Download or read book A New Approach to Prevent the Negative Impact of the Metastable Defect in Boron Doped CZ Silicon Solar Cells written by Axel Herguth and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Photovoltaic Solar Energy written by Wilfried van Sark and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2024-07-29 with total page 645 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Photovoltaic Solar Energy Thoroughly updated overview of photovoltaic technology, from materials to modules and systems Volume 2 of Photovoltaic Solar Energy provides fundamental and contemporary knowledge about various photovoltaic technologies in the framework of material science, device physics of solar cells, chemistry for manufacturing, engineering of PV modules, and the design aspects of photovoltaic applications, with the aim of informing the reader about the basic knowledge of each aspect of photovoltaic technologies and applications in the context of the most recent advances in science and engineering. The text is written by leading specialists for each topic in a concise manner and includes the most recent references for deeper study. Moreover, the book gives insights into possible future developments in the field of photovoltaics. The book builds on the success of Volume 1 of Photovoltaic Solar Energy, which was published by Wiley in January 2017. As science and technology is progressing fast in some areas of photovoltaics, several topics needed to be readdressed. Volume 2 also covers some basic aspects of the subject that were not addressed in Volume 1. Sample topics covered in Photovoltaic Solar Energy include: Solar Irradiance Resources Crystalline Silicon Technologies (Cz Ingots, TOPCon, Heterojunction, Passivating contacts, Hydrogenation and Carrier Induced Degradation) Perovskite and Tandem solar cells Characterization and Measurements PV Modules PV Systems and Applications (integration in buildings, agriculture, water, vehicles) Sustainability Providing comprehensive coverage of the subject, Photovoltaic Solar Energy is an essential resource for undergraduate and graduate students in science or engineering, young professionals in PV research or the PV industry, professors, teachers, and PV specialists who want to receive updated information. A scientific or engineering degree is a prerequisite.
Download or read book Photovoltaic Solar Energy written by Angèle Reinders and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-01-03 with total page 963 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solar PV is now the third most important renewable energy source, after hydro and wind power, in terms of global installed capacity. Bringing together the expertise of international PV specialists Photovoltaic Solar Energy: From Fundamentals to Applications provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account of existing PV technologies in conjunction with an assessment of technological developments. Key features: Written by leading specialists active in concurrent developments in material sciences, solar cell research and application-driven R&D. Provides a basic knowledge base in light, photons and solar irradiance and basic functional principles of PV. Covers characterization techniques, economics and applications of PV such as silicon, thin-film and hybrid solar cells. Presents a compendium of PV technologies including: crystalline silicon technologies; chalcogenide thin film solar cells; thin-film silicon based PV technologies; organic PV and III-Vs; PV concentrator technologies; space technologies and economics, life-cycle and user aspects of PV technologies. Each chapter presents basic principles and formulas as well as major technological developments in a contemporary context with a look at future developments in this rapidly changing field of science and engineering. Ideal for industrial engineers and scientists beginning careers in PV as well as graduate students undertaking PV research and high-level undergraduate students.
