal proteins regulating axonal and dendritic growth and guidance. However, relatively little is known about the relative contribution and role of cytoskeletal dynamics, transport of organelles and cytoskeletal components, and force generation to axonal elongation. Advancing the knowledge of these biomechanical processes is critical to better understand the development of the nervous system, the pathological progression of neurodegenerative diseases, acute traumatic injury, and for designing novel approaches to promote neuronal regeneration following disease, stroke, or trauma. Mechanical properties and forces shape the development of the nervous system from the cellular up to the organ level. Recent advances in quantitative live cell imaging, biophysical, and nanotechnological methods such as traction force microscopy, optical tweezers, and atomic force microscopy have enabled researchers to gain better insights into how cytoskeletal dynamics and motor-driven transport, membrane-dynamics, adhesion, and substrate rigidity influence axonal elongation. Given the complexity and mechanical nature of this problem, mathematical modeling contributes significantly to our understanding of neuronal mechanics. Nonetheless, there has been limited direct interaction and discussions between experimentalists and theoreticians in this research area. The purpose of this Frontiers Research Topic is to highlight exciting and important work that is currently developing in the fields of neuronal cell biology, neuronal mechanics, intracellular transport, and mathematical modeling in the form of primary research articles, reviews, perspectives, and commentaries.
Download or read book Axonal Transport written by Alessio Vagnoni and published by Humana. This book was released on 2023-04-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume covers a wide range of model systems from invertebrate to humans and in vitro and in vivo. Chapters detail methods on squid, aplysia, xenopus, mouse in vivo, ex vivo, rodent primary neurons, human-derived neurons, zebrafish, drosophila in vivo, primary neurons, c. elegans, and in vitro reconstitution assays.Written in the format of the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, each chapter includes an introduction to the topic, lists necessary materials and reagents, includes tips on troubleshooting and known pitfalls, and step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Axonal Transport: Methods and Protocols aims to further our understanding of the trafficking of cellular components in the nervous system leading to the advancement of basic knowledge that underlines the cell biology of the neuron. The chapters “ Live imaging of RNA Transport and Translation in Xenopus Retinal Axons, Retrograde Axonal Transport of Neurotrophins in Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons, Assessment of Mitochondrial Trafficking as A Surrogate of Fast Axonal Transport in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Spinal Motor Neurons, Drosophila Primary Neuronal Cultures as a Useful Cellular Model to Study and Image Axonal Transport, and In vitro Reconstitution of Kinesin-Based, Axonal mRNA Transport” are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com
Download or read book Studies on the Dynamics and Mechanics of Rapid Axonal Transport written by Peter John Morin and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Axoplasmic Transport in Physiology and Pathology written by D. G. Weiss and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cajal and contemporary scientists have laid the basis of the modem concepts of the organization of the nervous system: the cir cuits of the brain are made up of individual neurons which transfer information via specialized structures called synapses. Soma and den drites usually receive the inputs, then the signal is carried all along the axon to the target areas. To fulfIll this task several types of neurons have developed their unique geometry characterized by a large recep tive area (soma and dendrites) and an often very extensive distal branching with the axon terminals. The volume of cytoplasm which constitutes the neuronal periphery is often far larger than the cell body, where the synthetic machinery is located. It is one of the roles ofaxoplasmic transport to supply the periphery with proper material and to sustain the specialized structures necessary for the physiological activity of the neuron. Furthermore, it has become more and more clear that target areas also exert effects on the innervating neurons, and these effects are not only mediated via recurrent fibers. Synapses have been shown to be able to pick up material from the synaptic left which is then intra axon ally transported back to the cell body. This retrograde axoplasmic transport has therefore been recognized as another basic mechanism to convey signals from the periphery to the centre.