Download or read book Advanced Micro and Nanomaterials for Photovoltaics written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-05-25 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanomaterials are becoming increasingly important photovoltaic technologies from absorbers to contacts. This book is dedicated to describing the novel materials and technologies for photovoltaics that derive from these new and novel approaches in solar technologies. We have collected a set of renowned experts in their respective fields as authors and their expertise covers a broad set of areas including novel oxides, quantum dots, CZTS and organic solar cells, as well as light management and reliability testing. The organization of the book is divided into three sections; the first part deals with emerging photovoltaic absorbers and absorber approaches, the second part is focused on novel solar cell architectures and device concepts and components; and the last part is focused on their integration into module technologies. The first chapter is an introduction to the basics of solar cells technology facilitating an understanding by the non-expert of the following chapters. The book is intended for academics and professionals, at the research and R&D level in materials and devices, who are looking for opportunities for applications in the solar materials, devices and modules areas. Hopefully it will serve as a reference for students and professionals looking into the potential and development of novel photovoltaic technologies, researchers looking into the development of innovative projects, and teachers in the field of energy and sustainability. - Showcases a range of cutting-edge photovoltaic materials and devices, exploring their special properties and how they are best used - Assesses the challenges of fabricating solar cell devices using nanotechnology - Explores how producing cheaper modules, increasing reliability and increasing efficiency have led to new applications for photovoltaic devices
Download or read book Investigations Into B o Defect Formation dissociation in Cz silicon and Their Effect on Solar Cell Performance written by Prakash M. Basnyat and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: About 30% of the total market share of industrial manufacture of silicon solar cells is taken by single crystalline Czochralski (CZ) grown wafers. The efficiency of solar cells fabricated on boron-doped Czochralski silicon degrades due to the formation of metastable defects when excess electrons are created by illumination or minority carrier injection during forward bias. The recombination path can be removed by annealing the cell at about 200° C but recombination returns on exposure to light. Several mono-crystalline and multi-crystalline solar cells have been characterized by methods such as laser beam induced current (LBIC), Four-Probe electrical resistivity etc. to better understand the light induced degradation (LID) effect in silicon solar cells. All the measurements are performed as a function of light soaking time. Annealed states are produced by exposing the cells/wafer to temperature above 200° C for 30 minutes and light soaked state was produced by exposure to 1000 W/m2 light using AM1.5 solar simulator for 72 hours. Dark I-V data are analyzed by a software developed at NREL. This study shows that LID, typically, has two components- a bulk component that arises from boron-oxygen defects and a surface component that appears to be due to the SiNx:H-Si interface. With the analysis of dark saturation current (J02), it is seen that the surface LID increases with an increase in the q/2kT component. Results show that cell performance due to bulk effect is fully recovered upon annealing where as surface LID does not recover fully. This statement is also verified by the study of mc- silicon solar cells. Multi-crystalline silicon solar cell has very low oxygen content and, therefore, recombination sites will not be able to form. This shows that there is no bulk degradation in mc- Si solar cells but they exhibit surface degradation. The results suggest that a typical Cz-silicon solar cell with an initial efficiency of - 18% could suffer a reduction in efficiency to - 17.5% after the formation of a metastable defect, out of which - 0.4% comes from a bulk effect and - 0.1 % is linked to a surface effect.
Download or read book Boron oxygen Related Defects in Cz silicon Solar Cells Degradation Regeneration and Beyond written by Axel Herguth and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells written by W.R. Fahrner and published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd. This book was released on 2006-08-15 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world of today must face up to two contradictory energy problems: on the one hand, there is the sharply growing consumer demand in countries such as China and India. On the other hand, natural resources are dwindling. Moreover, many of those countries which still possess substantial gas and oil supplies are politically unstable. As a result, renewable natural energy sources have received great attention. Among these, solar-cell technology is one of the most promising candidates. However, there still remains the problem of the manufacturing costs of such cells. Many attempts have been made to reduce the production costs of conventional solar cells (manufactured from monocrystalline silicon using diffusion methods) by instead using cheaper grades of silicon, and simpler pn-junction fabrication. That is the hero of this book; the heterojunction solar cell.
Download or read book Impact of Postplating Annealing on Defect Activation in Boron doped PERC Solar Cells written by Benjamin Grübel and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: In this article, the impact of postplating annealing on the regenerated state of boron-doped p-type passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) solar cells with plated Ni/Cu/Ag front-side contacts is characterized. The assessment of different plating annealing profiles in the temperature range of 200-300 °C and their impact on light-induced degradation as well as on additional defects are realized by lifetime measurements of nonmetallized solar cell precursors before and after annealing. An observed lifetime degradation indicates that the current process sequence might facilitate bulk defect activation. An alternative process sequence is tested and promising results are presented
Download or read book Lifetime Spectroscopy written by Stefan Rein and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-11-25 with total page 513 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lifetime spectroscopy is one of the most sensitive diagnostic tools for the identification and analysis of impurities in semiconductors. Since it is based on the recombination process, it provides insight into precisely those defects that are relevant to semiconductor devices such as solar cells. This book introduces a transparent modeling procedure that allows a detailed theoretical evaluation of the spectroscopic potential of the different lifetime spectroscopic techniques. The various theoretical predictions are verified experimentally with the context of a comprehensive study on different metal impurities. The quality and consistency of the spectroscopic results, as explained here, confirms the excellent performance of lifetime spectroscopy.
Download or read book Effects of 22 MeV Proton and 2 4 MeV Electron Radiation on Boron and Aluminum doped Silicon Solar Cells written by Gilbert A. Haynes and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Recombination Activity of Metal related and Boron oxygen Defects in Crystalline Silicon written by Zhang Sun and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis aims to improve the understanding of the recombination activity of some metal-related defects and the boron-oxygen (BO) defect in crystalline silicon. First, the recombination parameters of the aluminium-oxygen (Al-O) complex are reassessed by applying lifetime spectroscopy on several n- and p-type Al-contaminated samples. The uncertainty ranges of the recombination parameters have been tightened significantly by simultaneously fitting the lifetimes measured on several differently doped samples. The same method is also applied on several n- and p-type Cr-contaminated samples, to determine the defect parameters of interstitial Cr and CrB pairs. Direct experimental comparisons have shown that both the Al-O defect and Cr have greater negative impacts on carrier lifetimes in p-type silicon than in n-type silicon at low to intermediate injection levels. One approach to reduce the recombination activity of the defects is via hydrogen passivation. The charge state of monatomic hydrogen plays a key role in the passivation process. In this thesis, we describe and apply a rigorous approach to calculating the charge states of monatomic hydrogen, as well as Fe, Cr and the BO defect, as a function of both temperature and injection level. Based on these results, the impact of temperature and injection on the hydrogenation of the key defects, and other pairing reactions, are discussed. In the experimental investigation of the potential hydrogenation of Fe, significant reductions of interstitial Fe concentration are observed in samples passivated with hydrogen-rich silicon nitride films, but not in samples with hydrogen-lean silicon oxide films. We have measured and modelled the Fe reduction kinetics over a wide temperature range, assuming that the reduction is caused by hydrogenation, based on the charge state model. However, a subsequent study has shown conclusively that Fe is gettered by the nitride films. Based on this new finding, the kinetics data are re-analysed in this thesis. For Cu and Ni precipitates, both photoluminescence (PL) images and micro-PL maps are taken on several n-type and p-type wafers in which Cu or Ni has precipitated during the ingot cooling. The high-injection micro-PL measurements significantly reduce the carrier diffusion, allowing more highly resolved inspection of the particles. Markedly different precipitation patterns were observed in n- and p-type samples. The effects of the intrinsic point defect on the precipitation behaviour of the metals, and the dopant effects on the intrinsic point defect concentrations, are discussed based on the results. High-injection micro-PL measurements are also valuable to study the activation kinetics of the BO defect because (a) the activation is significantly accelerated, allowing it to be studied in shorter timeframes, and (b) the injection level can be kept constant over time and in differently doped samples, as the high-injection lifetime is dominated by Auger recombination. This allows the activation time constant and defect concentration in differently doped samples to be compared more directly. Therefore the micro-PL system is used to measure the activation kinetics of the BO defect in compensated n- and p-type silicon. The results obtained under high-injection conditions help to clarify some unresolved issues related to the defect.
Download or read book Defect Clusters written by T. Tan and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our analyses show that defect clusters can lower the efficiency of multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) solar cells by 2 to 4 absolute percentage points. This large loss can be recovered if impurities precipitated at the defect cluster sites can be gettered. We describe a new technique for gettering precipitated impurities.
Download or read book Handbook of Photovoltaic Silicon written by Deren Yang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-11-28 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The utilization of sun light is one of the hottest topics in sustainable energy research. To efficiently convert sun power into a reliable energy – electricity – for consumption and storage, silicon and its derivatives have been widely studied and applied in solar cell systems. This handbook covers the photovoltaics of silicon materials and devices, providing a comprehensive summary of the state of the art of photovoltaic silicon sciences and technologies. This work is divided into various areas including but not limited to fundamental principles, design methodologies, wafering techniques/fabrications, characterizations, applications, current research trends and challenges. It offers the most updated and self-explanatory reference to all levels of students and acts as a quick reference to the experts from the fields of chemistry, material science, physics, chemical engineering, electrical engineering, solar energy, etc..