Download or read book Axonal Transport in Neuronal Growth and Regeneration written by John Elam and published by . This book was released on 2014-01-15 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Single Molecule and Single Particle Studies of Neuronal Axonal Transport written by Liang Chen and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Axonal Transport Degeneration and Regeneration in the Visual System of the Goldfish written by Hartwig Wolburg and published by Springer. This book was released on 1981-02 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: References ............................... 76 Subject Index ............................. 93 VIII Acknowledgments This study was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. I am indebted to Prof. Dr. W. Schlote for helpful advice and numerous discussions. I am also grateful to Dr. G. Kurz-Isler for her generous help in problems dealing with electron microscopy and to Mrs. B. Sabrowski for her careful preparation of the manuscript. The careful translation of T.C. Telger is gratefully acknowledged. The translation was financially supported by the Erwin Riesch Foundation. IX 1 Introduction One of the basic principles underlying the efficiency and adaptability of cellular meta bolism is the structural compartmentalization of the cell. Only through compartmenta lization can reaction components be kept apart prior to their reaction, isolated from other "reaction spaces" during the course of their reaction, and the reaction products incorporated into designated structures or transported to remote parts of the cell. Thus, the partitioning of the cellular substance into countless membranous spaces corresponds to the spatial segregation of reaction components, and the dynamics of intracellular membrane systems is an expression of ever-changing equilibrium condi tions and the continuous formation of new reaction spaces. It has been shown with some certainty that many of the processes in membrane dynamics can take place only with the aid of contractile proteins such as actin, myosin, and tubulin.
Download or read book Neurons Under Tension A Study of Vesicle Dynamics written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Axonal Transport written by Mark A. Bisby and published by New York : Liss. This book was released on 1987 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Textbook of Neural Repair and Rehabilitation Volume 1 Neural Repair and Plasticity written by Michael Selzer and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-04-24 with total page 693 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In two freestanding volumes, the Textbook of Neural Repair and Rehabilitation provides comprehensive coverage of the science and practice of neurological rehabilitation. Revised throughout, bringing the book fully up to date, this volume, Neural Repair and Plasticity, covers the basic sciences relevant to recovery of function following injury to the nervous system, reviewing anatomical and physiological plasticity in the normal central nervous system, mechanisms of neuronal death, axonal regeneration, stem cell biology, and research strategies targeted at axon regeneration and neuron replacement. New chapters have been added covering pathophysiology and plasticity in cerebral palsy, stem cell therapies for brain disorders and neurotrophin repair of spinal cord damage, along with numerous others. Edited and written by leading international authorities, it is an essential resource for neuroscientists and provides a foundation for the work of clinical rehabilitation professionals.
Download or read book Translational Research in Traumatic Brain Injury written by Daniel Laskowitz and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-21 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant source of death and permanent disability, contributing to nearly one-third of all injury related deaths in the United States and exacting a profound personal and economic toll. Despite the increased resources that have recently been brought to bear to improve our understanding of TBI, the developme
Download or read book Textbook of Neural Repair and Rehabilitation written by Michael E. Selzer and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014 with total page 693 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In two freestanding volumes, the Textbook of Neural Repair and Rehabilitation provides comprehensive coverage of the science and practice of neurological rehabilitation. Revised throughout, bringing the book fully up to date, this volume, Neural Repair and Plasticity, covers the basic sciences relevant to recovery of function following injury to the nervous system, reviewing anatomical and physiological plasticity in the normal central nervous system, mechanisms of neuronal death, axonal regeneration, stem cell biology, and research strategies targeted at axon regeneration and neuron replacement. New chapters have been added covering pathophysiology and plasticity in cerebral palsy, stem cell therapies for brain disorders and neurotrophin repair of spinal cord damage, along with numerous others. Edited and written by leading international authorities, it is an essential resource for neuroscientists and provides a foundation for the work of clinical rehabilitation professionals.
Download or read book Brain and Spinal Cord Atrophy in Multiple Sclerosis written by Robert Zivadinov and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 2005 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intended for general neurologists as well as specialists in multiple sclerosis (MS) and imaging, this book provides comprehensive discussion of central nervous system (CNS) atrophy involving the brain and spinal cord, and both the chapter authors and topics have been selected to provide state-of-the-art reviews. Key issues covered in the book include pathogenesis and its mechanisms, technical aspects of MRI measurement, the relationship between CNS atrophy and other MRI metrics, clinical relevance, the association with neurobehavioral and genetic-immunologic components of MS, and the effects of disease-modifying therapies on tissue atrophy. Pros and cons of different technical approaches are discussed critically. Special attention is devoted to CNS atrophy as a clinically relevant biologic marker of the MS disease process.