Download or read book Hydrogen in Semiconductors written by Jacques I. Pankove and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1991-04-23 with total page 655 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydrogen plays an important role in silicon technology, having a profound effect on a wide range of properties. Thus, the study of hydrogen in semiconductors has received much attention from an interdisciplinary assortment of researchers. This sixteen-chapter volume provides a comprehensive review of the field, including a discussion of hydrogenation methods, the use of hydrogen to passivate defects, the use of hydrogen to neutralize deep levels, shallow acceptors and shallow donors in silicon, vibrational spectroscopy, and hydrogen-induced defects in silicon. In addition to this detailed coverage of hydrogen in silicon, chapters are provided that discuss hydrogen-related phenomena in germanium and the neutralization of defects and dopants in III*b1V semiconductors. Provides the most in-depth coverage of hydrogen in silicon available in a single source**Includes an extensive chapter on the neutralization of defects in III*b1V semiconductors**Combines both experimental and theoretical studies to form a comprehensive reference
Download or read book Performance Limits of Silicon Solar Cells Due to Structural Defects written by David Berney Needleman and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To minimize the risk of catastrophic climate change, about ten terawatts of photovoltaics must be deployed in the next fifteen years. Reaching this target will require dramatic reductions in the cost and capital intensity of manufacturing photovoltaic modules coupled with a significant increase in module efficiency. The majority of the factory and equipment costs to produce the crystalline silicon modules that account for over 90% of modules sold today are for production of silicon wafers. While lower-cost wafers can be produced with cheaper equipment, the efficiency of modules incorporating these wafers is limited by the presence of structural defects, like grain boundaries and dislocations, that are absent from more expensive alternatives. This thesis presents a methodology to quantify the technology innovations necessary to reach climate-driven deployment targets for photovoltaics and shows an analysis based on current commercial technology incorporating monocrystalline silicon absorbers. Then, a model for the electrical activity of dislocations and grain boundaries and a methodology for incorporating this model into technology computer aided design (TCAD) simulations of high-efficiency solar cells are presented. The model and method are validated by comparison to analysis of the material properties and device performance of silicon solar cells containing structural defects. TCAD simulations across a wide range of defect concentrations and distributions are used to determine the material requirements for low-cost silicon containing structural defects to approach the performance of expensive, structural defect-free silicon in several high-efficiency solar cell architectures. Aspects of device design that mitigate the impact of these defects, notably higher injection-levels of electronic carriers, are identified.
Download or read book Development of N type Selective Emitter Silicon Solar Cells by Laser Doping Using Boron doped Silicon Paste written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Reduction in Recombination Current Density in Boron Doped Silicon Using Atomic Hydrogen written by Matthew Garett Young and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The solar industry has grown immensely in recent years and has reached a point where solar energy has now become inexpensive enough that it is starting to emerge as a mainstream electrical generation source. However, recent economic analysis has suggested that for solar to become a truly wide spread source of electricity, the costs still need to plummet by a factor of 8x. This demands new and innovative concepts to help lower such cost. In pursuit of this goal, this dissertation examines the use of atomic hydrogen to lessen the recombination current density in the boron doped region of n-type silicon solar cells. This required the development of a boron diffusion process that maintained the bulk lifetime of n-type silicon such that the recombination current density could be extracted by photoconductance spectroscopy. It is demonstrated that by hydrogenating boron diffusions, the majority carrier concentration can be controlled. By using symmetrically diffused test structures with quinhydrone-methanol surface passivation the recombination current density of a hydrogenated boron profile is shown to be less than that of a standard boron profile, by as much as 30%. This is then applied to a modified industrial silicon solar cell process to demonstrate an efficiency enhancement of 0.4%
